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== Animal issues ==
== Animal issues ==
=== Animal farming and consumption ===
=== Animals used for food ===
==== Animal agriculture and slaughter ====
⚫
A 2007 report by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] of the [[United Nations]] found that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption of any country. Roughly one-third of Indians are vegetarian (the largest percentage of vegetarians in the world),<ref name="devi">{{cite journal |pmc=4662155 |title=An Outline of Meat Consumption in the Indian Population - a Pilot Review |author=Subramaniam Mohana Devi |author2=Vellingiri Balachandar |author3=Sang In Lee |author4=In Ho Kim |pmid=26761289 |doi=10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.4.507 |volume=34 |year=2014 |journal=Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour |pages=507–15}}</ref> but few are [[Veganism|vegan]].<ref name="flock">{{cite web |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/being-vegan-in-india/4482/1 |author=Elizabeth Flock |title=Being Vegan in India |date=September 26, 2009 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref> Despite having the highest rate of vegetarianism in the world, Indian consumption of dairy, eggs, and meat - especially [[chicken]] - is increasing rapidly.<ref name="devi" /><ref name="growing">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/india-changing-appetites-include-meat-article-1.1255861 |title=India's growing appetite for meat challenges traditional values |date=February 5, 2013 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref><ref name="eggpoultry">{{cite web |url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?id=3135 |title=USDA International Egg and Poultry: Poultry in India |date=December 1, 2013 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref>
;Cattle

[[File:Status of cow slaughter in India.png|thumb|300px|Indian state laws on cattle slaughter laws]]
⚫
Despite restrictions on killing and eating cows throughout most of the country, India became the world's largest exporter of beef in 2012.<ref name="devi" /> According to a 2012 FAO report, India also had the world's largest population of dairy cows (43.6 million) and was the second-largest producer of milk (50.3 million tons per year).<ref name="dairy">{{cite web |url=https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/5235182/Statistics-Dairy-cows.pdf |title=Statistics: Dairy cows |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref> In 2011, India was the third largest producer of eggs (behind China and the United States) and the sixth largest producer of chicken meat.<ref name="eggpoultry" /> India is the second largest fish producer in the world after China, and the industry has substantial room for growth.<ref name="fish">{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/-marine-and-fish-industry-to-reach-rs-68k-crore-by-2015-assocham/articleshow/10841151.cms |author=ET Bureau |title=Marine and fish industry to reach Rs 68K crore by 2015: Assocham |date=November 23, 2011 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref>
{{See also|Cattle slaughter in India|Cow protection movement|Cow vigilante violence in India}}
The focus of animal welfare and rights debates in India has been on the treatment of [[cattle]], since cows, unlike other animals, are considered to have a certain sacred status according to millions of Hindus (79.8%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%) and Jains (0.4%) living in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fidwAgAAQBAJ|year= 2011|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-979076-0|pages=58–65, 100–101, 110}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Clive Phillips|title=The Welfare of Animals: The Silent Majority |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=eq28F0MMrhIC |year= 2008|publisher= Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9219-0|pages=98–103}}</ref><ref>[a] {{cite book|author1= Robert J. Muckle|author2=Laura Tubelle de González|title= Through the Lens of Anthropology: An Introduction to Human Evolution and Culture |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3FUACwAAQBAJ |year= 2015|publisher= University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0863-4|pages=299–300}}; [b] {{cite journal | last=Eliasi | first=Jennifer R. | last2=Dwyer | first2=Johanna T. | title=Kosher and Halal | journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=102 | issue=7 | year=2002 | doi=10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90203-8 | pages=911–913}}; [c] {{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year= 2013|publisher= Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=171–172}}</ref> However, cattle are generally not considered to be 'sacred' by others, such as followers of Abrahamic religions such as Muslims (14.2%) and Christians (2.3%), as well as non-religious people (0.3%). Moreover, there is widespread disagreement among followers of Indian religions themselves on the level of protection and care that should be afforded to cows. In the post-independence era, a legal situation has evolved in which a number of states, mostly bordering on or relatively close to [[Pakistan]], have completely banned all slaughter of cows, bullocks and bulls, while most in north, central and south India have only prohibited slaughtering bullocks and bulls, and finally some states far away from Pakistan (Kerala, West Bengal and the Northeast Indian states) have not enacted such restrictions on the slaught of these animals at all.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/graphic-mapping-cow-slaughter-in-indian-states/story-k4WOaEl9GCDNjsAjbQFVtO.html |title=Graphic: Mapping cow slaughter in Indian states |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref> As far back as the 19th century, the legal prohibition of cattle slaughter has been part of Hindu nationalist agendas, and cow protection has been used as a means to distinguish Muslim and Hindu behaviour and identities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/711064/maharashtras-beef-ban-shows-how-politicians-manipulate-hindu-sentiments-around-cow-slaughter |title=Maharashtra’s beef ban shows how politicians manipulate Hindu sentiments around cow slaughter |author=Shoaib Daniyal |work=Scroll.in |date=3 March 2015 |accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref>


;General
In India, it is legal to confine calves in [[Veal|veal crates]], pigs in [[gestation crate]]s, hens in [[battery cage]]s, and to remove farm animals' body parts without anesthesia.<ref name="wap"/>
In India, it is legal to confine calves in [[Veal|veal crates]], pigs in [[gestation crate]]s, hens in [[battery cage]]s, and to remove farm animals' body parts without anesthesia.<ref name="wap"/>

⚫
Despite restrictions on killing and eating cows throughout most of the country, India became the world's largest exporter of beef in 2012.<ref name="devi" /> According to a 2012 FAO report, India also had the world's largest population of dairy cows (43.6 million) and was the second-largest producer of milk (50.3 million tons per year).<ref name="dairy">{{cite web |url=https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/5235182/Statistics-Dairy-cows.pdf |title=Statistics: Dairy cows |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref> In 2011, India was the third largest producer of eggs (behind China and the United States) and the sixth largest producer of chicken meat.<ref name="eggpoultry" /> India is the second largest fish producer in the world after China, and the industry has substantial room for growth.<ref name="fish">{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/-marine-and-fish-industry-to-reach-rs-68k-crore-by-2015-assocham/articleshow/10841151.cms |author=ET Bureau |title=Marine and fish industry to reach Rs 68K crore by 2015: Assocham |date=November 23, 2011 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref>

==== Consumption ====
{{see also | Vegetarianism and religion | Diet in Hinduism | Buddhist vegetarianism }}
⚫
A 2007 report by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] of the [[United Nations]] found that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption of any country. Roughly one-third of Indians are vegetarian (the largest percentage of vegetarians in the world),<ref name="devi">{{cite journal |pmc=4662155 |title=An Outline of Meat Consumption in the Indian Population - a Pilot Review |author=Subramaniam Mohana Devi |author2=Vellingiri Balachandar |author3=Sang In Lee |author4=In Ho Kim |pmid=26761289 |doi=10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.4.507 |volume=34 |year=2014 |journal=Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour |pages=507–15}}</ref> but few are [[Veganism|vegan]].<ref name="flock">{{cite web |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/being-vegan-in-india/4482/1 |author=Elizabeth Flock |title=Being Vegan in India |date=September 26, 2009 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref> Despite having the highest rate of vegetarianism in the world, Indian consumption of dairy, eggs, and meat - especially [[chicken]] - was increasing rapidly as of 2013.<ref name="devi" /><ref name="growing">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/india-changing-appetites-include-meat-article-1.1255861 |title=India's growing appetite for meat challenges traditional values |date=February 5, 2013 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref><ref name="eggpoultry">{{cite web |url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?id=3135 |title=USDA International Egg and Poultry: Poultry in India |date=December 1, 2013 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref>


=== Animals used for clothing ===
=== Animals used for clothing ===

Revision as of 14:46, 26 February 2020

Animal welfare and rights in India regards the treatment of and laws concerning non-human animals in India. It is distinct from animal conservation in India.

India is home to several religious traditions advocating non-violence and compassion towards animals, and has passed a number of animal welfare reforms since 1960. India is also one of the world's leading producers of animal products.

History

Ancient India

The Vedas, the first scriptures of Hinduism (originating in the second millennium BCE), teach ahimsa or nonviolence towards all living beings. In Hinduism, killing an animal is regarded as a violation of ahimsa and causes bad karma, leading many Hindus to practice vegetarianism. Hindu teachings do not require vegetarianism, however, and allow animal sacrifice in religious ceremonies.[1]

Jainism was founded in India in the 7th-5th century BCE,[2] and ahimsa is its central teaching. Due to their belief in the sanctity of all life, Jains practice strict vegetarianism and many go to great lengths even to avoid harming insects.

Buddhism is the third major religion to emerge in India, and its teachings also include ahimsa. Buddhism teaches vegetarianism (though not as strictly as Jainism), and many Buddhists practice life release in which animals destined for slaughter are purchased and released to the wild.[1][3] Despite the influence of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, meat-eating was still common in ancient India.[4]

In 262 BCE, the Mauryan king Ashoka converted to Buddhism. For the remainder of his reign, he issued edicts informed by the Buddhist teachings of compassion for all beings. These edicts included the provision of medical treatment for animals and bans on animal sacrifice, the castration of roosters, and hunting of many species.[5]

British India

Colesworthey piller

Animal experimentation in India in the 1860s when Britain began introducing new drugs to the colony. Moved by the suffering of Indian strays and draught animals, Colesworthey Grant founded the first Indian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in 1861 in Calcutta. The Indian SPCAs successfully lobbied for anti-cruelty legislation in the 1860s, which was extended to all of India in 1890–91. An obelisk was established in memory of the Colesworthey just in front of the Writers' Building.

While the anti-vivisection movement grew in Britain, it failed to take hold in India. British officials and (British-led) SPCAs both opposed the introduction of the British Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876 - which established regulations on animal experimentation - to the Indian colony.

The Cow Protection movement arose in the late 1800s in northern India. While the SPCAs were led by colonists and associated with Christianity, Cow Protection was a movement of native Hindus. Cow protectionists opposed the slaughter of cattle and provided sanctuaries for cows. However, cow protection was largely an expression of Hindu nationalism rather than part of a larger native Indian animal welfare movement. Cow protectionists did not, in general, oppose (and often supported) animal experimentation, and the antivivisectionist groups established in India in the late 1890s died out due to lack of interest. The Indian branches of the Humanitarian League, an English organization which opposed vivisection and the mistreatment and killing of animals, focused on vegetarianism and cow protection while ignoring vivisection.[6]

Mahatma Gandhi was a vegetarian and advocate of vegetarianism. In 1931 Gandhi gave a talk to the London Vegetarian Society entitled The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism in which he argued for abstinence from meat and dairy on ethical (rather than health-related) grounds.[7]

Post-independence India

India's first national animal welfare law, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960), criminalizes cruelty to animals, though exceptions are made for the treatment of animals used for food and scientific experiments. The 1960 law also created the Animal Welfare Board of India to ensure the anti-cruelty provisions were enforced and promote the cause of animal welfare.[8]

Subsequent laws have placed regulations and restrictions on the use of draught animals, the use of performing animals, animal transport, animal slaughter, and animal experimentation.[9]

The Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) Rules, 1998 sets general requirements for breeding and using animals for research. A 2006 amendment specifies that experimenters must first try to use animals "lowest on the phylogenetic scale", use the minimum number of animals for 95% statistical confidence, and justify not using non-animal alternatives. A 2013 amendment bans the use of live animal experiments in medical education.[10] In 2014 India became the first country in Asia to ban all testing of cosmetics on animals and the import of cosmetics tested on animals.[11]

In 2013 India made it illegal to use captive dolphins for public entertainment.[12]

In 2017 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has released four new Gazette notifications under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 to regulate dog breeders, animal markets, and aquarium and “pet” fish shop owners .[13]

India has a grade of C out of possible grades A,B,C,D,E,F,G on World Animal Protection's Animal Protection Index.[14]

Animal issues

Animals used for food

Animal agriculture and slaughter

Cattle
Indian state laws on cattle slaughter laws
See also: Cattle slaughter in India, Cow protection movement, and Cow vigilante violence in India

The focus of animal welfare and rights debates in India has been on the treatment of cattle, since cows, unlike other animals, are considered to have a certain sacred status according to millions of Hindus (79.8%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%) and Jains (0.4%) living in India.[15][16][17] However, cattle are generally not considered to be 'sacred' by others, such as followers of Abrahamic religions such as Muslims (14.2%) and Christians (2.3%), as well as non-religious people (0.3%). Moreover, there is widespread disagreement among followers of Indian religions themselves on the level of protection and care that should be afforded to cows. In the post-independence era, a legal situation has evolved in which a number of states, mostly bordering on or relatively close to Pakistan, have completely banned all slaughter of cows, bullocks and bulls, while most in north, central and south India have only prohibited slaughtering bullocks and bulls, and finally some states far away from Pakistan (Kerala, West Bengal and the Northeast Indian states) have not enacted such restrictions on the slaught of these animals at all.[18] As far back as the 19th century, the legal prohibition of cattle slaughter has been part of Hindu nationalist agendas, and cow protection has been used as a means to distinguish Muslim and Hindu behaviour and identities.[19]

General

In India, it is legal to confine calves in veal crates, pigs in gestation crates, hens in battery cages, and to remove farm animals' body parts without anesthesia.[14]

Despite restrictions on killing and eating cows throughout most of the country, India became the world's largest exporter of beef in 2012.[20] According to a 2012 FAO report, India also had the world's largest population of dairy cows (43.6 million) and was the second-largest producer of milk (50.3 million tons per year).[21] In 2011, India was the third largest producer of eggs (behind China and the United States) and the sixth largest producer of chicken meat.[22] India is the second largest fish producer in the world after China, and the industry has substantial room for growth.[23]

Consumption

See also: Vegetarianism and religion, Diet in Hinduism, and Buddhist vegetarianism

A 2007 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations found that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption of any country. Roughly one-third of Indians are vegetarian (the largest percentage of vegetarians in the world),[20] but few are vegan.[24] Despite having the highest rate of vegetarianism in the world, Indian consumption of dairy, eggs, and meat - especially chicken - was increasing rapidly as of 2013.[20][25][22]

Animals used for clothing

Fur

In 2012, Indian consumers purchased approximately Rs8.6 billion (approximately 129 million U.S. dollars) worth of fur products; this figure is projected to grow to Rs13 billion (approximately 195 million U.S. dollars) by 2018. Most of these products are supplied by domestic producers.[26] Due to growing concern for animal welfare, in 2017 India banned the importation of certain animal furs and skins, including chinchilla, mink, fox, and reptiles.[27]

Leather

Although cattle slaughter is illegal in all but two Indian states, poor enforcement of cattle protection laws has allowed a thriving leather industry.[28] A 2014 report on the Indian leather industry states that India is the ninth largest exporter of leather and leather products, and the second largest producer of footwear and leather garments, with significant room for growth. The Indian government supports the industry by allowing 100% foreign direct investment and duty-free imports, funding manufacturing units, and implementing industrial development programs.[29]

Animals used in scientific research and cosmetics tests

India's 1960 anti-cruelty law created the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) to regulate animal experimentation. A 2003 report by Animal Defenders International and the U.K. National Anti-Vivisection Society based on evidence gathered by the CPCSEA during inspections of 467 Indian laboratories finds "a deplorable standard of animal care in the majority of facilities inspected". The report lists many instances of abuse, neglect, and failure to use available non-animal methods.[30]

Animals used in religion and entertainment

In 2014, the Supreme Court of India banned the traditional bullfighting sport Jallikattu, which was mainly practiced in the state of Tamil Nadu. This led to widespread controversy, and the 2017 pro-jallikattu protests. Under this pressure, the government of Tamil Nadu adopted a law that reintroduced the sport on state level, likely leading to a renewed ban by the Supreme Court.[31] The sport remains a controversial issue.

Animal rights movements

India has a number of domestic animal welfare organizations such as Peoples for Animals Haryana, Scouts & Guides for Animals & Birds, OIPA: Indian People for Animals, started by Naresh Kadyan, People for Animals, started by Maneka Gandhi, as well as chapters of international animal nonprofits including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Humane Society International,[32] and In Defense of Animals.[33][34]

See also

General:

References

  1. ^ a b E. Szűcs; R. Geers; E. N. Sossidou; D. M. Broom (November 2012). "Animal Welfare in Different Human Cultures, Traditions and Religious Faiths". Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 25 (11): 1499–506. doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.r.02. PMC 4093044. PMID 25049508.
  2. ^ G. Ralph Strohl (February 21, 2016). "Jainism". Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  3. ^ Yutang Lin. "The Buddhist Practice of Releasing Lives to Freedom". Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  4. ^ "Vegetarianism in India". Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  5. ^ Ven. S. Dhammika (1994). "The Edicts of King Asoka" (PDF). Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  6. ^ Pratik Chakrabarti (June 1, 2010). "Beasts of Burden: Animals and Laboratory Research in Colonial India". History of Science. 48 (2): 125–152. doi:10.1177/007327531004800201. PMC 2997667. PMID 20582325.
  7. ^ John Davis (March 16, 2011). "Gandhi - and the Launching of Veganism". Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  8. ^ Parliament of India (1982). "The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, as amended by Central Act 26 of 1982" (PDF). Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  9. ^ "Central Laws". Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  10. ^ "India Legislation & Animal Welfare Oversight". January 25, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  11. ^ Melissa Cronin (October 14, 2014). "This is the First Country in the World to Ban all Cosmetics Tested on Animals". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  12. ^ "India more progressive than US on animal welfare policies". July 22, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  13. ^ "India Passes New Rules to Protect Animals". PETA India. 2017-05-27. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  14. ^ a b "Republic of India" (PDF). Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  15. ^ Lisa Kemmerer (2011). Animals and World Religions. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–65, 100–101, 110. ISBN 978-0-19-979076-0.
  16. ^ Clive Phillips (2008). The Welfare of Animals: The Silent Majority. Springer. pp. 98–103. ISBN 978-1-4020-9219-0.
  17. ^ [a] Robert J. Muckle; Laura Tubelle de González (2015). Through the Lens of Anthropology: An Introduction to Human Evolution and Culture. University of Toronto Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-1-4426-0863-4.; [b] Eliasi, Jennifer R.; Dwyer, Johanna T. (2002). "Kosher and Halal". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 102 (7). Elsevier BV: 911–913. doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90203-8.; [c] Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-1-4411-0231-7.
  18. ^ "Graphic: Mapping cow slaughter in Indian states". Hindustan Times. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  19. ^ Shoaib Daniyal (3 March 2015). "Maharashtra's beef ban shows how politicians manipulate Hindu sentiments around cow slaughter". Scroll.in. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  20. ^ a b c Subramaniam Mohana Devi; Vellingiri Balachandar; Sang In Lee; In Ho Kim (2014). "An Outline of Meat Consumption in the Indian Population - a Pilot Review". Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour. 34: 507–15. doi:10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.4.507. PMC 4662155. PMID 26761289.
  21. ^ "Statistics: Dairy cows" (PDF). Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  22. ^ a b "USDA International Egg and Poultry: Poultry in India". December 1, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  23. ^ ET Bureau (November 23, 2011). "Marine and fish industry to reach Rs 68K crore by 2015: Assocham". Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  24. ^ Elizabeth Flock (September 26, 2009). "Being Vegan in India". Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  25. ^ "India's growing appetite for meat challenges traditional values". February 5, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  26. ^ "Fur and Fur Articles in India". October 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  27. ^ "Govt bans import of fox fur, crocodile skin". January 6, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  28. ^ Ambika Hiranandani; Roland M. McCall; Salman Shaheen (July 1, 2010). "How India's holy cash cow". Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  29. ^ ONICRA Credit Rating Agency of India (April 2014). "Emerging Trends: Indian Leather Industry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  30. ^ Animal Defenders International; National Anti-Vivisection Society (2003). "Animal Experimentation in India" (PDF). Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  31. ^ "Jallikattu Row: Matter could still go to Supreme Court and we could get adverse decision, says Salman Khurshid". The Financial Express. 21 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  32. ^ "Humane Society International India". Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  33. ^ "In Defense of Animals, India". Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  34. ^ Apsara Vydyula (September 8, 2015). "Kudos To These 15 Indian Animal Welfare Organisations That Are All Set To Bring About A Change". Retrieved April 25, 2016.
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