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The '''Hoagland solution''' is a [[hydroponics|hydroponic]] nutrient solution that was developed by [[Dennis Robert Hoagland|Hoagland]] and Snyder in 1933,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Nutrition of strawberry plant under controlled conditions. (a) Effects of deficiencies of boron and certain other elements, (b) susceptibility to injury from sodium salts|authors=Hoagland, D.R.; Snyder, W.C.|journal=Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science|year=1933|volume=30|pages=288–294|doi=}}</ref> refined by Hoagland and [[Daniel I. Arnon|Arnon]] in 1938<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoagland and Arnon|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|date=1938|publisher=Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station|oclc=12406778|edition=Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347.}}</ref> and revised by Arnon in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/watercultureme3450hoag|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|last1=Hoagland and Arnon|date=1950|publisher=(Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347. ed.). Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. (Revision)|isbn=|location=|pages=|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref> It is one of the most popular solution compositions for growing plants (in the scientific world at least) with more than 15,000 citations listed by [[Google Scholar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20water-culture%20method%20for%20growing%20plants%20without%20soil&author=Hoagland&publication_year=1950|website=Google Scholar|accessdate=3 February 2020}}</ref> The Hoagland solution provides every nutrient necessary for [[Plant development|plant growth]] and is appropriate for supporting growth of a large variety of plant species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=G. S.|last2=Johnston|first2=C. M.|last3= Cornforth|first3=I. S. |displayauthors=1|date=1983|title=Comparison of nutrient solutions for growth of plants in sand culture|journal= The New Phytologist|volume=94|issue=4|pages=537–548|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04863.x|issn=1469-8137}}</ref>
The '''Hoagland solution''' is a [[hydroponics|hydroponic]] nutrient solution that was developed by [[Dennis Robert Hoagland|Hoagland]] and Snyder in 1933,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Nutrition of strawberry plant under controlled conditions. (a) Effects of deficiencies of boron and certain other elements, (b) susceptibility to injury from sodium salts|authors=Hoagland, D.R.; Snyder, W.C.|journal=Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science|year=1933|volume=30|pages=288–294|doi=}}</ref> refined by Hoagland and [[Daniel I. Arnon|Arnon]] in 1938<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoagland and Arnon|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|date=1938|publisher=Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station|oclc=12406778|edition=Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347.}}</ref> and revised by Arnon in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/watercultureme3450hoag|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|last1=Hoagland and Arnon|date=1950|publisher=(Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347. ed.). Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. (Revision)|isbn=|location=|pages=|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref> It is one of the most popular solution compositions for growing plants (in the scientific world at least) with more than 15,000 citations listed by [[Google Scholar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20water-culture%20method%20for%20growing%20plants%20without%20soil&author=Hoagland&publication_year=1950|website=Google Scholar|accessdate=3 February 2020}}</ref> The Hoagland solution provides every nutrient necessary for [[Plant development|plant growth]] and is appropriate for supporting growth of a large variety of plant species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=G. S.|last2=Johnston|first2=C. M.|last3= Cornforth|first3=I. S. |displayauthors=1|date=1983|title=Comparison of nutrient solutions for growth of plants in sand culture|journal= The New Phytologist|volume=94|issue=4|pages=537–548|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04863.x|issn=1469-8137}}</ref>


The solution described by Hoagland in 1933 has been modified several times, mainly to add [[ferric EDTA]]s and alter the number and concentrations of [[micronutrients]]. In the revision of 1950, only one concentration ([[Molybdenum|Mo]] 0.01 ppm) was changed compared to 1938, while the concentration and composition of [[Plant nutrition|macronutrients]] remained the same since 1933. Accordingly, the original and the ''modified'' concentrations for each element are shown below, the calculation of these values being derived from Table (1).
The solution described by Hoagland in 1933 has been modified several times, mainly to add [[ferric EDTA]]s and alter the number and concentrations of [[micronutrients]]. In the revision of 1950, only one concentration ([[Molybdenum|Mo]] 0.01 ppm) was changed compared to 1938, while the concentration and composition of [[Plant nutrition|macronutrients]] remained the same since 1933.<ref name="Kerstin A. Nagel">{{cite journal|title=The platform ''GrowScreen-Agar'' enables identification of phenotypic diversity in root and shoot growth traits of agar grown plants |journal=Plant Methods |volume=16 |issue=89 |pages=1–17|author1 = Kerstin A. Nagel|author2 = Henning Lenz|author3=Bernd Kastenholz|author4 = Frank Gilmer|author5 = Andreas Averesch|author6=Alexander Putz|author7 = Kathrin Heinz|author8 = Andreas Fischbach|author9=Hanno Scharr|author10 = Fabio Fiorani|author11 = Achim Walter|author12=Ulrich Schurr |authorlink12= |doi=10.1186/s13007-020-00631-3|year=2020 }}</ref> Accordingly, the original and the ''modified'' concentrations for each element are shown below, the calculation of these values being derived from Table (1).


*N 210 ppm
*N 210 ppm

Revision as of 11:31, 1 July 2020

The Hoagland solution is a hydroponic nutrient solution that was developed by Hoagland and Snyder in 1933,[1] refined by Hoagland and Arnon in 1938[2] and revised by Arnon in 1950.[3] It is one of the most popular solution compositions for growing plants (in the scientific world at least) with more than 15,000 citations listed by Google Scholar.[4] The Hoagland solution provides every nutrient necessary for plant growth and is appropriate for supporting growth of a large variety of plant species.[5]

The solution described by Hoagland in 1933 has been modified several times, mainly to add ferric EDTAs and alter the number and concentrations of micronutrients. In the revision of 1950, only one concentration (Mo 0.01 ppm) was changed compared to 1938, while the concentration and composition of macronutrients remained the same since 1933.[6] Accordingly, the original and the modified concentrations for each element are shown below, the calculation of these values being derived from Table (1).

  • N 210 ppm
  • K 235 ppm
  • Ca 200 ppm
  • P 31 ppm
  • S 64 ppm
  • Cl 0.65 ppm
  • Na 1.2 ppm
  • Mg 48.6 ppm
  • B 0.5 ppm
  • Fe 2.9 ppm
  • Mn 0.5 ppm
  • Zn 0.05 ppm
  • Cu 0.02 ppm
  • Mo 0.05 ppm

The Hoagland solution has high concentrations of N and K so it is very well suited for the development of large plants like tomato and bell pepper.[7] Due to relatively high concentrations in the stock solutions (Table (1)) the solution is very good for the growth of plants with lower nutrient demands as well, such as lettuce and aquatic plants, with the further dilution of the preparation to 1/4 or 1/5 of the modified solution.[8]

Salts and acids to make up the Hoagland hydroponic and soil culture solution formulations:

  1. Potassium nitrate, KNO3
  2. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO3)2•4H2O
  3. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, MgSO4•7H2O
  4. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4 or
  5. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, (NH4)H2PO4
  6. Iron(III)-EDTA or Iron chelate, Fe-EDTA or Fe-EDDHA
  7. Boric acid, H3BO3
  8. Copper sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4•5H2O
  9. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate, ZnSO4•7H2O
  10. Manganese chloride tetrahydrate, MnCl2•4H2O
  11. Molybdic acid monohydrate, H2MoO4•H2O or
  12. Sodium molybdate dihydrate, Na2MoO4•2H2O.

Table (1) to prepare the stock solutions and a full Hoagland solution (1):

Component Stock Solution mL Stock Solution/1 L
Macronutrients
2M KNO3 202 g/L 2.5
2M Ca(NO3)2•4H2O 236 g/0.5 L 2.5
Iron (Sprint 138 iron chelate) 15 g/L 1.5
2M MgSO4•7H2O 493 g/L 1
Micronutrients
H3BO3 2.86 g/L 1
MnCl2•4H2O 1.81 g/L 1
ZnSO4•7H2O 0.22 g/L 1
CuSO4•5H2O 0.08 g/L 1
H2MoO4•H2O or 0.09 g/L 1
Na2MoO4•2H2O 0.12 g/L 1
Phosphate
1M KH2PO4 136 g/L 1

The Hoagland solution formulation based on (NH4)H2PO4 instead of KH2PO4 must be prepared according to a different protocol, which is referred to in the circulars of 1938 and 1950 as solution (2). Sprint 138 iron chelate is produced as sodium Fe-EDDHA, while Hoagland's original solution formulation (1933) optionally contains ferric or ferrous tartrate but no sodium ions. Other micronutrients (e.g., Co, Ni) and rather non-essential elements (e.g., Pb, Hg) mentioned in Hoagland's 1933 original publication (known as A-Z solutions a and b[9]) are no longer included in his later circulars. These elements and organic compounds are not necessary for normal plant nutrition.[10] As an exception, there is evidence that, for example, some algae require cobalt for the synthesis of vitamin B12. On the other hand, it is evident that the modified Hoagland solutions of 1938 and beyond are balanced nutrient solutions that answer the question how to compose and concentrate the solutions best suited to the growth of plants.[11]

References

  1. ^ "Nutrition of strawberry plant under controlled conditions. (a) Effects of deficiencies of boron and certain other elements, (b) susceptibility to injury from sodium salts". Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 30: 288–294. 1933. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  2. ^ Hoagland and Arnon (1938). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil (Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347. ed.). Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. OCLC 12406778.
  3. ^ Hoagland and Arnon (1950). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. (Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347. ed.). Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. (Revision). Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  4. ^ "The water-culture method for growing plants without soil". Google Scholar. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  5. ^ Smith, G. S.; Johnston, C. M.; Cornforth, I. S. (1983). "Comparison of nutrient solutions for growth of plants in sand culture". The New Phytologist. 94 (4): 537–548. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04863.x. ISSN 1469-8137. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Kerstin A. Nagel; Henning Lenz; Bernd Kastenholz; Frank Gilmer; Andreas Averesch; Alexander Putz; Kathrin Heinz; Andreas Fischbach; Hanno Scharr; Fabio Fiorani; Achim Walter; Ulrich Schurr (2020). "The platform GrowScreen-Agar enables identification of phenotypic diversity in root and shoot growth traits of agar grown plants". Plant Methods. 16 (89): 1–17. doi:10.1186/s13007-020-00631-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ He, F.; Thiele, B.; Watt, M.; Kraska, T.; Ulbrich, A.; Kuhn, A. J. (2019). "Effects of root cooling on plant growth and fruit quality of cocktail tomato during two consecutive seasons". Journal of Food Quality. Article ID 3598172: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2019/3598172. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "The Hoaglands Solution for Hydroponic Cultivation". Science in Hydroponics. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  9. ^ "Über die Wirkung der A‐Z‐Lösungen nach Hoagland und einiger ihrer Bestandteile auf das Pflanzenwachstum". Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 26 (4–5): 198–246. 1942. doi:10.1002/jpln.19420260403. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  10. ^ van Delden, S. H.; Nazarideljou, M. J.; Marcelis, L. F. M. (2020). "Nutrient solutions for Arabidopsis thaliana: a study on nutrient solution composition in hydroponics systems". Plant Methods. 16 (72). doi:10.1186/s13007-020-00606-4. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ "Optimum nutrient solutions for plants". Science. 52 (1354): 562–564. 1920. doi:10.1126/science.52.1354.562. PMID 17811355. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

See also

Murashige and Skoog medium

Ruakura solution

Long Ashton solution

Gamborg medium

External links

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