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{{For|the men's lifestyle magazine|Men's Health}}
{{For|the men's lifestyle magazine|Men's Health}}
'''Men's health''' refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, as experienced by men, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.<ref>WHO Definition of Health. {{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707120526/http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html |archivedate=2016-07-07 }} Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.</ref> These often relate to structures such as [[Male reproductive system (human)|male genitalia]] or to conditions caused by hormones specific to, or most notable in, males. Some conditions that affect both men and women, such as [[cancer]], and [[Occupational fatality|injury]], also manifest differently in men.<ref>Almost Every Type of Cancer Kills More Men Than Women, Study Shows http://healthland.time.com/2011/07/13/almost-every-type-of-cancer-kills-more-men-than-women-study-shows Time, 13 July 2011</ref> Men's health issues also include medical situations in which men face problems not directly related to their biology, such as gender-differentiated access to medical treatment and other [[socioeconomic]] factors.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 1447828 | pmid=12721133 | volume=93 | issue=5 | title=The health of men: structured inequalities and opportunities | year=2003 | journal=Am J Public Health | pages=724–31 | author = Williams DR | doi=10.2105/ajph.93.5.724}}</ref><ref>"Men’s Health and Primary Care: Improving Access and Outcomes". http://www.ecoo.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mens-health-and-primary-care-emhf-roundtable-report.2013.medium-res.pdf</ref><ref>"The State of Men’s Health in Europe". http://ec.europa.eu/health/population_groups/docs/men_health_report_en.pdf {{ISBN|978-92-79-20167-7}} doi:10.2772/60721</ref> Some diseases that affect both genders are [[Gender disparities in health#Disparities against males|statistically more common in men]]. Outside Sub-Saharan Africa, men are at greater risk of [[HIV/AIDS]] – a phenomenon associated with [[HIV and men who have sex with men#Unprotected anal intercourse|unsafe]] sexual activity that is often [[No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons|unconsensual]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Statistics Manual|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/genderstatmanual/HIV-and-AIDS.ashx|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|date=May 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Is the US the only country where more men are raped than women?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/feb/21/us-more-men-raped-than-women|work=The Guardian|date=21 February 2012|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref>
'''Men's health''' refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, as experienced by men, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.<ref>WHO Definition of Health. {{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707120526/http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html |archivedate=2016-07-07 }} Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.</ref> These often relate to structures such as [[Male reproductive system (human)|male genitalia]] or to conditions caused by hormones specific to, or most notable in, males. Some conditions that affect both men and women, such as [[cancer]], and [[Occupational fatality|injury]], also manifest differently in men.<ref>Almost Every Type of Cancer Kills More Men Than Women, Study Shows http://healthland.time.com/2011/07/13/almost-every-type-of-cancer-kills-more-men-than-women-study-shows Time, 13 July 2011</ref> Men's health issues also include medical situations in which men face problems not directly related to their biology, such as gender-differentiated access to medical treatment and other [[socioeconomic]] factors.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 1447828 | pmid=12721133 | volume=93 | issue=5 | title=The health of men: structured inequalities and opportunities | year=2003 | journal=Am J Public Health | pages=724–31 | author = Williams DR | doi=10.2105/ajph.93.5.724}}</ref><ref>"Men’s Health and Primary Care: Improving Access and Outcomes". http://www.ecoo.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mens-health-and-primary-care-emhf-roundtable-report.2013.medium-res.pdf</ref><ref>"The State of Men’s Health in Europe". http://ec.europa.eu/health/population_groups/docs/men_health_report_en.pdf {{ISBN|978-92-79-20167-7}} doi:10.2772/60721</ref> Some diseases that affect both genders are [[Gender disparities in health#Disparities against males|statistically more common in men]]. Outside Sub-Saharan Africa, men are at greater risk of [[HIV/AIDS]] – a phenomenon associated with [[HIV and men who have sex with men#Unprotected anal intercourse|unsafe]] sexual activity that is often [[No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons|unconsensual]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Statistics Manual|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/genderstatmanual/HIV-and-AIDS.ashx|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|date=May 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Is the US the only country where more men are raped than women?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/feb/21/us-more-men-raped-than-women|work=The Guardian|date=21 February 2012|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref>

== Life Expectancy ==

Despite overall increases in [[Life expectancy]] globally, men’s life expectancy is less than women’s, regardless of race and geographic regions<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Expectancy by Country 2019 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/life-expectancy-by-country/ |website=World Population Review |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. The global gap between the life expectancy of men and women has remained at approximately 4.4 years since 2016, according to the [[World Health Organization]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Health Observatory data on Life Expectancy |url=https://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends_text/en/ |website=World Health Organization}}</ref>. However, the gap does vary based on country, with low income countries having a smaller gap in life expectancy<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thornton |first1=Jacqui |title=WHO report shows that women outlive men worldwide |journal=BMJ |date=5 April 2019 |pages=l1631 |doi=https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1631 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1631}}</ref>. Biological, behavioural, and social factors contribute to a lower overall life expectancy in men, however the individual importance of each factor is not known<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ortiz-Ospina |first1=Esteban |last2=Beltekian |first2=Diana |title=Why do women live longer than men? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/why-do-women-live-longer-than-men |website=Our World in Data |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. Overall attitudes towards health differ by sex. Men are generally less likely to be proactive in seeking healthcare, resulting in poorer health outcomes<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Dworkin |first2=Shari L |last3=Tong |first3=Sengfah |last4=Banks |first4=Ian |last5=Shand |first5=Tim |last6=Yamey |first6=Gavin |title=The men’s health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda |journal=WHO |date=March 6th 2014 |doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.132795 |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/92/8/13-132795/en/ |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>.

Biological influences on lower male life expectancies include genetics and hormones. For males, the 23rd pair of chromosomes are an X and a [[Y chromosome]], rather than two X chromosomes in females<ref>{{cite web |title=Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. The Y chromosome is smaller in size and contains less genes. This distinction may contribute to the discrepancy between men and women’s life expectancy, as the additional X chromosome in women may counterbalance potential disease producing genes from the other X chromosome. Since men don’t have the second X chromosome, they lack this potential protection<ref>{{cite web |title=Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. Hormonally, [[testosterone]] is a major male sex hormone important for a number of functions in men, and to a lesser extent, women<ref>{{cite web |title=Testosterone — What It Does And Doesn't Do |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/drugs-and-medications/testosterone--what-it-does-and-doesnt-do |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. Low testosterone in men is a risk factor of cardiovascular related diseases<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Paul D |last2=Channer |first2=Kevin S |title=Testosterone and cardiovascular disease in men |journal=Asian Journal of Andrology |date=23 April 2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=428–435 |doi=10.1038/aja.2012.21}}</ref>. Conversely, high testosterone levels can contribute to prostate diseases<ref>{{cite web |title=Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. These hormonal factors play a direct role in the life expectancy of men compared to women. According to a study in 2000, men are more likely to engage in 30 behaviours

In terms of behavioural factors, men have higher levels of consumption of alcohol, substances, and tobacco compared to women, resulting in increased rates of diseases such as [[lung cancer]],
[[cardiovascular disease]], and [[cirrhosis of the liver]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Health Report 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf |website=World Health Organization |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. These diseases influence the overall life expectancy of men. For example, according to the World Health Organization, 3.14 million men died from causes linked to excessive alcohol use in 2010 compared to 1.72 million women. Men are more likely than women to engage in over 30 risky behaviours associated with increased morbidity, injury, and mortality<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Courtenay |first1=W. H. |title=Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health |journal=Social Science & Medicine (1982) |date=2000 |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=1385–1401 |doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00390-1 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741575 |accessdate=31 October 2019 |issn=0277-9536}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=David R. |title=The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=May 2003 |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=724–731 |doi=10.2105/ajph.93.5.724 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447828/}}</ref>. Additionally, despite a disproportionately lower rate of suicide attempts than women, men have have significantly higher rates of death by [[suicide]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freeman |first1=Aislinné |last2=Mergl |first2=Roland |last3=Kohls |first3=Elisabeth |last4=Székely |first4=András |last5=Gusmao |first5=Ricardo |last6=Arensman |first6=Ella |last7=Koburger |first7=Nicole |last8=Hegerl |first8=Ulrich |last9=Rummel-Kluge |first9=Christine |title=A cross-national study on gender differences in suicide intent |url=https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-017-1398-8 |publisher=BMC Psychiatry |pages=234 |doi=10.1186/s12888-017-1398-8 |date=29 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Fhionna |last2=Taylor |first2=Shanice |last3=Beaumont |first3=Joanna |last4=Gibson |first4=Rachel |last5=Starkey |first5=Charlotte |last6=DeLuca |first6=Vincenzo |title=The gender suicide paradox under gender role reversal during industrialisation |journal=PLOS ONE |date=23 August 2018 |volume=13 |issue=8 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0202487 |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miranda-Mendizabal |first1=Andrea |last2=Castellví |first2=Pere |last3=Parés-Badell |first3=Oleguer |last4=Alayo |first4=Itxaso |last5=Almenara |first5=José |last6=Alonso |first6=Iciar |last7=Blasco |first7=Maria Jesús |last8=Cebrià |first8=Annabel |last9=Gabilondo |first9=Andrea |last10=Gili |first10=Margalida |last11=Lagares |first11=Carolina |last12=Piqueras |first12=José Antonio |last13=Rodríguez-Jiménez |first13=Tiscar |last14=Rodríguez-Marín |first14=Jesús |last15=Roca |first15=Miquel |last16=Soto-Sanz |first16=Victoria |last17=Vilagut |first17=Gemma |last18=Alonso |first18=Jordi |title=Gender differences in suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies |journal=International Journal of Public Health |date=12 January 2019 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=265–283 |doi=10.1007/s00038-018-1196-1 |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>.

Social determinants of men’s health involve factors such as greater levels of occupational exposure to physical and chemical hazards than women<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Dworkin |first2=Shari L |last3=Tong |first3=Sengfah |last4=Banks |first4=Ian |last5=Shand |first5=Tim |last6=Yamey |first6=Gavin |title=The men’s health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda |journal=WHO |date=March 6th 2014 |doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.132795 |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/92/8/13-132795/en/ |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. Historically, men had higher work related stress, which negatively impacted their life expectancy by increasing the risk of [[hypertension]], [[heart attack]], and [[stroke]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>. However, it is important to note that as women’s role in the workplace continues to be established, these risks are no longer specific to just men<ref>{{cite web |title=Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>.


==Common Conditions Experienced by Men==
==Common Conditions Experienced by Men==

Revision as of 04:03, 31 October 2019

For the men's lifestyle magazine, see Men's Health.

Men's health refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, as experienced by men, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.[1] These often relate to structures such as male genitalia or to conditions caused by hormones specific to, or most notable in, males. Some conditions that affect both men and women, such as cancer, and injury, also manifest differently in men.[2] Men's health issues also include medical situations in which men face problems not directly related to their biology, such as gender-differentiated access to medical treatment and other socioeconomic factors.[3][4][5] Some diseases that affect both genders are statistically more common in men. Outside Sub-Saharan Africa, men are at greater risk of HIV/AIDS – a phenomenon associated with unsafe sexual activity that is often unconsensual.[6][7]

Life Expectancy

Despite overall increases in Life expectancy globally, men’s life expectancy is less than women’s, regardless of race and geographic regions[8][9]. The global gap between the life expectancy of men and women has remained at approximately 4.4 years since 2016, according to the World Health Organization[10]. However, the gap does vary based on country, with low income countries having a smaller gap in life expectancy[11]. Biological, behavioural, and social factors contribute to a lower overall life expectancy in men, however the individual importance of each factor is not known[12]. Overall attitudes towards health differ by sex. Men are generally less likely to be proactive in seeking healthcare, resulting in poorer health outcomes[13].

Biological influences on lower male life expectancies include genetics and hormones. For males, the 23rd pair of chromosomes are an X and a Y chromosome, rather than two X chromosomes in females[14]. The Y chromosome is smaller in size and contains less genes. This distinction may contribute to the discrepancy between men and women’s life expectancy, as the additional X chromosome in women may counterbalance potential disease producing genes from the other X chromosome. Since men don’t have the second X chromosome, they lack this potential protection[15]. Hormonally, testosterone is a major male sex hormone important for a number of functions in men, and to a lesser extent, women[16]. Low testosterone in men is a risk factor of cardiovascular related diseases[17]. Conversely, high testosterone levels can contribute to prostate diseases[18]. These hormonal factors play a direct role in the life expectancy of men compared to women. According to a study in 2000, men are more likely to engage in 30 behaviours

In terms of behavioural factors, men have higher levels of consumption of alcohol, substances, and tobacco compared to women, resulting in increased rates of diseases such as lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and cirrhosis of the liver[19][20]. These diseases influence the overall life expectancy of men. For example, according to the World Health Organization, 3.14 million men died from causes linked to excessive alcohol use in 2010 compared to 1.72 million women. Men are more likely than women to engage in over 30 risky behaviours associated with increased morbidity, injury, and mortality[21][22]. Additionally, despite a disproportionately lower rate of suicide attempts than women, men have have significantly higher rates of death by suicide[23][24][25].

Social determinants of men’s health involve factors such as greater levels of occupational exposure to physical and chemical hazards than women[26]. Historically, men had higher work related stress, which negatively impacted their life expectancy by increasing the risk of hypertension, heart attack, and stroke[27]. However, it is important to note that as women’s role in the workplace continues to be established, these risks are no longer specific to just men[28].

Common Conditions Experienced by Men

The following is a list of conditions/diseases that have a high prevalence in men (relative to women).[29]

Cardiovascular Conditions:

Respiratory Conditions:

Mental Health Conditions:

Cancer:

Sexual Health:

Other:

Organizations

In the UK, the Men's Health Forum was founded in 1994. It was established originally by the Royal College of Nursing but became completely independent of the RCN when it was established as a charity in 2001[30]. The first National Men’s Health Week was held in the USA in 1994. The first UK week took place in 2002, and the event went international (International Men's Health Week) the following year[31]. In 2005, the world’s first professor of men’s health, Alan White, was appointed at Leeds Metropolitan University in north-east England.

In Australia, the Men's Health Information and Resource Centre advocates a salutogenic approach to male health which focuses on the causal factors behind health. The Centre is led by John Macdonald and was established in 1999.[32] The Centre leads and executes Men's Health Week in Australia with core funding from the NSW Ministry of Health.

In 2000, the Toronto Men's Health Network was founded by Joe Jacobs, who helped bring attention to the importance of men's health in Canada's largest city. The organization has held Men's Health Forums annually, including 2005 where the guest speaker, Canadian Senator Wilbert Keon, spoke of the importance of men's cardiovascular health. The organization has since been chaired by Ted Kaiser, Elaine Sequeira, Don McCreary and Donald Blair. Presently, the organization is being led by James Hodgins. It remains the oldest and most recognized Men's Health advocacy organization in Canada, with other organizations starting to appear in British Columbia and the Maritime provinces.

The Canadian Men’s Health Foundation (CMHF) was established in 2014 with the goal of inspiring men to lead healthier lives. The majority of men’s health issues can be prevented by adopting healthy lifestyles. The CMHF’s campaign “Don’t Change Much” advocates for adopting small lifestyle changes to improve health.

In the United States, men's health issues are raised by, among others, Men's Health Network (MHN). Established in 1992, MHN is a non-profit educational organization comprising physicians, researchers, public health workers, other health professionals, and individuals.[33] Through a network of chapters affiliates, and health partners, MHN has a presence in every state and over 30 countries.[34] MHN is committed to improving the health and wellness of men, boys, and their families through education campaigns, data collection, surveys, toll-free hotlines, and work with health care providers.[35] MHN conducts screenings in the workplace and at public venues, sponsors conferences and symposia, and promotes awareness periods such as Men's Health Month and Men's Health Week.

Promundo was founded in Brazil in 1997 and aims to collaborate with men and boys to change harmful gender norms related to manhood and unequal power dynamics. They also have the goal of engaging men and boys to work in partnership with women, girls and individuals of all gender identities to advance gender equity.[36]

The Global Action on Men’s Health (GAMH) was established in 2013 and was registered as a UK-based charity in May 2018. It is a collaborative initiative to bring together men’s health organizations from across the globe into a new global network. GAMH is working at international and national levels to encourage international agencies (such as the World Health Organization) and individual governments to develop research, policies and strategies on men’s health.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ WHO Definition of Health. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-07. Retrieved 2016-07-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
  2. ^ Almost Every Type of Cancer Kills More Men Than Women, Study Shows http://healthland.time.com/2011/07/13/almost-every-type-of-cancer-kills-more-men-than-women-study-shows Time, 13 July 2011
  3. ^ Williams DR (2003). "The health of men: structured inequalities and opportunities". Am J Public Health. 93 (5): 724–31. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.5.724. PMC 1447828. PMID 12721133.
  4. ^ "Men’s Health and Primary Care: Improving Access and Outcomes". http://www.ecoo.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mens-health-and-primary-care-emhf-roundtable-report.2013.medium-res.pdf
  5. ^ "The State of Men’s Health in Europe". http://ec.europa.eu/health/population_groups/docs/men_health_report_en.pdf ISBN 978-92-79-20167-7 doi:10.2772/60721
  6. ^ "Gender Statistics Manual". United Nations Statistics Division. May 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  7. ^ "Is the US the only country where more men are raped than women?". The Guardian. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  8. ^ "Life Expectancy by Country 2019". World Population Review. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  9. ^ "Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health". Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  10. ^ "Global Health Observatory data on Life Expectancy". World Health Organization.
  11. ^ Thornton, Jacqui (5 April 2019). "WHO report shows that women outlive men worldwide". BMJ: l1631. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1631. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help); External link in |doi= (help)
  12. ^ Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Beltekian, Diana. "Why do women live longer than men?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  13. ^ Baker, Peter; Dworkin, Shari L; Tong, Sengfah; Banks, Ian; Shand, Tim; Yamey, Gavin (March 6th 2014). "The men's health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda". WHO. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.132795. Retrieved 31 October 2019. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |doi= (help)
  14. ^ "Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health". Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  15. ^ "Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health". Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  16. ^ "Testosterone — What It Does And Doesn't Do". Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  17. ^ Morris, Paul D; Channer, Kevin S (23 April 2012). "Testosterone and cardiovascular disease in men". Asian Journal of Andrology. 14 (3): 428–435. doi:10.1038/aja.2012.21.
  18. ^ "Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health". Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  19. ^ "Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health". Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  20. ^ "World Health Report 2014" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  21. ^ Courtenay, W. H. (2000). "Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health". Social Science & Medicine (1982). 50 (10): 1385–1401. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00390-1. ISSN 0277-9536. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  22. ^ Williams, David R. (May 2003). "The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities". American Journal of Public Health. 93 (5): 724–731. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.5.724.
  23. ^ Freeman, Aislinné; Mergl, Roland; Kohls, Elisabeth; Székely, András; Gusmao, Ricardo; Arensman, Ella; Koburger, Nicole; Hegerl, Ulrich; Rummel-Kluge, Christine (29 June 2017). "A cross-national study on gender differences in suicide intent". BMC Psychiatry. p. 234. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1398-8.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  24. ^ Moore, Fhionna; Taylor, Shanice; Beaumont, Joanna; Gibson, Rachel; Starkey, Charlotte; DeLuca, Vincenzo (23 August 2018). "The gender suicide paradox under gender role reversal during industrialisation". PLOS ONE. 13 (8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202487. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ^ Miranda-Mendizabal, Andrea; Castellví, Pere; Parés-Badell, Oleguer; Alayo, Itxaso; Almenara, José; Alonso, Iciar; Blasco, Maria Jesús; Cebrià, Annabel; Gabilondo, Andrea; Gili, Margalida; Lagares, Carolina; Piqueras, José Antonio; Rodríguez-Jiménez, Tiscar; Rodríguez-Marín, Jesús; Roca, Miquel; Soto-Sanz, Victoria; Vilagut, Gemma; Alonso, Jordi (12 January 2019). "Gender differences in suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies". International Journal of Public Health. 64 (2): 265–283. doi:10.1007/s00038-018-1196-1. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  26. ^ Baker, Peter; Dworkin, Shari L; Tong, Sengfah; Banks, Ian; Shand, Tim; Yamey, Gavin (March 6th 2014). "The men's health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda". WHO. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.132795. Retrieved 31 October 2019. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |doi= (help)
  27. ^ "Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health". Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  28. ^ "Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health". Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
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  33. ^ "Letter From MHN Vice President on 25th Anniversary | Mens Health Network". menshealthnetwork.org. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  34. ^ "Chapters | Mens Health Network". menshealthnetwork.org. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
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External links

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