Gelatinous zooplankton: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Fragile and often translucent animals that live in the water column}} |
{{short description|Fragile and often translucent animals that live in the water column}} |
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[[File:Jellyfish swarm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Jellyfish are easy to capture and digest and may be more important as food sources than was previously thought.<ref name=Hays2018 />]] |
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'''Gelatinous zooplankton''' are fragile animals that live in the water column in the ocean. They have very delicate bodies that are easily damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{aut|Lalli, C.M. & Parsons, T.R.}} (2001) ''Biological Oceanography''. Butterworth-Heinemann.</ref> Gelatinous zooplankton are often transparent.<ref>{{aut|Johnsen, S.}} (2000) Transparent Animals. ''Scientific American'' '''282''': 62-71. </ref> All [[jellyfish]] are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most commonly encountered organisms include [[ctenophore]]s, [[Jellyfish|medusae]], [[salps]], and [[Chaetognatha]] in coastal waters. However, almost all marine phyla, including [[Annelida]], [[Mollusca]] and [[Arthropoda]], contain gelatinous species, but many of those odd species live in the open ocean and the deep sea and are less available to the casual ocean observer.<ref>{{aut|Nouvian, C.}} (2007) ''The Deep''. University of Chicago Press.</ref> Many gelatinous plankters utilize mucous structures in order to filter feed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hamner|first=W. M.|last2=Madin|first2=L. P.|last3=Alldredge|first3=A. L.|last4=Gilmer|first4=R. W.|last5=Hamner|first5=P. P.|date=1975|title=Underwater observations of gelatinous zooplankton: Sampling problems, feeding biology, and behavior1|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|language=en|volume=20|issue=6|pages=907–917|doi=10.4319/lo.1975.20.6.0907|bibcode=1975LimOc..20..907H|issn=1939-5590}}</ref>Gelatinous zooplankton have also been called "Gelata".<ref><small>[[Steven Haddock|HADDOCK, S.D.H.]]</small> (2004) A golden age of gelata: past and future research on planktonic ctenophores and cnidarians. ''[[Hydrobiologia]]'' '''530/531''': 549-556.</ref> |
'''Gelatinous zooplankton''' are fragile animals that live in the water column in the ocean. They have very delicate bodies that are easily damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{aut|Lalli, C.M. & Parsons, T.R.}} (2001) ''Biological Oceanography''. Butterworth-Heinemann.</ref> Gelatinous zooplankton are often transparent.<ref>{{aut|Johnsen, S.}} (2000) Transparent Animals. ''Scientific American'' '''282''': 62-71. </ref> All [[jellyfish]] are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most commonly encountered organisms include [[ctenophore]]s, [[Jellyfish|medusae]], [[salps]], and [[Chaetognatha]] in coastal waters. However, almost all marine phyla, including [[Annelida]], [[Mollusca]] and [[Arthropoda]], contain gelatinous species, but many of those odd species live in the open ocean and the deep sea and are less available to the casual ocean observer.<ref>{{aut|Nouvian, C.}} (2007) ''The Deep''. University of Chicago Press.</ref> Many gelatinous plankters utilize mucous structures in order to filter feed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hamner|first=W. M.|last2=Madin|first2=L. P.|last3=Alldredge|first3=A. L.|last4=Gilmer|first4=R. W.|last5=Hamner|first5=P. P.|date=1975|title=Underwater observations of gelatinous zooplankton: Sampling problems, feeding biology, and behavior1|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|language=en|volume=20|issue=6|pages=907–917|doi=10.4319/lo.1975.20.6.0907|bibcode=1975LimOc..20..907H|issn=1939-5590}}</ref>Gelatinous zooplankton have also been called "Gelata".<ref><small>[[Steven Haddock|HADDOCK, S.D.H.]]</small> (2004) A golden age of gelata: past and future research on planktonic ctenophores and cnidarians. ''[[Hydrobiologia]]'' '''530/531''': 549-556.</ref> |
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Jellyfish are slow swimmers, and most species form part of the plankton. Traditionally jellyfish have been viewed as trophic dead ends, minor players in the marine food web, gelatinous organisms with a [[body plan]] largely based on water that offers little nutritional value or interest for other organisms apart from a few specialised predators such as the [[ocean sunfish]] and the [[leatherback sea turtle]].<ref name=Hamilton2016>Hamilton, G. (2016) [https://www.nature.com/news/polopoly_fs/1.19613!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/531432a.pdf "The secret lives of jellyfish: long regarded as minor players in ocean ecology, jellyfish are actually important parts of the marine food web"]. ''Nature'', '''531'''(7595): 432-435. {{doi|10.1038/531432a}}</ref><ref name=Hays2018>Hays, G.C., Doyle, T.K. and Houghton, J.D. (2018) "A paradigm shift in the trophic importance of jellyfish?" ''Trends in ecology & evolution'', '''33'''(11): 874-884. {{doi|10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.001}}</ref> That view has recently been challenged. Jellyfish, and more gelatinous zooplankton in general, which include [[salp]]s and [[ctenophore]]s, are very diverse, fragile with no hard parts, difficult to see and monitor, subject to rapid population swings and often live inconveniently far from shore or deep in the ocean. It is difficult for scientists to detect and analyse jellyfish in the guts of predators, since they turn to mush when eaten and are rapidly digested.<ref name=Hamilton2016/> But jellyfish bloom in vast numbers, and it has been shown they form major components in the diets of [[tuna]], [[Tetrapturus|spearfish]] and [[swordfish]] as well as various birds and invertebrates such as [[octopus]], [[sea cucumber]]s, [[crab]]s and [[amphipod]]s.<ref>Cardona, L., De Quevedo, I.Á., Borrell, A. and Aguilar, A. (2012) "Massive consumption of gelatinous plankton by Mediterranean apex predators". ''PloS one'', '''7'''(3): e31329. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0031329}}</ref><ref name=Hays2018 /> "Despite their low energy density, the contribution of jellyfish to the energy budgets of predators may be much greater than assumed because of rapid digestion, low capture costs, availability, and selective feeding on the more energy-rich components. Feeding on jellyfish may make marine predators susceptible to ingestion of plastics."<ref name=Hays2018 /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 10:59, 24 August 2020
Gelatinous zooplankton are fragile animals that live in the water column in the ocean. They have very delicate bodies that are easily damaged or destroyed.[2] Gelatinous zooplankton are often transparent.[3] All jellyfish are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most commonly encountered organisms include ctenophores, medusae, salps, and Chaetognatha in coastal waters. However, almost all marine phyla, including Annelida, Mollusca and Arthropoda, contain gelatinous species, but many of those odd species live in the open ocean and the deep sea and are less available to the casual ocean observer.[4] Many gelatinous plankters utilize mucous structures in order to filter feed.[5]Gelatinous zooplankton have also been called "Gelata".[6]
Jellyfish are slow swimmers, and most species form part of the plankton. Traditionally jellyfish have been viewed as trophic dead ends, minor players in the marine food web, gelatinous organisms with a body plan largely based on water that offers little nutritional value or interest for other organisms apart from a few specialised predators such as the ocean sunfish and the leatherback sea turtle.[7][1] That view has recently been challenged. Jellyfish, and more gelatinous zooplankton in general, which include salps and ctenophores, are very diverse, fragile with no hard parts, difficult to see and monitor, subject to rapid population swings and often live inconveniently far from shore or deep in the ocean. It is difficult for scientists to detect and analyse jellyfish in the guts of predators, since they turn to mush when eaten and are rapidly digested.[7] But jellyfish bloom in vast numbers, and it has been shown they form major components in the diets of tuna, spearfish and swordfish as well as various birds and invertebrates such as octopus, sea cucumbers, crabs and amphipods.[8][1] "Despite their low energy density, the contribution of jellyfish to the energy budgets of predators may be much greater than assumed because of rapid digestion, low capture costs, availability, and selective feeding on the more energy-rich components. Feeding on jellyfish may make marine predators susceptible to ingestion of plastics."[1]
References
- ^ a b c d Hays, G.C., Doyle, T.K. and Houghton, J.D. (2018) "A paradigm shift in the trophic importance of jellyfish?" Trends in ecology & evolution, 33(11): 874-884. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.001
- ^ Lalli, C.M. & Parsons, T.R. (2001) Biological Oceanography. Butterworth-Heinemann.
- ^ Johnsen, S. (2000) Transparent Animals. Scientific American 282: 62-71.
- ^ Nouvian, C. (2007) The Deep. University of Chicago Press.
- ^ Hamner, W. M.; Madin, L. P.; Alldredge, A. L.; Gilmer, R. W.; Hamner, P. P. (1975). "Underwater observations of gelatinous zooplankton: Sampling problems, feeding biology, and behavior1". Limnology and Oceanography. 20 (6): 907–917. Bibcode:1975LimOc..20..907H. doi:10.4319/lo.1975.20.6.0907. ISSN 1939-5590.
- ^ HADDOCK, S.D.H. (2004) A golden age of gelata: past and future research on planktonic ctenophores and cnidarians. Hydrobiologia 530/531: 549-556.
- ^ a b Hamilton, G. (2016) "The secret lives of jellyfish: long regarded as minor players in ocean ecology, jellyfish are actually important parts of the marine food web". Nature, 531(7595): 432-435. doi:10.1038/531432a
- ^ Cardona, L., De Quevedo, I.Á., Borrell, A. and Aguilar, A. (2012) "Massive consumption of gelatinous plankton by Mediterranean apex predators". PloS one, 7(3): e31329. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031329
External links
- Plankton Chronicles Short documentary films & photos
- Ocean Explorer: Gelatinous zooplankton from the Arctic Ocean
- Jellyfish and other gelatinous zooplankton
- PLANKTON NET: information on all types of plankton including gelatinous zooplankton
- Deep-sea gelatinous zooplankton from The Deep (Nouvian, 2007)
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