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'''Neoaves''' is a [[clade]] that consists of all modern [[Bird|birds]] (Neornithes or Aves) with the exception of [[Paleognathae]] (ratites and kin) and [[Galloanserae]] (ducks, chickens and kin).<ref name="jarvis2014">Jarvis, E.D. (2014) [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6215/1320.abstract Whole genome analyzes resolve the early branches in the tree of life of modern birds].</ref> Almost 95% of the roughly 10,000 known species of modern birds belong to the Neoaves.<ref name="Ericson">{{Cite journal|last=Ericson |first=Per G.P. |year=2006 |title=Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=543–547 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 |pmid=17148284 |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf|last2=Anderson |first2=CL |last3=Britton |first3=T |last4=Elzanowski |first4=A |last5=Johansson |first5=US |last6=Källersjö |first6=M |last7=Ohlson |first7=JI |last8=Parsons |first8=TJ |last9=Zuccon |first9=D|pmc=1834003|first10=G.|last10=Mayr|displayauthors=1 }}</ref>
'''Neoaves''' is a [[clade]] that consists of all modern [[Bird|birds]] (Neornithes or Aves) with the exception of [[Paleognathae]] (ratites and kin) and [[Galloanserae]] (ducks, chickens and kin).<ref name="jarvis2014">Jarvis, E.D. (2014) [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6215/1320.abstract Whole genome analyzes resolve the early branches in the tree of life of modern birds].</ref> Almost 95% of the roughly 10,000 known species of modern birds belong to the Neoaves.<ref name="Ericson">{{Cite journal|last=Ericson |first=Per G.P. |year=2006 |title=Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=543–547 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 |pmid=17148284 |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf|last2=Anderson |first2=CL |last3=Britton |first3=T |last4=Elzanowski |first4=A |last5=Johansson |first5=US |last6=Källersjö |first6=M |last7=Ohlson |first7=JI |last8=Parsons |first8=TJ |last9=Zuccon |first9=D|pmc=1834003|first10=G.|last10=Mayr|displayauthors=1 }}</ref>


The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]],<ref>McCormack, J.E. ''et al'' (2013). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054848 A phylogeny of birds based on over 1,500 loci collected by target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing]. ''PLoS One'', 8(1):e54848. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054848.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claramunt |first1=S. |last2=Cracraft |first2=J. |title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds |journal=Sci Adv |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=e1501005 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005 |pmc=4730849 |pmid=26824065}}</ref> and attempts to resolve their relationships with each other have resulted initially in much controversy.<ref>Mayr G. (2011) [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00586.x/pdf Metaves, Mirandornithes, Strisores and other novelties - a critical review of the higher-level phylogeny of neornithine birds]. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 49:58-76.</ref><ref>Matzke, A. ''et al.'' (2012) [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/02/molbev.msr319.short?rss=1 Retroposon insertion patterns of neoavian birds: strong evidence for an extensive incomplete lineage sorting era] ''Mol. Biol. Evol.''</ref>
The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McCormack | first1 = J.E. | display-authors = etal | year = 2013 | title = A phylogeny of birds based on over 1,500 loci collected by target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing | url = https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054848 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = e54848 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0054848 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claramunt |first1=S. |last2=Cracraft |first2=J. |title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds |journal=Sci Adv |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=e1501005 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005 |pmc=4730849 |pmid=26824065}}</ref> and attempts to resolve their relationships with each other have resulted initially in much controversy.<ref>Mayr G. (2011) [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00586.x/pdf Metaves, Mirandornithes, Strisores and other novelties - a critical review of the higher-level phylogeny of neornithine birds]. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 49:58-76.</ref><ref>Matzke, A. ''et al.'' (2012) [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/02/molbev.msr319.short?rss=1 Retroposon insertion patterns of neoavian birds: strong evidence for an extensive incomplete lineage sorting era] ''Mol. Biol. Evol.''</ref>


==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==
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|main-caption=Comparison of different proposals for Neoavian radiation
|main-caption=Comparison of different proposals for Neoavian radiation
|header1=Jarvis ''et al''. (2014)<ref name="jarvis2014"/>
|header1=Jarvis ''et al''. (2014)<ref name="jarvis2014"/>
|header2=Prum ''et al''. (2015)<ref name=Prum2015>Prum, R.O. ''et al''. (2015) [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7574/full/nature15697.html A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing]. Nature 526, 569–573.</ref>
|header2=Prum ''et al''. (2015)<ref name=Prum2015>{{cite journal | last1 = Prum | first1 = R.O. | display-authors = etal | year = 2015 | title = A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7574/full/nature15697.html | journal = Nature | volume = 526 | issue = | pages = 569–573 | doi = 10.1038/nature15697 | pmid = 26444237 }}</ref>
|header3=Suh (2016) {{emdash}} a hard polytomy<ref name="Suh2016"/>
|header3=Suh (2016) {{emdash}} a hard polytomy<ref name="Suh2016"/>
|width=300px
|width=300px
Line 167: Line 167:
}}
}}


The following [[cladogram]] illustrates the proposed relationships between all neoavian bird orders using the supraordinal tree recovered by Prum, R.O. ''et al''. (2015)<ref name=Prum-2015/>, with some taxon names following Yuri, T. ''et al''. (2013)<ref>Yuri ''et al''. (2013) [http://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/2/1/419 Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals]. ''Biology'', 2(1):419-444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419</ref> and Kimball ''et al''. (2013).<ref>Kimball, R.T. ''et al''. (2013) Identifying localized biases in large datasets: A case study using the Avian Tree of Life. ''Mol Phylogenet Evol''. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.029</ref>
The following [[cladogram]] illustrates the proposed relationships between all neoavian bird orders using the supraordinal tree recovered by Prum, R.O. ''et al''. (2015)<ref name=Prum-2015/>, with some taxon names following Yuri, T. ''et al''. (2013)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yuri | first1 = | display-authors = etal | year = 2013 | title = Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals | url = http://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/2/1/419 | journal = Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 419–444 | doi = 10.3390/biology2010419 }}</ref> and Kimball ''et al''. (2013).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kimball | first1 = R.T. | display-authors = etal | year = 2013 | title = Identifying localized biases in large datasets: A case study using the Avian Tree of Life | url = | journal = Mol Phylogenet Evol | volume = 69| issue = | pages = 1021–1032| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.029 }}</ref>


{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:95%
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:95%

Revision as of 18:21, 2 April 2020

Neoavians
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous – Holocene, 69–0 Ma [1]
Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Infraclass: Neognathae
Clade: Neoaves
Sibley et al., 1988
Clades

Neoaves is a clade that consists of all modern birds (Neornithes or Aves) with the exception of Paleognathae (ratites and kin) and Galloanserae (ducks, chickens and kin).[2] Almost 95% of the roughly 10,000 known species of modern birds belong to the Neoaves.[3]

The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event,[4][5] and attempts to resolve their relationships with each other have resulted initially in much controversy.[6][7]

Phylogeny

The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[8] As a result of the rapid radiation attempts to resolve their relationships have produced conflicting results, some quite controversial, especially in the earlier studies.[9][10][11] Nevertheless, some recent large phylogenomic studies of Neoaves have led to much progress on defining orders and supraordinal groups within Neoaves, even though they have failed to come to a consensus on an overall high order topology of these groups.[12][13][14][11] A genomic study of 48 taxa by Jarvis et al. (2014) divided Neoaves into two main clades, Columbea and Passerea, but an analysis of 198 taxa by Prum et al. (2015) recovered different groupings for the earliest split in Neoaves.[12][13] A reanalysis with an extended dataset by Reddy et al. (2017) suggested this was due the type of sequence data, with coding sequences favouring the Prum topology.[14] The disagreement on topology even with large phylogenomic studies led Suh (2016) to propose a hard polytomy of nine clades as the base of Neoaves.[15] An analysis by Houde et al. (2019) recovered Columbea and a reduced hard polytomy of six clades within Passerea.[16]

Nevertheless, these studies do agree on a number of supraorderal groups, which Reddy et al. (2017) dubbed the "magnificent seven", which together with three "orphaned orders" make up Neoaves.[14] Significantly, they both include a large waterbird clade (Aequornithes) and a large landbird clade (Telluraves). The groups defined by Reddy et al. (2017) are as follows:

  • The "magnificent seven" supraordinal clades:
  1. Telluraves (landbirds)
  2. Aequornithes (waterbirds)
  3. Eurypygimorphae (sunbittern, kagu and tropicbirds)
  4. Otidimorphae (turacos, bustards and cuckoos)
  5. Strisores (nightjars, swifts, hummingbirds and allies)
  6. Columbimorphae (mesites, sandgrouse and pigeons)
  7. Mirandornithes (flamingos and grebes)

 

Comparison of different proposals for Neoavian radiation
Jarvis et al. (2014)[2]
Columbea

Mirandornithes (flamingos, grebes)

Columbimorphae (pigeons, mesites, sandgrouse)

Passerea
Otidae

Otidimorphae (cuckoos, bustards, turacos)

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

Gruae

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

Gruimorphae

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

Ardeae

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

Eurypgimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

Telluraves
(core landbirds)
Prum et al. (2015)[17]

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

Columbaves

Columbimorphae (pigeons, mesites, sandgrouse)

Otidimorphae (cuckoos, bustards, turacos)

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

Aequorlitornithes

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

Mirandornithes(flamingoes, grebes)

Ardeae

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

Eurypgimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

(waterbirds)
Inopinaves

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

Telluraves (core landbirds)

Suh (2016) — a hard polytomy[15]

Columbimorphae (pigeons, mesites, sandgrouse)

Otidimorphae (cuckoos, bustards, turacos)

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

Mirandornithes (flamingoes, grebes)

Ardeae

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

Eurypgimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

Telluraves
(core landbirds)


The following cladogram illustrates the proposed relationships between all neoavian bird orders using the supraordinal tree recovered by Prum, R.O. et al. (2015)[13], with some taxon names following Yuri, T. et al. (2013)[18] and Kimball et al. (2013).[19]

Neoaves
Strisores

Caprimulgiformes (nightjars)

Steatornithiformes (oilbird)

Nyctibiiformes (potoos)

Podargiformes (frogmouths)

Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars)

Apodiformes (hummingbirds, treeswifts, and swifts)

Gruiformes (rails and cranes)

Aequorlitornithes
Mirandornithes

Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)

Podicipediformes (grebes)

Charadriiformes (waders and relatives)

Ardeae
Eurypygimorphae

Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)

Eurypygiformes (sunbittern and kagu)

Aequornithes

Gaviiformes (loons)

Austrodyptornithes

Procellariiformes (albatross and petrels)

Sphenisciformes (penguins)

Ciconiiformes (storks)

Suliformes (boobies, cormorants, etc.)

Pelecaniformes (pelicans, herons, ibises, etc.)

(core waterbirds)
Inopinaves

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

Telluraves
Accipitrimorphae

Cathartiformes (New World vultures)

Accipitriformes (hawks and relatives)

Strigiformes (owls)

Coraciimorphae

Coliiformes (mousebirds)

Cavitaves

Leptosomiformes (cuckoo roller)

Eucavitaves

Trogoniformes (trogons)

Picocoraciae

Bucerotiformes (hornbills and relatives)

Picodynastornithes

Coraciiformes (kingfishers and relatives)

Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)

Australaves
(core landbirds)

References

  1. ^ Van Tuinen M. (2009) Birds (Aves). In The Timetree of Life, Hedges SB, Kumar S (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 409–411.
  2. ^ a b Jarvis, E.D. (2014) Whole genome analyzes resolve the early branches in the tree of life of modern birds.
  3. ^ Ericson, Per G.P.; Anderson, CL; Britton, T; Elzanowski, A; Johansson, US; Källersjö, M; Ohlson, JI; Parsons, TJ; Zuccon, D; Mayr, G. (2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils" (PDF). Biology Letters. 2 (4): 543–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523. PMC 1834003. PMID 17148284. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ McCormack, J.E.; et al. (2013). "A phylogeny of birds based on over 1,500 loci collected by target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54848. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054848.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). "A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds". Sci Adv. 1 (11): e1501005. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501005. PMC 4730849. PMID 26824065.
  6. ^ Mayr G. (2011) Metaves, Mirandornithes, Strisores and other novelties - a critical review of the higher-level phylogeny of neornithine birds. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 49:58-76.
  7. ^ Matzke, A. et al. (2012) Retroposon insertion patterns of neoavian birds: strong evidence for an extensive incomplete lineage sorting era Mol. Biol. Evol.
  8. ^ Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). "A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds". Sci Adv. 1 (11): e1501005. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501005. PMC 4730849. PMID 26824065.
  9. ^ Mayr G. (2011) Metaves, Mirandornithes, Strisores and other novelties - a critical review of the higher-level phylogeny of neornithine birds. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 49:58-76.
  10. ^ Matzke, A. et al. (2012) Retroposon insertion patterns of neoavian birds: strong evidence for an extensive incomplete lineage sorting era Mol. Biol. Evol.
  11. ^ a b Braun, Edward L.; Cracraft, Joel; Houde, Peter (2019). "Resolving the Avian Tree of Life from Top to Bottom: The Promise and Potential Boundaries of the Phylogenomic Era". Avian Genomics in Ecology and Evolution. pp. 151–210. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16477-5_6. ISBN 978-3-030-16476-8.
  12. ^ a b Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
  13. ^ a b c Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornburg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. doi:10.1038/nature15697. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26444237.
  14. ^ a b c Reddy, Sushma; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Pandey, Akanksha; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Michael J.; Hackett, Shannon J.; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Kingston, Sarah; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki; Braun, Edward L. (2017). "Why Do Phylogenomic Data Sets Yield Conflicting Trees? Data Type Influences the Avian Tree of Life more than Taxon Sampling". Systematic Biology. 66 (5): 857–879. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx041. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28369655.
  15. ^ a b Suh, Alexander (2016). "The phylogenomic forest of bird trees contains a hard polytomy at the root of Neoaves". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 50–62. doi:10.1111/zsc.12213. ISSN 0300-3256.
  16. ^ Houde, Peter; Braun, Edward L.; Narula, Nitish; Minjares, Uriel; Mirarab, Siavash (2019). "Phylogenetic Signal of Indels and the Neoavian Radiation". Diversity. 11 (7): 108. doi:10.3390/d11070108. ISSN 1424-2818.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ Prum, R.O.; et al. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526: 569–573. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237.
  18. ^ Yuri; et al. (2013). "Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Kimball, R.T.; et al. (2013). "Identifying localized biases in large datasets: A case study using the Avian Tree of Life". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 69: 1021–1032. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.029.
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