Zooplankton: Difference between revisions
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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[[File:Typical ocean models featuring zooplankton.jpg|thumb|upright=2.2| {{center|'''Generalised models featuring zooplankton'''<br />(A) Biogeochemical models (NPZD or LTL)<br />(B) Ecosystem models (HTL)<br />(C) Size-spectra models<br />Although not shown, these models also have temporal and spatial components.<ref>Everett, J.D., Baird, M.E., Buchanan, P., Bulman, C., Davies, C., Downie, R., Griffiths, C., Heneghan, R., Kloser, R.J., Laiolo, L. and Lara-Lopez, A. (2017) "Modeling what we sample and sampling what we model: challenges for zooplankton model assessment". ''Frontiers in Marine Science'', '''4''': 77. {{doi|10.3389/fmars.2017.00077}}. [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>}}]] |
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Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of [[organism]] sizes including small [[protozoa]]ns and large [[metazoa]]ns. It includes [[holoplankton]]ic organisms whose complete [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] lies within the plankton, as well as [[meroplankton]]ic organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the [[nekton]] or a [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]], [[benthos|benthic]] existence. Although zooplankton are primarily transported by ambient water currents, many have [[Animal locomotion|locomotion]], used to avoid predators (as in [[diel vertical migration]]) or to increase prey encounter rate. |
Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of [[organism]] sizes including small [[protozoa]]ns and large [[metazoa]]ns. It includes [[holoplankton]]ic organisms whose complete [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] lies within the plankton, as well as [[meroplankton]]ic organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the [[nekton]] or a [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]], [[benthos|benthic]] existence. Although zooplankton are primarily transported by ambient water currents, many have [[Animal locomotion|locomotion]], used to avoid predators (as in [[diel vertical migration]]) or to increase prey encounter rate. |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Tomopteriskils.jpg|[[Segmented worm]] |
File:Tomopteriskils.jpg|[[Segmented worm]] |
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File:Hyperia.jpg|An [[amphipod]] |
File:Hyperia.jpg|An [[amphipod]] |
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Revision as of 03:12, 17 April 2020
Zooplankton (/ˈzoʊ.əˌplæŋktən, ˈzuː(ə)-, ˈzoʊoʊ-/,[1] /ˌzoʊ.əˈplæŋktən, -tɒn/)[2] are heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton (cf. phytoplankton). Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. The word zooplankton is derived from the Greek zoon (ζῴον), meaning "animal", and planktos (πλαγκτός), meaning "wanderer" or "drifter".[3] Individual zooplankton are usually microscopic, but some (such as jellyfish) are larger and visible to the naked eye.
Ecology
(A) Biogeochemical models (NPZD or LTL)
(B) Ecosystem models (HTL)
(C) Size-spectra models
Although not shown, these models also have temporal and spatial components.[4]
Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of organism sizes including small protozoans and large metazoans. It includes holoplanktonic organisms whose complete life cycle lies within the plankton, as well as meroplanktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the nekton or a sessile, benthic existence. Although zooplankton are primarily transported by ambient water currents, many have locomotion, used to avoid predators (as in diel vertical migration) or to increase prey encounter rate.
Ecologically important protozoan zooplankton groups include the foraminiferans, radiolarians and dinoflagellates (the last of these are often mixotrophic). Important metazoan zooplankton include cnidarians such as jellyfish and the Portuguese Man o' War; crustaceans such as copepods, ostracods, isopods, amphipods, mysids and krill; chaetognaths (arrow worms); molluscs such as pteropods; and chordates such as salps and juvenile fish. This wide phylogenetic range includes a similarly wide range in feeding behavior: filter feeding, predation and symbiosis with autotrophic phytoplankton as seen in corals. Zooplankton feed on bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, other zooplankton (sometimes cannibalistically), detritus (or marine snow) and even nektonic organisms. As a result, zooplankton are primarily found in surface waters where food resources (phytoplankton or other zooplankton) are abundant.
Just as any species can be limited within a geographical region, so are zooplankton. However, species of zooplankton are not dispersed uniformly or randomly within a region of the ocean. As with phytoplankton, ‘patches’ of zooplankton species exist throughout the ocean. Though few physical barriers exist above the mesopelagic, specific species of zooplankton are strictly restricted by salinity and temperature gradients; while other species can withstand wide temperature and salinity gradients.[5] Zooplankton patchiness can also be influenced by biological factors, as well as other physical factors. Biological factors include breeding, predation, concentration of phytoplankton, and vertical migration.[5] The physical factor that influences zooplankton distribution the most is mixing of the water column (upwelling and downwelling along the coast and in the open ocean) that affects nutrient availability and, in turn, phytoplankton production.[5]
Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources, zooplankton play a role in aquatic food webs, as a resource for consumers on higher trophic levels (including fish), and as a conduit for packaging the organic material in the biological pump. Since they are typically small, zooplankton can respond rapidly to increases in phytoplankton abundance,[clarification needed] for instance, during the spring bloom.
Zooplankton can also act as a disease reservoir. Crustacean zooplankton have been found to house the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, by allowing the cholera vibrios to attach to their chitinous exoskeletons. This symbiotic relationship enhances the bacterium's ability to survive in an aquatic environment, as the exoskeleton provides the bacterium with carbon and nitrogen.[6]
Gallery
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An amphipod -
Juvenile planktonic squid -
Ocean sunfish larvae (2.7mm) -
Larvae of a conger eel (7.6 cm) -
See also
- Bacterioplankton
- Biological pump
- Census of Marine Zooplankton
- Diel vertical migration
- Gelatinous zooplankton
- Ocean acidification
- Phytoplankton
- Plankton
- Primary production
- Thin layers (oceanography)
References
- ^ "zooplankton - definition of zooplankton in English from the Oxford dictionary". OxfordDictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
- ^ "Zooplankton". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ Thurman, H. V. (1997). Introductory Oceanography. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall College. ISBN 978-0-13-262072-7.
- ^ Everett, J.D., Baird, M.E., Buchanan, P., Bulman, C., Davies, C., Downie, R., Griffiths, C., Heneghan, R., Kloser, R.J., Laiolo, L. and Lara-Lopez, A. (2017) "Modeling what we sample and sampling what we model: challenges for zooplankton model assessment". Frontiers in Marine Science, 4: 77. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00077.
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ a b c Lalli, C.M.; Parsons, T.R. (1993). Biological Oceanography An Introduction. 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803: Elsevier. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7506-3384-0.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location (link) - ^
Jude, B.A., Kirn, T.J., Taylor R.K. (2005). "A colonization factor links Vibrio cholerae environmental survival and human infection". Nature. 438 (7069): 863–6. doi:10.1038/nature04249. PMID 16341015.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- SAHFOS Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science
- Ocean Drifters Short film narrated by David Attenborough about the varied roles of plankton
- Sea Drifters BBC Audio slideshow
- Plankton Chronicles Short documentary films & photos
- COPEPOD: The global plankton database. A global coverage database of zooplankton biomass and abundance data.
- Guide to the marine zooplankton of south eastern Australia, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute
- Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Project
- An Image-Based Key to Zooplankton of North America
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