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Agave americana

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Agave americana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Agavoideae
Genus: Agave
Species:
A. americana
Binomial name
Agave americana
Synonyms[3][4]
Synonyms list
    • Agave altissima Zumagl.
    • Agave americana var. marginata Trel.
    • Agave americana var. mediopicta Trel.
    • Agave americana var. picta (Salm-Dyck) A.Terracc.
    • Agave americana f. picta (Salm-Dyck) Voss
    • Agave americana var. striata Trel.
    • Agave americana var. subtilis (Trel.) Valenz.-Zap. & Nabhan
    • Agave americana var. theometel (Zuccagni) A.Terracc.
    • Agave americana var. variegata Hook.
    • Agave americana f. virginica Voss
    • Agave communis Gaterau
    • Agave complicata Trel. ex Ochot.
    • Agave cordillerensis Lodé & Pino
    • Agave felina Trel.
    • Agave fuerstenbergii Jacobi
    • Agave gracilispina (Rol.-Goss.) Engelm. ex Trel.
    • Agave ingens A.Berger
    • Agave melliflua Trel.
    • Agave milleri Haw.
    • Agave ornata Jacobi
    • Agave picta Salm-Dyck
    • Agave ramosa Moench
    • Agave salmiana var. gracilispina Rol.-Goss
    • Agave subtilis Trel.
    • Agave subzonata Trel.
    • Agave theometel Zuccagni
    • Agave variegata Steud.
    • Agave virginica Mill. 1768, non L. 1753
    • Agave zonata Trel.
Plant in bloom - the flower stalk may reach up to 8 m (26 ft) in height.

Agave americana, common names century plant,[5] maguey, or American aloe,[6] is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to Mexico and the United States in Texas. It is cultivated worldwide as an ornamental plant, and has been naturalized in many regions, including parts of the West Indies, South America, Mediterranean Basin, Africa, Canary Islands, India, China, Thailand, and Australia.[7]

Despite the common name "American aloe", it is not in the same family as aloe, though it is in the same order, Asparagales.

Blossoms of maguey agave

Description

'Marginata', a variegated cultivar
Agave americana 'Marginata'

Although it is called the century plant, it typically lives only 10 to 30 years. It has a spread around 1.8–3.0 m (6–10 ft) with gray-green leaves of 0.9–1.5 m (3–5 ft) long, each with a prickly margin and a heavy spike at the tip that can pierce deeply. Near the end of its life, the plant sends up a tall, branched stalk, laden with yellow blossoms, that may reach a total height up to 8–9 m (25–30 ft).[citation needed]

Its common name derives from its semelparous nature of flowering only once at the end of its long life. The plant dies after flowering, but produces adventitious shoots from the base, which continue its growth.[8]

Taxonomy and naming

A. americana was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in the 1753 edition of Species Plantarum, with the binomial name that is still used today.[2]

Cultivation

A. americana is cultivated as an ornamental plant for the large dramatic form of mature plants—for modernist, drought-tolerant, and desert-style cactus gardens—among many planted settings. It is often used in hot climates and where drought conditions occur.[9] The plants can be evocative of 18th-19th-century Spanish colonial and Mexican provincial areas in the Southwestern United States, California, and xeric Mexico. It is also a popular landscape plant in dry beach gardens in Florida and coastal areas of the Southeastern United States.[citation needed]

When grown as a house plant, A. americana is tolerant of light levels ranging from direct sunlight to shade and requires little watering. It does require a winter resting period at temperatures around 10 to 12 °C (50 to 54 °F). It should be grown in a very porous, sandy potting soil, allowed to dry out between waterings, and repotted every spring.[10]

Subspecies and varieties

Two subspecies and two varieties of A. americana are recognized by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:[11]

  • A. americana subsp. americana
  • A. americana subsp. protamericana Gentry
  • A. americana var. expansa (Jacobi) Gentry
  • A. americana var. oaxacensis Gentry
  • A. americana var. marginata Trel. in L.H.Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 1: 235 (1914).
  • A. americana var. picta (Salm-Dyck) A.Terracc., Prim. Contr. Monogr. Agave (1885).

Cultivars include:[12][13]

  • 'Marginata' agm[14] with yellow stripes along the margins of each leaf
  • 'Mediopicta' agm[15] with a broad cream central stripe
  • 'Mediopicta Alba' agm[16] with a central white band
  • 'Mediopicta Aurea' with a central yellow band
  • 'Striata' with multiple yellow to white stripes along the leaves
  • 'Variegata' agm[17] with white edges on the leaves.

(those marked agm, as well as the parent species,[18] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit).

Uses

Tools used to obtain agave's ixtle fibers, at the Museo de Arte Popular, Mexico City, D.F.

Cuisine

If the flower stem is cut before flowering, a sweet liquid called aguamiel ("honey water") gathers in the hollowed heart of the plant. This can be fermented to produce the alcoholic drink called pulque or octli in pre-Columbian Mexico.[19]

In the tequila-producing regions of Mexico, agaves are called mezcales. The high-alcohol product of fermented agave distillation is called mezcal; A. americana is one of several agaves used for distillation. A mezcal called tequila is produced from Agave tequilana, commonly called "blue agave". The many different types of mezcal include some which may be flavored with the very pungent mezcal worm.[20] Mezcal and tequila, although also produced from agave plants, are different from pulque in their technique for extracting the sugars from the heart of the plant, and in that they are distilled spirits. In mezcal and tequila production, the sugars are extracted from the piñas (or hearts) by heating them in ovens, rather than by collecting aguamiel from the plant's cut stalk. Thus, if one were to distill pulque, it would not be a form of mezcal, but rather a different drink.[21]

Agaves are also found throughout Latin America, and are used similarly. In Ecuador, the analog of pulque is guarango, and more recently this has been distilled as miske.

Agave nectar is marketed as a natural form of sugar with a low glycemic index that is due to its high fructose content.[22]

Fibers

The leaves yield fibers, known as pita, which are suitable for making rope, nets, bags, sacks, matting, or coarse cloth. They are also used for embroidery of leather in a technique known as piteado.[23] Both pulque and maguey fiber were important to the economy of pre-Columbian Mexico.[19]

Medicine

Agave americana contains agavose, a sugar with the same chemical formula of sucrose (C12H22O11[24]), but with only 0.32 of its sweetening power, as well as agavasaponins and agavosides.[25] It is used in traditional medicine to treat several ailments,[26] and as a laxative, diuretic and diaphoretic,[27] although a systematic review did not find enough data to support its effectiveness or safety.[28] A. americana is known to be able to cause severe allergic dermatitis.[29]

Heraldry

The plant figures in the coat of arms of Don Diego de Mendoza, a Native American governor of the village of Ajacuba, Hidalgo.[30]

Art

The Aztecs pulped the leaves of A. americana to create paper[19]—the Humboldt fragments were made in this way.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ García-Mendoza, A.J.; Sandoval-Gutiérrez, D.; Hernández Sandoval, L.; Zamudio, S. (2019). "Agave americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13507070A13507074. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T13507070A13507074.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Agave americana". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  3. ^ "Tropicos - Name - Agave americana L." www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  4. ^ "Agave americana L. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  5. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  6. ^ Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York.
  7. ^ Irish, Gary (2000). Agaves, Yuccas, and Related Plants: A Gardener's Guide. Timber Press. pp. 94–97. ISBN 978-0-88192-442-8.
  8. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  9. ^ "Agave americana (American century plant)". Native Plant Database. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
  10. ^ Chiusoli, Alessandro; Boriani, Luisa Maria (1986). Simon & Schuster's guide to houseplants. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671631314.
  11. ^ Search for "Agave americana", "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  12. ^ Vermeulen, Nico. 1998. The Complete Encyclopedia of Container Plants, pp. 36-37. Netherlands: Rebo International. ISBN 90-366-1584-4
  13. ^ Royal Horticultural Society Database : Agave americana Archived December 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2011-07-28
  14. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Agave americana 'Marginata'". Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  15. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Agave americana 'Mediopicta'". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  16. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Agave americana 'Mediopicta Alba'". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  17. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Agave americana 'Variegata'". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  18. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Agave americana". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  19. ^ a b c Dr. Aguilar, Moreno (2006). Handbook to Life in the Aztec World. Los Angeles: California State University. pp. 371, 318. ISBN 0-8160-5673-0.
  20. ^ Hansen, Barbara (June 21, 2011). "Escamoles & Maguey Worms: John Sedlar on the Joy of Eating Bugs". L.A. Weekly.
  21. ^ Barbezat, Suzanne (2017-08-28). "Tequila, Mezcal and Pulque". TripSavvy. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  22. ^ Oudhia, P. (2007). "Agave americana L." Plant Resources of Tropical Africa.
  23. ^ Hulle, Ashish; Kadole, Pradyumkumar; Katkar, Pooja (March 2015). "Agave Americana Leaf Fibers". Fibers. 3 (1): 64–75. doi:10.3390/fib3010064. ISSN 2079-6439.
  24. ^ "Agavose". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  25. ^ "List of All Chemicals - Agave americana (Agavaceae)" (PDF).
  26. ^ Thomas H. Frederiksen (1997–2005). Aztec Medicine - Aztec Student Research Guide.
  27. ^ "Agave americana". Arizona State University.
  28. ^ "Agave (Agave americana): an evidence-based systematic review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration". 2006. doi:10.1080/J157v06n02_09.
  29. ^ de la Cueva, P.; González-Carrascosa, M.; Campos, M.; Leis, V.; Suárez, R.; Lázaro, P. (2005). "Contact dermatitis from Agave americana". Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas. 96 (8): 534–536. doi:10.1016/s0001-7310(05)73128-8. PMID 16476291.
  30. ^ pacbell.net/nelsnfam/mexico Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Mason, William A. (1920). A History of the Art of Writing. The Macmillan co. p. 114. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)

Further reading

  • Brandes, Stanley. "Maguey". Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 767–769.
  • Gonçalves de Lima, Oswaldo. El maguey y el pulque en los códices mexicanos. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1956.
  • Payno, Manuel. Memoria sobre el maguey mexicano y sus diversos productos. Mexico City: Boix 1864.
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