Vitreous body: Difference between revisions
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The vitreous humor is a transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space in the eye between the lens and the [[retina]]. It is surrounded by a layer of [[collagen]] called [[vitreous membrane]] separating it from the rest of the eye. it makes up four-fifths of the volume of the [[eyeball]].<ref name=Grays2008>{{cite book |editor1= Susan Standring |editor2=Neil R. Borley |display-editors=etal |title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice|date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=London|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th}}</ref> The vitreous humour is fluid-like near the centre, and gel-like near the edges. |
The vitreous humor is a transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space in the eye between the lens and the [[retina]]. It is surrounded by a layer of [[collagen]] called [[vitreous membrane]] separating it from the rest of the eye. it makes up four-fifths of the volume of the [[eyeball]].<ref name=Grays2008>{{cite book |editor1= Susan Standring |editor2=Neil R. Borley |display-editors=etal |title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice|date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=London|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th}}</ref> The vitreous humour is fluid-like near the centre, and gel-like near the edges. |
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The vitreous humour is in contact with the [[retina]]. Collagen fibrils attach the vitreous at the [[optic nerve disc]] and the [[ora serrata]]<ref name=Grays2008 /> (where the retina ends anteriorly), at the Wieger-band, the dorsal side of the lens. The vitreous also firmly attaches to the lens capsule, retinal vessels, and the [[macula]], the area of the retina which provides finer detail and central vision.<ref>{{Cite book |
The vitreous humour is in contact with the [[retina]]. Collagen fibrils attach the vitreous at the [[optic nerve disc]] and the [[ora serrata]]<ref name=Grays2008 /> (where the retina ends anteriorly), at the Wieger-band, the dorsal side of the lens. The vitreous also firmly attaches to the lens capsule, retinal vessels, and the [[macula]], the area of the retina which provides finer detail and central vision.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Retina and vitreous.|others=American Academy of Ophthalmology|isbn=9781615258185|edition=2017-2018|location=San Francisco, CA|oclc=1003266782}}</ref> |
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Aquaporin-4 in [[Muller glia|Müller cell]] in [[rat]]s transports water to the vitreous body.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sim?|first1=Rafael|last2=Villarroel|first2=Marta|last3=Corraliza|first3=L?dia|last4=Hern?ndez|first4=Cristina|last5=Garcia-Ram?rez|first5=Marta|title=The Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Something More than a Constituent of the Blood-Retinal Barrier? Implications for the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy|journal=Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology|date=2010|volume=2010|pages= |
Aquaporin-4 in [[Muller glia|Müller cell]] in [[rat]]s transports water to the vitreous body.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sim?|first1=Rafael|last2=Villarroel|first2=Marta|last3=Corraliza|first3=L?dia|last4=Hern?ndez|first4=Cristina|last5=Garcia-Ram?rez|first5=Marta|title=The Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Something More than a Constituent of the Blood-Retinal Barrier? Implications for the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy|journal=Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology|date=2010|volume=2010|pages=190724|doi=10.1155/2010/190724|pmid=20182540|pmc=2825554}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nagelhus|first1=EA|last2=Veruki|first2=ML|last3=Torp|first3=R|last4=Haug|first4=FM|last5=Laake|first5=JH|last6=Nielsen|first6=S|last7=Agre|first7=P|last8=Ottersen|first8=OP|title=Aquaporin-4 water channel protein in the rat retina and optic nerve: polarized expression in Müller cells and fibrous astrocytes.|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|date=1 April 1998|volume=18|issue=7|pages=2506–19|pmid=9502811|quote=These data suggest that Muller cells play a prominent role in the water handling in the retina and that they direct osmotically driven water flux to the vitreous body and vessels rather than to the subretinal space |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02506.1998}}</ref> |
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===Anatomical features=== |
===Anatomical features=== |
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! Solute !! Mean concentration !! Units !! Reference !! Data from living humans? |
! Solute !! Mean concentration !! Units !! Reference !! Data from living humans? |
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| [[Sodium]] || 146.7 || mmol/L ||<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ |
| [[Sodium]] || 146.7 || mmol/L ||<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295078459|title=Biochemical analysis of the living human vitreous|work=ResearchGate|accessdate=2016-03-09}}</ref> || Yes |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Potassium]] || 5.73 || mmol/L ||<ref name="auto"/> || Yes |
| [[Potassium]] || 5.73 || mmol/L ||<ref name="auto"/> || Yes |
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| [[Iron]] || 3.11 || µmol/L ||<ref name="auto"/> || Yes |
| [[Iron]] || 3.11 || µmol/L ||<ref name="auto"/> || Yes |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Manganese]] || 110.7 || nmol/L ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ |
| [[Manganese]] || 110.7 || nmol/L ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297283508|title=Manganese in the Human Vitreous|date=1 March 2016|work=ResearchGate}}</ref> || Yes |
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{{collapse bottom}} |
{{collapse bottom}} |
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| [[Collagen]] || 300 || μg/mL || <ref>{{cite |
| [[Collagen]] || 300 || μg/mL || <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9BGoCwAAQBAJ|title=Pharmacology of Ocular Therapeutics|first=Thirumurthy|last=Velpandian|date=29 February 2016|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books|isbn=9783319254982}}</ref> || No |
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! Property !! Value !! Units !! Reference !! Data from living humans? |
! Property !! Value !! Units !! Reference !! Data from living humans? |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Volume]] || 3.9 || mL ||<ref name="auto1">{{cite |
| [[Volume]] || 3.9 || mL ||<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WwBkDAAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Biomaterial Properties|first1=William|last1=Murphy|first2=Jonathan|last2=Black|first3=Garth|last3=Hastings|date=11 June 2016|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books|isbn=9781493933051}}</ref> || No |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Weight]] || 3.9 || g ||<ref name="auto1"/> || No |
| [[Weight]] || 3.9 || g ||<ref name="auto1"/> || No |
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==Clinical significance== |
==Clinical significance== |
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===Injury=== |
===Injury=== |
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Unlike the fluid in the frontal parts of the eye ([[aqueous humour]]) which is continuously replenished, the gel in the vitreous chamber is stagnant. Therefore, if blood, cells or other byproducts of inflammation get into the vitreous, they will remain there unless [[floater#Treatment|removed surgically]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=www.arkeo.com|first1=produced by Arkeo, Inc. |
Unlike the fluid in the frontal parts of the eye ([[aqueous humour]]) which is continuously replenished, the gel in the vitreous chamber is stagnant. Therefore, if blood, cells or other byproducts of inflammation get into the vitreous, they will remain there unless [[floater#Treatment|removed surgically]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=www.arkeo.com|first1=produced by Arkeo, Inc.|title=Associated Structures - Vitreous|url=http://teaching.pharmacy.umn.edu/courses/eyeAP/Eye_Anatomy/AssociatedStructures/Vitreous.htm|website=teaching.pharmacy.umn.edu|accessdate=9 June 2017|quote=The vitreous does not undergo a regular formation and drainage process like the aqueous humor. Instead, it stays permanently in the vitreous body of the eye}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Oxford Eye Hospital Vitrectomy Information for patients|quote=The jelly does not naturally replace itself and is substituted with one of the following|p=3, part 2|url=http://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files/100322vitrectomy.pdf}}</ref> These are known as [[floater]]s. If the vitreous pulls away from the retina, it is known as a [[vitreous detachment]]. As the human body ages, the vitreous often liquefies and may collapse. This is more likely to occur, and occurs much earlier, in eyes that are [[nearsightedness|nearsighted]] (myopia). It can also occur after injuries to the eye or inflammation in the eye ([[uveitis]]). |
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The [[collagen]] fibres of the vitreous are held apart by electrical charges. With aging, these charges tend to reduce, and the fibres may clump together. Similarly, the gel may liquefy, a condition known as [[Syneresis (chemistry)|synaeresis]], allowing cells and other organic clusters to float freely within the vitreous humour. These allow [[floaters]] which are perceived in the visual field as spots or fibrous strands. Floaters are generally harmless, but the sudden onset of recurring floaters may signify a [[posterior vitreous detachment]] or other diseases of the eye. |
The [[collagen]] fibres of the vitreous are held apart by electrical charges. With aging, these charges tend to reduce, and the fibres may clump together. Similarly, the gel may liquefy, a condition known as [[Syneresis (chemistry)|synaeresis]], allowing cells and other organic clusters to float freely within the vitreous humour. These allow [[floaters]] which are perceived in the visual field as spots or fibrous strands. Floaters are generally harmless, but the sudden onset of recurring floaters may signify a [[posterior vitreous detachment]] or other diseases of the eye. |
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===Postmortem and forensic=== |
===Postmortem and forensic=== |
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After death, the vitreous resists [[putrifaction|putrefaction]] longer than other body fluids. The vitreous potassium concentration rises so predictably within the hours, days and weeks after death, that vitreous potassium levels are frequently used to estimate the time since death ([[post-mortem interval]]) of a corpse.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ |
After death, the vitreous resists [[putrifaction|putrefaction]] longer than other body fluids. The vitreous potassium concentration rises so predictably within the hours, days and weeks after death, that vitreous potassium levels are frequently used to estimate the time since death ([[post-mortem interval]]) of a corpse.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280613862|title=A new model for the estimation of time of death from vitreous potassium levels corrected for age and temperature|journal=Forensic Science International|first1=B.|last1=Zilg|first2=S.|last2=Bernard|first3=K.|last3=Alkass|first4=S.|last4=Berg|first5=H.|last5=Druid|date=17 July 2015|volume=254|pages=158–66|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.020|pmid=26232848}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299008560|title=Antemortem vitreous potassium may strengthen postmortem interval estimates|journal=Forensic Science International|first1=Jan|last1=Kokavec|first2=San H.|last2=Min|first3=Mei H.|last3=Tan|first4=Jagjit S.|last4=Gilhotra|first5=Henry S.|last5=Newland|first6=Shane R.|last6=Durkin|first7=Robert J.|last7=Casson|date=19 March 2016|volume=263|pages=e18|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.027|pmid=27080618}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1966150-overview|title=Postmortem Vitreous Analyses: Overview, Vitreous Procurement and Pretreatment, Performable Postmortem Vitreous Analyses|via=eMedicine}}</ref> |
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The metabolic exchange and equilibration between [[systemic circulation]] and vitreous humour is so slow that vitreous humour is sometimes the fluid of choice for [[postmortem]] analysis of [[glucose]] levels or substances which would be more rapidly diffused, degraded, excreted or metabolized from the general circulation. |
The metabolic exchange and equilibration between [[systemic circulation]] and vitreous humour is so slow that vitreous humour is sometimes the fluid of choice for [[postmortem]] analysis of [[glucose]] levels or substances which would be more rapidly diffused, degraded, excreted or metabolized from the general circulation. |
Revision as of 06:06, 15 March 2019
Vitreous humor | |
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![]() The vitreous body lies at the back of the eye, between the lens and the retina. | |
Details | |
Part of | Eye |
System | Visual system |
Identifiers | |
Latin | humor vitreus |
MeSH | D014822 |
TA98 | A15.2.06.014 A15.2.06.008 |
TA2 | 6809, 6814 |
FMA | 58827 67388, 58827 |
Anatomical terminology |
The vitreous body is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. It is often referred to as the vitreous humor or simply "the vitreous".
Structure
The vitreous humor is a transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space in the eye between the lens and the retina. It is surrounded by a layer of collagen called vitreous membrane separating it from the rest of the eye. it makes up four-fifths of the volume of the eyeball.[1] The vitreous humour is fluid-like near the centre, and gel-like near the edges.
The vitreous humour is in contact with the retina. Collagen fibrils attach the vitreous at the optic nerve disc and the ora serrata[1] (where the retina ends anteriorly), at the Wieger-band, the dorsal side of the lens. The vitreous also firmly attaches to the lens capsule, retinal vessels, and the macula, the area of the retina which provides finer detail and central vision.[2]
Aquaporin-4 in Müller cell in rats transports water to the vitreous body.[3][4]
Anatomical features
The vitreous has many anatomical landmarks, including the hyaloid membrane, Berger's space, space of Erggelet, Wieger's ligament, Cloquet's canal and the space of Martegiani.[5][6][7]
Surface features:
- Patella fossa: Shallow saucer-like concavity anteriorly, in which the lens rests, separated by Berger's space
- Ligamentum hyaloideocapsulare (Wieger's ligament): Circular thickening of vitreous 8-9mm in diameter, delineates the patella fossa
- Anterior hyaloid: Vitreous surface anterior to ora serrata. Continuous with and invests in the zonular fibres, and extends forward between the ciliary processes
- Vitreous base: Denser cortical area of vitreous. Firmly attached to the posterior 2mm of the pars plana, and the anterior 2-4mm of retina
- Posterior hyaloid surface: Closely applied to retinal internal limiting membrane. Firm attachment sites: Along blood vessels and at sites of retinal degeneration
- Space of Martegioni: A funnel shaped space overlying the optic disc with condensed edge
- Cloquet's canal: A 1–2 mm wide canal within the vitreous, from the space of Martegioni to the space of Berger, along an S-shaped course mainly below the horizontal.
- Mittendorf's dot: A small circular opacity on the posterior lens capsule, which represents the site of attachment of the hyaloid artery before it subsequently regressed.[8]
- Bergmeister's papilla: A tuft of fibrous tissue at the optic disc, which represents a remnant of the sheath associated with the hyaloid artery before it subsequently regressed.
Internal structures of the vitreous
- The vitreous body at birth is homogenous with a finely striated pattern.
- With early aging the vitreous develops narrow transvitreal "channels".
- The cortex is denser than the centre with development.
- From adolescence, vitreous tracts form from anterior to posterior.
- These vitreous tracts are fine sheet-like condensations of vitreous.
Named tracts
- Retrolental tract: Extends posteriorly from the hyaloideocapsular ligament into central vitreous
- Coronary tract: External to the retrolental tract, and excluding posteriorly from a circular zone overlying the posterior 1/3rd of the ciliary processes
- Median tract: Extends back from a circular zone external to the coronary tract, at the anterior margin of the vitreous base
- Preretinal tract: Extends back from the ora serrata and vitreous base
Biochemical properties
Its composition is similar to that of the cornea, but the vitreous contains very few cells. It is composed mostly of phagocytes, which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, and hyalocytes, which turn over the hyaluronan.
The vitreous humour contains no blood vessels, and 98–99% of its volume is water (as opposed to only 75% in the cornea). In addition to water, the vitreous consists of salts, sugars, vitrosin (a type of collagen), a network of collagen type II fibrils with glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan, opticin, and a wide array of proteins. Despite having little solid matter, the fluid is substantial enough to fill the eye and give it its spherical shape. The lens, on the other hand, is tightly packed with cells.[9] The vitreous humour has a viscosity two to four times that of water, giving it a gelatinous consistency. It has a refractive index of 1.336.[10]
Inorganic ion content of vitreous body
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Organic content of vitreous body
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Physical properties of the vitreous body
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Development
The vitreous fluid is not present at birth (the eye being filled with only the gel-like vitreous body), but found after age 4-5, and increases in size thereafter.[1]
Produced by cells in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body, the vitreous humour is derived from embryonic mesenchyme cells, which degenerate after birth.[1]
The nature and composition of the vitreous humour changes over the course of life. In adolescence, the vitreous cortex becomes more dense and vitreous tracts develop; and in adulthood, the tracts become better defined and sinuous. Central vitreous liquefies, fibrillar degeneration occurs, and the tracts break up (syneresis).[citation needed]
Coarse strands develop with ageing. The gel volume decreases with age, and the liquid volume increases.[12] Cortex may disappear at sites, leading to liquid vitreous extruding into the potential space between vitreous cortex and retina (vitreous detachment)
Clinical significance
Injury
Unlike the fluid in the frontal parts of the eye (aqueous humour) which is continuously replenished, the gel in the vitreous chamber is stagnant. Therefore, if blood, cells or other byproducts of inflammation get into the vitreous, they will remain there unless removed surgically.[15][16] These are known as floaters. If the vitreous pulls away from the retina, it is known as a vitreous detachment. As the human body ages, the vitreous often liquefies and may collapse. This is more likely to occur, and occurs much earlier, in eyes that are nearsighted (myopia). It can also occur after injuries to the eye or inflammation in the eye (uveitis).
The collagen fibres of the vitreous are held apart by electrical charges. With aging, these charges tend to reduce, and the fibres may clump together. Similarly, the gel may liquefy, a condition known as synaeresis, allowing cells and other organic clusters to float freely within the vitreous humour. These allow floaters which are perceived in the visual field as spots or fibrous strands. Floaters are generally harmless, but the sudden onset of recurring floaters may signify a posterior vitreous detachment or other diseases of the eye.
Posterior vitreous detachment: Once liquid vitreous enters the sub-hyaloid space between vitreous cortex and retina, it strips the vitreous cortex off the retina with each eye movement.
Postmortem and forensic
After death, the vitreous resists putrefaction longer than other body fluids. The vitreous potassium concentration rises so predictably within the hours, days and weeks after death, that vitreous potassium levels are frequently used to estimate the time since death (post-mortem interval) of a corpse.[17][18][19]
The metabolic exchange and equilibration between systemic circulation and vitreous humour is so slow that vitreous humour is sometimes the fluid of choice for postmortem analysis of glucose levels or substances which would be more rapidly diffused, degraded, excreted or metabolized from the general circulation.
Additional images
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Structures of the eye labeled
-
This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Susan Standring; Neil R. Borley; et al., eds. (2008). Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2371-8.
- ^ Retina and vitreous. American Academy of Ophthalmology (2017-2018 ed.). San Francisco, CA. ISBN 9781615258185. OCLC 1003266782.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Sim?, Rafael; Villarroel, Marta; Corraliza, L?dia; Hern?ndez, Cristina; Garcia-Ram?rez, Marta (2010). "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Something More than a Constituent of the Blood-Retinal Barrier? Implications for the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2010: 190724. doi:10.1155/2010/190724. PMC 2825554. PMID 20182540.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Nagelhus, EA; Veruki, ML; Torp, R; Haug, FM; Laake, JH; Nielsen, S; Agre, P; Ottersen, OP (1 April 1998). "Aquaporin-4 water channel protein in the rat retina and optic nerve: polarized expression in Müller cells and fibrous astrocytes". The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (7): 2506–19. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02506.1998. PMID 9502811.
These data suggest that Muller cells play a prominent role in the water handling in the retina and that they direct osmotically driven water flux to the vitreous body and vessels rather than to the subretinal space
- ^ http://image.slidesharecdn.com/anatomyoflens-151014144942-lva1-app6892/95/anatomy-of-lens-6-638.jpg?cb=1444834244
- ^ http://www.oculist.net/downaton502/prof/ebook/duanes/graphics/figures/v7/0010/025f.jpg
- ^ http://www.oculist.net/downaton502/prof/ebook/duanes/graphics/figures/v6/0510/001f.jpg
- ^ https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/atlas/pages/mittendorf-dots.htm
- ^ "eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009
- ^ The Vitreous Humor Archived April 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Biochemical analysis of the living human vitreous". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Murphy, William; Black, Jonathan; Hastings, Garth (11 June 2016). Handbook of Biomaterial Properties. Springer. ISBN 9781493933051 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Manganese in the Human Vitreous". ResearchGate. 1 March 2016.
- ^ Velpandian, Thirumurthy (29 February 2016). Pharmacology of Ocular Therapeutics. Springer. ISBN 9783319254982 – via Google Books.
- ^ www.arkeo.com, produced by Arkeo, Inc. "Associated Structures - Vitreous". teaching.pharmacy.umn.edu. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
The vitreous does not undergo a regular formation and drainage process like the aqueous humor. Instead, it stays permanently in the vitreous body of the eye
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Oxford Eye Hospital Vitrectomy Information for patients" (PDF). p. 3, part 2.
The jelly does not naturally replace itself and is substituted with one of the following
- ^ Zilg, B.; Bernard, S.; Alkass, K.; Berg, S.; Druid, H. (17 July 2015). "A new model for the estimation of time of death from vitreous potassium levels corrected for age and temperature". Forensic Science International. 254: 158–66. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.020. PMID 26232848.
- ^ Kokavec, Jan; Min, San H.; Tan, Mei H.; Gilhotra, Jagjit S.; Newland, Henry S.; Durkin, Shane R.; Casson, Robert J. (19 March 2016). "Antemortem vitreous potassium may strengthen postmortem interval estimates". Forensic Science International. 263: e18. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.027. PMID 27080618.
- ^ "Postmortem Vitreous Analyses: Overview, Vitreous Procurement and Pretreatment, Performable Postmortem Vitreous Analyses" – via eMedicine.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
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