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An '''obstetric labor complication''' is a difficulty or abnormality that arises during the process of [[Childbirth|labor or delivery]].
An '''obstetric labor complication''' is a difficulty or abnormality that arises during the process of [[Childbirth|labor or delivery]].

The [[Trust for America's Health]] reports that as of 2011, about one third of American births have some complications; many are directly related to the mother's health including increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and
physical inactivity. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has led an initiative to improve woman's health previous to conception in an effort to improve both neonatal and maternal death rates.<ref>{{cite web |title= Healthy Women, Healthy Babies: How health reform can improve the health of women and babies in America |url= http://healthyamericans.org/assets/files/TFAH%202011HealthyBabiesBrief.pdf |last1= Levi |first1= J. |last2= Kohn |first2= D. |last3= Johnson |first3= K. |publisher= [[Trust for America's Health]] |location= Washington, D.C. |date= June 2011 |accessdate= 2013-08-29 <!-- American Pregnancy Association website --> |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120624230140/http://healthyamericans.org/assets/files/TFAH%202011HealthyBabiesBrief.pdf |archivedate= 2012-06-24 |df= }}</ref>

==Examples==

===Obstructed labour===
{{Main article|Obstructed labour}}
The second stage of labour may be delayed or lengthy due to poor or uncoordinated uterine action, an abnormal uterine position such as [[breech birth|breech]] or [[shoulder dystocia]], and cephalopelvic disproportion (a small pelvis or large infant). Prolonged labour may result in maternal exhaustion, fetal distress, and other complications including [[obstetric fistula]].
<ref name=WHO2008S2>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=9789241546669|pages=38–44|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=2015-02-21|df=}}</ref>

===Bleeding===
'''[[Postpartum bleeding|Hemorrhage]],''' or heavy blood loss, is still the leading cause of death of birthing mothers in the world today, especially in the developing world. Heavy blood loss leads to [[hypovolemic shock]], insufficient perfusion of vital organs and death if not rapidly treated. Blood transfusion may be life saving.

===Preterm birth===
{{Main article|Preterm birth}}
Preterm birth is the birth of an infant at fewer than 37 weeks [[gestational age]]. It is estimated that 1 in 10 babies are born prematurely. Premature birth is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age though many that survive experience disabilities including learning defects and visual and hearing problems. Causes for early birth may be unknown or may be related to certain chronic conditions such as diabetes, infections, and other known causes. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines with recommendations to improve the chances of survival and health outcomes for preterm infants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preterm Birth|url=http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-birth|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>

==[[Cord prolapse]]==

===Perinatal asphyxia====
{{Main article|Perinatal asphyxia}}

[[Perinatal asphyxia]] is the medical condition resulting from [[Hypoxia (medical)|deprivation of oxygen]] to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm, usually to the brain. Hypoxic damage can occur to most of the infant's organs ([[heart]], [[lung]]s, [[liver]], [[Gut (zoology)|gut]], [[kidneys]]), but [[brain damage]] is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal. <ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8 |title=Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: A review |year=2007 |last1=Handel |first1=M. |last2=Swaab |first2=H. |last3=De Vries |first3=L.S. |last4=Jongmans |first4=M.J. |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=166 |issue=7 |pages=645–54 |pmid=17426984 |pmc=1914268 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8 |title=Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: A review |year=2007 |last1=Handel |first1=M. |last2=Swaab |first2=H. |last3=De Vries |first3=L.S. |last4=Jongmans |first4=M.J. |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=166 |issue=7 |pages=645–54 |pmid=17426984 |pmc=1914268 }}</ref>

===Mechanical fetal injury===
Risk factors for fetal birth injury include [[fetal macrosomia]] (big baby), [[maternal obesity]], the need for instrumental delivery, and an inexperienced attendant. Specific situations that can contribute to birth injury include breech presentation and [[shoulder dystocia]]. Most fetal birth injuries resolve without long term harm, but [[brachial plexus injury]] may lead to [[Erb's palsy]] or [[Klumpke's paralysis]].<ref name="GraysAnatomy35th1046">{{cite book| title=[[Gray's Anatomy]] | editor1-last=Warwick |editor1-first= R. |editor2-last= Williams |editor2-first= P.L. | edition=35th British| publisher= Longman |location=London|year=1973 |page=1046 |isbn=978-0-443-01011-8 <!-- isbn for publication in Philadelphia by Saunders same edition, page not verified -->}}</ref>


An example is [[dystocia]].


{{Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium}}
{{Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium}}

Revision as of 15:08, 28 April 2018

Obstetric labor complication
SpecialtyObstetrics Edit this on Wikidata

An obstetric labor complication is a difficulty or abnormality that arises during the process of labor or delivery.

The Trust for America's Health reports that as of 2011, about one third of American births have some complications; many are directly related to the mother's health including increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and physical inactivity. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has led an initiative to improve woman's health previous to conception in an effort to improve both neonatal and maternal death rates.[1]

Examples

Obstructed labour

Main article: Obstructed labour

The second stage of labour may be delayed or lengthy due to poor or uncoordinated uterine action, an abnormal uterine position such as breech or shoulder dystocia, and cephalopelvic disproportion (a small pelvis or large infant). Prolonged labour may result in maternal exhaustion, fetal distress, and other complications including obstetric fistula. [2]

Bleeding

Hemorrhage, or heavy blood loss, is still the leading cause of death of birthing mothers in the world today, especially in the developing world. Heavy blood loss leads to hypovolemic shock, insufficient perfusion of vital organs and death if not rapidly treated. Blood transfusion may be life saving.

Preterm birth

Main article: Preterm birth

Preterm birth is the birth of an infant at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age. It is estimated that 1 in 10 babies are born prematurely. Premature birth is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age though many that survive experience disabilities including learning defects and visual and hearing problems. Causes for early birth may be unknown or may be related to certain chronic conditions such as diabetes, infections, and other known causes. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines with recommendations to improve the chances of survival and health outcomes for preterm infants.[3]

Cord prolapse

Perinatal asphyxia=

Main article: Perinatal asphyxia

Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm, usually to the brain. Hypoxic damage can occur to most of the infant's organs (heart, lungs, liver, gut, kidneys), but brain damage is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal. [4][5]

Mechanical fetal injury

Risk factors for fetal birth injury include fetal macrosomia (big baby), maternal obesity, the need for instrumental delivery, and an inexperienced attendant. Specific situations that can contribute to birth injury include breech presentation and shoulder dystocia. Most fetal birth injuries resolve without long term harm, but brachial plexus injury may lead to Erb's palsy or Klumpke's paralysis.[6]



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  1. ^ Levi, J.; Kohn, D.; Johnson, K. (June 2011). "Healthy Women, Healthy Babies: How health reform can improve the health of women and babies in America" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Trust for America's Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-24. Retrieved 2013-08-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008. pp. 38–44. ISBN 9789241546669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-21. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Preterm Birth". World Health Organization. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  4. ^ Handel, M.; Swaab, H.; De Vries, L.S.; Jongmans, M.J. (2007). "Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: A review". European Journal of Pediatrics. 166 (7): 645–54. doi:10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8. PMC 1914268. PMID 17426984.
  5. ^ Handel, M.; Swaab, H.; De Vries, L.S.; Jongmans, M.J. (2007). "Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: A review". European Journal of Pediatrics. 166 (7): 645–54. doi:10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8. PMC 1914268. PMID 17426984.
  6. ^ Warwick, R.; Williams, P.L., eds. (1973). Gray's Anatomy (35th British ed.). London: Longman. p. 1046. ISBN 978-0-443-01011-8.
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