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Early life and career of Rab Butler (1902–1929)

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Main article: Rab Butler
The Right Honourable
R. A. Butler
MP
1934 photograph of Butler
Born
Richard Austen Butler

(1902-12-09)9 December 1902
Attock Serai, British India
 (now Attock, Pakistan)
Died8 March 1982(1982-03-08) (aged 79)
Great Yeldham, Essex, England
NationalityBritish
Other namesRab
Alma materPembroke College, Cambridge
Political partyConservative
Spouse
Sydney Elizabeth Courtauld
​
​
(m. 1926; died 1954)​
ParentMontagu Sherard Dawes Butler (father)
Member of Parliament
for Saffron Walden
In office
30 May 1929 – 19 February 1965
Preceded byWilliam Mitchell
Succeeded byPeter Kirk
Ministerial offices
Under Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs
In office
25 February 1938 – 20 July 1941
Serving with The Earl of Plymouth (1938–1940)
Prime Minister
Sec. of State
Preceded byThe Viscount Cranborne
Succeeded byRichard Law
Parliamentary Secretary to the
Ministry of Labour
In office
28 May 1937 – 25 February 1938
Prime MinisterNeville Chamberlain
MinisterErnest Brown
Preceded byAnthony Muirhead
Succeeded byAlan Lennox-Boyd
Under Secretary of State for India
In office
29 September 1932 – 28 May 1937
Prime Minister
Sec. of State
Preceded byThe Marquess of Lothian
Succeeded byThe Lord Stanley

Richard Austen Butler (9 December 1902 – 8 March 1982), generally known as R. A. Butler and familiarly known from his initials as Rab, was a prominent British Conservative politician.

Butler was born in British India to a family of distinguished Cambridge University academics. As a child his right hand was permanently disabled in a riding accident. He was educated at Marlborough College and at Cambridge, where he was president of the Cambridge Union Society and, after initially reading French and German, graduated with an outstanding first class degree in History.

After graduating he taught briefly as a Cambridge don and married into the wealthy Courtauld family. Butler was elected to Parliament for Saffron Walden in Essex at the 1929 general election, and held the seat until his retirement from the House of Commons in 1965.

Early life

Butler was born in Attock Khurd, Attock, British India, to Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler of the Indian Civil Service and his wife, Anne Gertrude (née Smith). Butler's mother was the daughter of George Smith who was Principal of the Doveton Boys College in Calcutta.[1]

Butler's paternal family had a long and distinguished association with the University of Cambridge, dating back to his great-grandfather George Butler. Especially notable were Butler's grand-uncle Henry Montagu Butler (Master of Trinity College and Dean of Gloucester) and Sir Geoffrey G. Butler, a Cambridge historian and Conservative MP for the university, Butler's uncle and a particular early influence on him.[2] Butler's father was a Fellow, and in later life the Master, of Pembroke College.[3]

In July 1909, at the age of six, his right arm was broken in three places in a riding accident.[4] The injury was aggravated by a burn from a hot water bottle and an attempt to straighten the arm by hanging weights from it, leaving his hand not fully functional.[5][a]

Butler attended Brockhurst preparatory school but refused to attend Harrow, where many of his family had been educated. He failed to win a scholarship to Eton, and so he attended Marlborough College. He left Marlborough at the end of 1920, a week after his 18th birthday, and spent five months in France with a Protestant pastor in Abbeville.[5][8] He returned briefly to England to sit the exams for Pembroke College, Cambridge, where in June 1921 he won an exhibition worth £20 per annum (around £1,000 at 2014 prices),[9][10] then returned to France to be tutor to the son of Robert de Rothschild. His plan at this stage was to enter the Diplomatic Service.[8]

As a child of Empire, from his mid-teens onwards, Butler was expected to look after his younger siblings, arranging for them to stay with relatives during school holidays and sending them Christmas presents that he pretended had been sent by their parents.[11] His sister was the writer Iris Mary Butler (1905–2002), who became Iris Portal upon her marriage, and her elder daughter is Jane Williams, Baroness Williams of Elvel, the mother of Justin Welby, the current Archbishop of Canterbury. Butler's younger brother Jock, a Home Office civil servant and Pilot Officer, was killed in a plane crash in January 1943.[12]

Cambridge

Pembroke College, Cambridge

Butler studied at Pembroke College, Cambridge, starting in October 1921, initially reading Medieval and Modern Languages.[11] He soon became active in student politics, being elected to the Committee of the Cambridge Union Society by the end of his first year. At the end of his second year, he was elected Secretary for Michaelmas (autumn term) 1923 at his second attempt, by the narrow margin of 10 votes out of 500. At that time, Secretary was the only office normally contested, putting him on track to be Vice-President for Lent 1924 and President for Easter (summer term) 1924.[11] At the end of his second year (June 1923), he achieved a First in French Part I and was awarded an £80 scholarship to supplement his £300 parental allowance (approximately £4,000 and £15,000 at 2014 prices).[10][13]

Butler suffered a nervous breakdown that summer and had to postpone his plans to study History to a fourth year, taking a less strenuous course in German in the meantime.[14] He spent part of the summer of 1923 abroad learning German,[15] and became unusually fluent in the language, impressing his hosts with his near-native syntax.[16] He also came to feel that the Germans had been harshly treated in the recent Treaty of Versailles.[17]

In Michaelmas 1923, as Secretary, he persuaded the Cambridge Union to affiliate to the National Union of Students, of which he became a vice-president.[18] Psychiatric illness was then still little understood. In November 1923 his college put him in the care of a doctor and in December 1923 his uncle Cyril sent him to a specialist in Bristol, after which he made a recovery from his breakdown.[19] On 11 March 1924, after taking office as president of the Cambridge Union, he entertained the Leader of the Opposition, Stanley Baldwin, at the Change of Officers Debate to oppose the motion that "This House has the Highest Regard for Rhetoric". The following morning, Rab had to escort Baldwin back to the railway station, where, according to one version of the story, Baldwin bought him a copy of Something Fresh by P. G. Wodehouse with an admonition not to take life too seriously.[20][b] At the end of his third year (1924), he received a Second in German. He graduated as a BA in 1924.[23][c]

In the summer of 1924 Butler took part in the ESU USA Tour, a seven-week debating tour of Canada and the United States organised by the English-Speaking Union. They debated two motions: democracy versus personal liberty and closer relations with the Soviet Union.[24][25][d]

During his fourth year at Cambridge (1924–25), he concentrated on study, reading for Part II in History and International Law.[26] He was able to use notes which his uncle Geoffrey had prepared for a planned book on International Law.[27] He later recorded that in his International Law exam, he had been dissatisfied with his essays, and at half time, tore up his answers and wrote six fresh ones on six sheets of foolscap. In History, he took the Peel special subject, at one point knowing by name which way every Conservative MP voted in the split over the Irish Coercion Bill of 1846.[26] He received one of the highest firsts in the university across all subjects, known at the time as a "I:I".[28]

After graduating, Butler became a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He gave lectures on the politics of the French Third Republic.[29]

Private and family life

Butler married Sydney Elizabeth Courtauld on 20 April 1926. She was the daughter of Samuel Courtauld and heiress to part of the Courtauld textile fortune. His father-in-law awarded him a private income of £5,000 a year after tax for life, the equivalent of a Cabinet Minister's salary, and equivalent to almost £260,000 at 2014 prices.[10][30][e]

The Butlers lived at Stanstead Hall and, in 1938, they moved into 3 Smith Square, which remained Butler's London base throughout his career. During the Second World War, Butler was bombed out of Smith Square and stayed with his Parliamentary Private Secretary Henry "Chips" Channon in Belgrave Square.[31]

The Butlers' children were

Following the death of his wife from cancer in 1954, Butler married Mollie Courtauld (née Montgomerie) on 21 October 1959.[33] She had been married to Augustine Courtauld (Sydney's cousin), who had died in March 1959.[34]

The Butlers inherited Gatcombe Park from Samuel Courtauld in 1949. In 1976, it was sold to the Queen as a home for Princess Anne, for a sum between £300,000 and £750,000 (Howard gives the figure as "more than £500,000"). He recorded that the Royal Family had driven a hard bargain but joked in public that he was "glad it was going to a good family".[35][34]

Early political career

In his autobiography, The Art of the Possible, Butler attributed his political gifts to his grandmother Mary Kendall of Pelyn, Lostwithiel, Cornwall. He wrote a lengthy paragraph on the Kendall family, who had served in Parliament since 1368 and had been active in politics for many generations.[36][37] It has been remarked of this family that they have perhaps sent more members to the British Parliament than any other in the United Kingdom.[38]

In summer 1926 Butler resigned his residential Cambridge fellowship to go on a honeymoon tour of the world, becoming instead a supernumerary fellow. He renewed his contact with Leo Amery, whom he had met in July 1924 at a British Empire Students Conference, and who now put him in touch with contacts in Australia, New Zealand and Canada.[39] Whilst in Vancouver in June 1927, he learned of a vacancy for the safe Conservative seat of Saffron Walden, and returned from Quebec by sea on 31 August 1927;[40] Courtauld connections arranged for him to be selected unopposed as the Conservative candidate on 26 November 1927.[41] Butler toured local villages showing films of his Empire tours.[42]

Butler was elected in the 1929 general election, and retained the seat until his retirement in 1965.[43]


Footnotes

  1. ^ His limp handshake and lack of military experience (and his stooping donnish manner at a time when many politicians were former officers) were political handicaps in later life. Howard (p. 7) states that it made "any form of military service out of the question", a line followed by many biographers. However, despite his partial disability, Butler trained in his school cadet corps, passing top of his year in Corps Certificate A (Jago 2015, p.10) and was a competent recreational shot. He attempted to register for military service in May 1941.[6][7]
  2. ^ Baldwin's career at Harrow and Trinity, Cambridge had suffered from a poor relationship with one of Butler's relatives, Henry Montagu Butler. Winston Churchill (then out of Parliament and an independent "Constitutionalist" candidate in the 19 March 1924 Westminster Abbey by-election) had agreed to speak in favour of the motion but had not been able to attend.[21][22]
  3. ^ Howard quotes a letter from his father, who was openly disappointed, and is clear that he was awarded his BA that summer despite his being about to stay on for a further year of undergraduate study (a student at Cambridge normally needs to pass a Part I and a Part II, not necessarily in the same subject, to obtain a BA). Jago (2015, p.30) states that his third year only counted as "General Studies" but that he needed a fourth year to obtain Honours.
  4. ^ Anglo-Soviet relations were extremely topical throughout the 1920s, and especially that year. Ramsay MacDonald's first Labour Government had formally recognised the USSR, then an international pariah state, in February. The Campbell Case began that summer, causing the fall of the government, and the Zinoviev Letter was a major issue in the Conservatives' landslide victory at the election that October.
  5. ^ Although backbench MPs were then paid less than today in real terms, Cabinet ministers were paid more than now.

References

  1. ^ "George SMITH". genealogy.links.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  2. ^ Howard, p. 1.
  3. ^ Howard, p. 3.
  4. ^ Jago 2015, p. 5
  5. ^ a b Matthew 2004, p. 199.
  6. ^ Howard 1987, p. 7.
  7. ^ "Too Obviously Cleverer". London Review of Books. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  8. ^ a b Howard 1987, p. 14.
  9. ^ Jago 2015, p. 6
  10. ^ a b c "Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound". measuringworth.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  11. ^ a b c Howard 1987, p. 16.
  12. ^ Howard 1987, p. 132.
  13. ^ Howard 1987, pp. 16, 19.
  14. ^ Howard 1987, p. 23.
  15. ^ Butler 1971, p. 14.
  16. ^ Jago 2015, p. 25
  17. ^ Jago 2015, p. 24
  18. ^ Howard 1987, p. 22.
  19. ^ Jago 2015, p. 30
  20. ^ Butler 1971, p. 16.
  21. ^ Howard 1987, p. 24.
  22. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 9. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 199. ISBN 0-19-861359-8.
  23. ^ Howard 1987, p. 25.
  24. ^ Jago 2015, p. 33
  25. ^ Butler 1971, p. 17.
  26. ^ a b Butler 1971, p. 18.
  27. ^ Jago 2015, p. 38
  28. ^ Howard 1987, p. 28.
  29. ^ Howard 1987, p. 31.
  30. ^ Howard 1987, pp. 30–31.
  31. ^ Matthew 2004, p. 200.
  32. ^ "Sir Richard Butler". 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  33. ^ Matthew 2004, p. 204.
  34. ^ a b Howard 1987, pp. 356–357.
  35. ^ Jago 2015, pp. 420–1
  36. ^ Butler 1971, p. 2.
  37. ^ Kendall & Butler Connections. http://acollins.customer.netspace.net.au/Kendall%20Butler%20Connections.htm Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Evelyn Philip Shirley (1866). The Noble and Gentle Men of England. John Bowyer Nichols & Sons. p. 37. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  39. ^ Jago 2015, p. 48
  40. ^ Jago 2015, p. 52
  41. ^ Jago 2015, p. 53
  42. ^ Jago 2015, p. 54
  43. ^ Gilmour 2004, p. 200

Sources

  • Howard, Anthony (1987). RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-01862-3.
  • Jago, Michael (2015). Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 978-1849549202.
  • Gilmour, Ian (2004). Matthew, Colin (ed.). R.A Butler (1902–1982) in Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 9. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198614111.

Primary sources

  • Butler, Rab (1971). The Art of the Possible. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0241020074., his autobiography
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