Conservative Party (Mexico)
Conservative Party Partido Conservador | |
|---|---|
| Founder | Lucas Alamán |
| Founded | 1849 |
| Dissolved | 1867 |
| Headquarters | Mexico City |
| Ideology | Christian nationalism Monarchism Integralism Centralism Nobility Corporatism |
| Political position | Right-wing |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Colors | Blue |
The Conservative Party was one of two major factions in Mexican political thought that emerged in the years after independence, the other being the Liberals.
At various times and under different circumstances they were known as escoceses, centralists, royalists, imperialists, or conservatives, but they tended to be united by the theme of preserving colonial Spanish values, while not being opposed to the economic development and modernization of the nation. Their base of support was the army, the hacendados, and the Catholic Church.[1] While containing a noted monarchist element which ended up resulting in multiple efforts to establish a monarchy in Mexico, the conservatives were not always averse to the republican form of government, but they supported the movement to have a centralized republic as opposed to a federal republic.
With the fall of the Second Mexican Empire the conservatives suffered a decisive defeat, and the party ceased to exist.[2]
History
The Plan of Iguala was a triumph for conservative principles, and in fact a reaction against the Trienio liberal in Spain, but monarchism was largely discredited after the First Mexican Empire's fall in 1823. The conservatives suffered another setback with the triumph of federalism during the debates over the drafting of the Constitution of 1824. Their first candidate to reach the presidency was Anastasio Bustamante in 1830, but he both gained and lost the presidency through a coup as most other presidents did during the tumultuous era of the First Mexican Republic. A decade of conservative rule would be inaugurated in 1835 through the establishment of the Centralist Republic of Mexico, but the federalist constitution would be restored in 1846 after the start of the Mexican American War. La Reforma, and the establishment of the Constitution of 1857 proved to be another triumph for liberal principles especially anti-clericalism, and conservatives lost the War of Reform attempting to abolish the new constitution. During the Second French Intervention, the conservatives would invite Maximilian of Habsburg, to assume the Mexican throne, but the Emperor proved to be a liberal, disillusioning many of his conservative supporters.
Conservatives
Presidents
- Anastasio Bustamante He was the first conservative president of Mexico,[3] and the leading minister of his first administration was the conservative intellectual Lucas Alaman. During his later rule in the Centralist Republic he nonetheless rejected Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada’s pleas in 1840 to establish a monarchical government, and also wavered a bit from conservative principles when during a coup attempt in 1842, he offered to restore the federal system.
- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna While known for repeatedly switching sides, he did have his periods of conservative rule. His overthrow of the liberal Valentin Gomez Farias led to the end of the First Mexican Republic and the establishment of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. His last dictatorship from 1852 to 1853 was also conservative and included official efforts led by Lucas Alaman to seek a foreign monarch for Mexico.
- Jose Justo Corro He oversaw the publication of the Siete Leyes and was a devout Catholic who succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with the Holy See.
- Nicolas Bravo He tried to overthrow the liberal administration of Vicente Guerrero and then served as interim president at times during the Centralist Republic.
- Francisco Javier Echeverria He came from a business background and believed in centralism as making for more effective fiscal policy.[4]
- Jose Mariano Salas Overthrew the conservative administration of Mariano Paredes and reestablished the federalist constitution of 1824, yet nonetheless sided with the conservatives during the Reform War and was elected regent during the Second Mexican Empire.
- Mariano Paredes A military man with aristocratic views,[5] he was one of the very few Mexican presidents to ever express official interest in setting up a monarchy in the country.
- Valentin Canalizo A puppet rule for Santa Anna during the Centralist Republic, he later abandoned conservative principles when he served as Minister of War under the liberal President Valentin Gomez Farias and supported the administration's aims at nationalizing church property.
- Felix Zuloaga Overthrew the progressive government of Ignacio Comonfort after the latter had overseen the ratification of the many measures of La Reforma which included a series of anti-clerical laws. He restored the previous legal rights that the church and the army enjoyed and promised to return the church lands that had been nationalized. He then led the conservatives through the first year of the Reform War.
- Manuel Robles Pezuela A moderate who overthrew the government of Felix Zuloaga in an attempt to end the war through diplomacy and compromise with the liberals.
- Miguel Miramon A clerical general who played a role in the early revolts against La Reforma before winning a series of important victories during the first year of the Reform War. During the war, Miramon ascended to the presidency and would continue to lead the conservatives until they lost the war in 1860. He went into exile and returned to the country during the Second Mexican Empire, but the liberal Emperor Maximilian sent him again out of the country to diffuse conservative opposition to his rule. As the Empire began to fall Miramon returned to offer his services. After the triumph of the liberals he was executed by firing squad next to the Emperor, and his fellow conservative general Tomas Mejia.
Clergy
- Archbishop Antonio de Labastida the Archbishop of Mexico and a staunch opponent of La Reforma which sought to nationalize church properties. He was a member of the Regency of the Mexican Empire during the Second Mexican Empire.
- Father Francisco Javier Miranda – one of the leaders of the reaction against La Reforma. He found himself exiled during the liberal presidency of Juan Alvarez but came back disguised and became one of president Ignacio Comonfort’s fiercest enemies. Miranda led one of the conservative revolts in the initial stages of the Reform War[6] During the period of the Second Mexican Empire, he would form part of the commission that travelled to Europe to offer the crown of Mexico the Maximilian of Habsburg.
- José Sebastián Segura priest, mining engineer, translator, poet,[7] and conservative[8] writer.
- Manuel de San Juan Crisóstomo Nájera[9] priest, linguist of Mexico's native languages, and educator who also contributed to Lucas Alaman's monarchist newspapers El Tiempo and El Universal. After Nájera's death, Alaman would write a biographical essay on him.
- Basilio Arrillaga[10] Jesuit priest, deputy to the Spanish Cortes, deputy to the Mexican congress, and rector of the Colegio Carolino in Puebla. He was a staunch opponent of anti-clericalism.
- José Mariano Dávila y Arrillaga physician, priest, and historian of the Jesuits.
Statesmen
- Manuel Diez de Bonilla Was the Mexican minister plenipotentiary to the Holy See and to Colombia in the 1830s. He contributed to Lucas Alamán's first monarchist newspaper, El Tiempo [11] and supported the conservatives during the Reform War.
- Jose Hidalgo Monarchist diplomat who along with Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada sought to find support in Europe for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico. He formed a part of the commission which traveled to Europe to invite Maximilian to accept the Mexican throne. After the fall of the Second Mexican Empire, he lived in Paris writing novels and a book reflecting on the Mexican monarchical experiment.
- Rafael Martínez de la Torre conservative lawyer, regidor of the Mexico City ayuntamiento, and deputy to congress who defended Emperor Maximilian during his trial after the emperor was captured by the liberal government.
- José Bernardo Couto congressional deputy, member of the council of state, and jurist who sided with the conservatives once the War of Reform broke out.
- Joaquín Velázquez de León coming from a mining background, de Leon was a minister under Santa Anna's last dictatorship, and later became a supporter and minister of the Second Mexican Empire. He was among the men who took part in the commission that travelled to Miramare Castle in order to offer the crown of Mexico to Maximilian of Habsburg.
- José Hilario Elguero y Guisasola Was minister of government under President Felix Zuloaga as a member of the Junta Superior which organized the Second Mexican Empire.
- Carlos María de Bustamante Activist for Mexican Independence who later became an advocate of centralism and served as a member in the Supremo Poder Conservador. Nonetheless, openly opposed monarchy in the wake of the publication of Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada's essay advocating for such a government in 1840.
- José Hipólito Odoardo A prosecutor for the Real Audiencia of Mexico under Spain who later served as president of the newly established Mexican congress. He was also a Bourbonist, a monarchist during the initial stages of Mexican Independence, who advocated for a member of the Spanish Royal Family to assume a newly established Mexican throne.
- Tomás Murphy y Alegría A Veracruz-born merchant, secretary of commerce, and minister plenipotentiary to Austria who supported the conservatives and later the Second Mexican Empire and considered the liberals to be tools of the United States.
- Crispiniano del Castillo Senator, jurist, and supporter of the Second Mexican Empire.
Military
- Tomas Mejia Clerical general and a member of the Otomi people, who supported the conservatives during the Reform War and later the Second Mexican Empire. After the triumph of the liberals he was executed by firing squad next to the Emperor, and his fellow conservative general Miguel Miramon.
- Luis G. Osollo A leading conservative general during the Reform War. He died of typhoid fever before the war had ended.
- Leonardo Marquez Supported the conservatives during the Reform War and remained at large even after the liberals had won the war. He succeeded in assassinating the liberal statesman Melchor Ocampo and then killed the leading liberal general Santos Degollado who had been sent after Marquez in response. He later supported the Second Mexican Empire and escaped when the Empire fell eventually becoming one of the longest lived imperialists, dying in the early 20th century and having written works defending the Empire and his role within it.
- Joaquin Orihuela led one of the conservative revolts in the initial stages of the Reform War[12]
- Refugio Tánori - Sonoran Opata chieftain who was a zealous supporter of the Second Mexican Empire. He was captured by liberal forces and executed, proclaiming his loyalty to Emperor Maximilian before the firing squad.
- Antonio de Haro y Tamariz Conservative general who later led some of the early revolts against La Reforma.
- Adrián Woll A Franco-Mexican and former Napoleonic soldier who fought for Mexican Independence as a mercenary and then remained in the country. He joined the Mexican military and served as governor of Tamaulipas. He fought on the side of the conservatives during the Reform War and he supported the Second Mexican Empire, being amongst the delegates who travelled to Miramare Castle in order to offer the crown of Mexico to Maximilian of Habsburg.
- Juan Almonte Son of Independence War Hero Jose Maria Morelos, veteran of Mexico's many early conflicts including the Texas Revolution during which he was present at the Battle of the Alamo. He was initially staunchly opposed to monarchy when Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada published his monarchist essay in 1840, but later became one of the key figures in the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire.
Writers
- Lucas Alaman Writer, historian, scientist, businessman, and statesman, Alaman was the preeminent conservative Mexican intellectual up until his death in 1853. He served as a minister within multiple conservative administrations. He wrote a four volume history of Mexico and edited newspapers advocating for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico.
- Francisco de Paula Arrangoiz Leading monarchist and historian who played a role in the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire even serving as a foreign minister under it and later grew disillusioned with Emperor Maximilian's liberal views. Arrangoiz also wrote a history of Mexico which covered the period from the start of the Mexican War of Independence to the fall of the Second Mexican Empire.
- Ignacio Aguilar y Marocho Conservative journalist who also formed a part of the commission which traveled to Miramare Castle to invite Maximilian to accept the Mexican throne.
- Rafael Rafael He was one of the publishers of El Universal, a newspaper edited by Lucas Alaman in the 1850s advocating for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico.
- José Julián Tornel, brother of General José María Tornel, who wrote a pamphlet during La Reforma, defending the Catholic Church's management of property and finances against advocates of disestablishment, warning that the private market in both fields would be much less generous to the public.[13]
- Teodosio Lares Lawyer who played governing roles in Santa Anna's last dictatorship and during the Second Mexican Empire. He was a member of the Junta Superior which organized the Second Mexican Empire. He was also the Minister of Justice and President of the Council of Ministers during this time. As the Empire began to falter he voted against Maximilian's abdication during the council of Orizaba. He published books on pedagogy and psychology.
- Alejandro Arango y Escandón Lawyer, poet, librarian and director of the Mexican Academy of Language. He was part of the Assembly of Notables which organized the Empire and later formed a part of the consultative committee on financial affairs for the Empire. Founded La Sociedad Católica a Catholic lay organization in 1868.
- José María Roa Bárcena Poet, novelist, and historian who supported the Second Mexican Empire formed part of the Assembly of Notables and later grew disillusioned with Emperor Maximilian's liberal inclinations.
- Francisco Manuel Sánchez de Tagle Poet and statesman who wrote for Lucas Alaman's first monarchist newspaper El Tiempo. During the constitutional convention that oversaw the transition of the nation to the Centralist Republic of Mexico he advocated the establishment of a fourth branch of government, the Supreme Moderating Power, an idea which eventually would be integrated into the Siete Leyes. He contributed to Lucas Alamán's first monarchist newspaper, El Tiempo.
- Vicente Segura Arguelles Conservative journalist and editor who supporter the conservatives during the War of Reform and was executed by the triumphant liberal armies.
- José Joaquín Pesado Writer, journalist, poet, and professor of philosophy.
- Manuel Carpio Poet, philosopher, writer, physician who also served as a local deputy for the conservatives in the Vera Cruz legislature.
- José María Gutiérrez de Estrada A Yucatecan landowner who in 1840 after the Federalist Revolt of 1840 led to devastating fighting at the capital, published an essay arguing that after two decades of chaos, the Republic had failed and that Mexico ought to seek to invite a European prince to found a Mexican monarchy. He was among the delegates who travelled to Miramare Castle in order to offer the crown of Mexico to Maximilian of Habsburg in 1864.
- José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer Philosopher, theologian, poet, and writer who was also a Bourbonist, a monarchist during the initial stages of Mexican Independence, who advocated for a member of the Spanish Royal Family to assume a newly established Mexican throne. Later he became an advocate of centralism.
- José Dolores Ulibarri one of the editors of Lucas Alamán's first monarchist newspaper, El Tiempo.
See also
References
- ^ Fehrenbach, T.R. (1995). Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico. Da Capo Press. p. 229. ISBN 9781497609730.
- ^ Figueroa Esquer Raúl; "El tiempo eje de México, 1855–1867." En Estudios. Filosofía, historia, letras, México ITAM, 2012. pp 23-49
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico. Vol. V: 1824–1861. p. 102.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 239.
- ^ Costeloe, Michael P. "Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Vol. 4, p. 312. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. p. 700.
- ^ Antología de Poetas Hispano-americanos Tomo I: MÉXICO Y AMÉRICA CENTRAL. Real Academia Española. 1893. p. 390.
- ^ Perales Ojeda, Alicia (29 October 2000). "Asociaciones de la corriente literaria del romanticismo". Enciclopedia de la literatura en Mexico (in Spanish). Fundación para las Letras Mexicanas.
- ^ Noriega, Alfonso (1972). El pensamiento conservador y el conservadurismo mexicano: Tomo I. p. 90.
- ^ Ludlow, Leonor (2002). Los secretarios de hacienda y sus proyectos, 1821-1933: I. p. 318.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. p. 295.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. p. 700.
- ^ Zamacois, Niceto (1880). Historia de Mexico:Tomo XV. J.F. Parres y Comp. pp. 279–281.