Aniba rosaeodora
| Brazilian rosewood | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Lauraceae |
| Genus: | Aniba |
| Species: | A. rosodora
|
| Binomial name | |
| Aniba rosodora | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Aniba duckei Kosterm. | |
Aniba rosaeodora, also known as pau-rosa, is a species of Magnoliid tree in the family Lauraceae. Although sometimes wrongly referred to as rosewood this name is totally misleading; it is no tree of the genus Dalbergia.[3] It grows in parts of the tropical rainforest of South America. It is an endangered species that sees exploitation for its essential oil.[4]
Description
Aniba rosodora grows in the tropical rainforests of South America. It is found in the Brazilian states of Amapá, Amazonas, and Pará.[4] It is also found in Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, and French Guiana, where it was formerly more widespread.[1] It is massive, up to 30 meters in height and 2 meters in diameter, and evergreen. The entire tree is fragrant. Substances in the tree include linalool[4] and rubranine.[5] The flowers are perfect, with temporal dioecy. The fruit is a purple drupe dispersed by toucans.[6]
It has 24 chromosomes.[7] Gene flow is high between wild populations.[6]
Uses
The plant is one of the commercially important sources of rosewood oil. The tree is collected in the wild. After felling, the trees are cut into one–meter long logs which are taken to the riverbank and stockpiled there. When river levels are high enough, the logs are floated downriver to a distillery. Because of the remoteness and difficulty of travel in the Amazon, distilleries are often mobile, movable by raft. When they arrive at the distillery, the logs are chipped and then steam distilled. Each tree yields about 1% oil by weight of wood. Most worldwide production comes from Brazil; since the 1960s, other areas produce only a minor, insignificant amount. Trees are taken from near the Amazon and its tributaries.[4]
The wood may also be utilized by the indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin for the purposes of making canoes, but this is a minor use. In addition, old chips are used as fuel to run the distilleries. The Aniba rosodora is known as Pau-Rosa in Brazil. The supply of this wood was greatly overused in the past and it now is as difficult to legally trade as elephant ivory.[4]
Conservation
Aniba rosodora is an endangered species. Populations have declined rapidly due to the destructive harvesting methods. Areas previously logged have not seen much regrowth.[8] It might even be critically endangered.[9] Wild populations exist in remote locations, which are hence unlikely to be exploited.[8]
The Brazilian government has enacted regulations to help conserve the species. There have been difficulties with enforcement. Early experiments in artificial cultivation and propagation were failures. More recent attempts have been more successful.[4] It, or rather its wood and essential oil, is on Appendix II of CITES.[10] If the leaves could be used as a source, it would help conserve the species.[4] It has been suggested that production methods be altered to ensure a sustainable supply.[11] It is also listed on the Official list of endangered flora of Brazil.[12]
See also
References
- ^ a b Varty, N. (1998). "Aniba rosodora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T33958A68966060. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33958A68966060.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Name - Aniba rosaeodora Ducke". Tropicos, presented by Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ "Aniba rosaeodora". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chapter 4 Rosewood Oil (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. 1995. ISBN 92-5-103648-9. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ de Alleluia, Irene B.; Braz Fo, Raimundo; Gottlieb, Otto R.; Magalhães, Eva G.; Marques, Raquel (1978). "(—)-Rubranine from Aniba rosaeodora". Phytochemistry. 17 (3): 517–521. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89351-6.
- ^ a b Santos, Ronaldo Pereira; Spironello, Wilson Roberto; Sampaio, Paulo de Tarso Barbosa. "Genetic diversity in rosewood saplings (Aniba rosaeodora ducke, Lauraceae): an ecological approach" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ Contim, Luis Antônio Serrão; de Carvalho, Carlos Roberto; Martins, Franciele Alline; de Freitas, Danival Vieira. "Nuclear DNA content and karyotype of Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora)" (PDF). Genetics and Microbiology. Brazilian Society of Genetics. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ a b Varty, N. (1998). "Aniba rosodora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T33958A68966060. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33958A68966060.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ "Aniba rosaeodora Ducke". Tropicos, presented by Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ "Appendices I, II and III". Convention on Internationational Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ May, Peter H.; Barata, Lauro E. S. (2004). "Rosewood Exploitation in the Brazilian Amazon: Options for Sustainable Production". Economic Botany. 58 (2). BioOne: 257. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0257:REITBA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0013-0001. PMC 4103142. PMID 25202581.
- ^ "Lista oficial de espécies da flora brasileira ameaçada de extinção (Official list of endangered flora of Brazil" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources. 1992-04-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-14.