Jump to content

Electric energy consumption

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Noura2021 (talk | contribs) at 10:18, 18 November 2022 (→‎Electricity outlook: added sentences on public opinion from respondents to a survey). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

2021 world electricity generation by source. Total generation was 28 petawatt-hours.[1]

  Coal (36%)
  Natural gas (23%)
  Hydro (15%)
  Nuclear (10%)
  Wind (7%)
  Solar (4%)
  Other (5%)

Electric energy consumption is the form of energy consumption that uses electrical energy.[2] Electric energy consumption is the actual energy demand made on existing electricity supply for transportation, residential, industrial, commercial, and other miscellaneous purposes.[2]

Global electricity consumption in 2019 was 22,848 terawatt-hour (TWh), about 135% more than the amount of consumption in 1990 (9,702 TWh).[3] China, United States, and India accounted for over 50% of the global share of electricity consumption.[3]

Overview

Electric energy is most often measured either in joules (J), or in watt hours (W·h).[4]

1 W·s = 1 J
1 W·h = 3600 W·s = 3600 J

Electric and electronic devices consume electric energy to generate desired output (i.e., light, heat, motion, etc.). During operation, some part of the energy is lost depending on the electrical efficiency.[5]

Electricity has been generated in power stations since 1882.[6] The invention of the steam turbine in 1884 to drive the electric generator led to an increase in worldwide electricity consumption.[7]

In 2019, total worldwide electricity production was nearly 27,044 TWh.[8] Total primary energy is converted into numerous forms, including, but not limited to, electricity, heat, and natural gas.[9] Some primary energy is lost during the conversion to electricity, as seen in the United States, where 61% was lost in 2019.[9]

Electricity accounted for 19.7% of worldwide final energy consumption in 2019, while oil was 40.4%, coal was 9.5%, natural gas was 16.4%, biofuels and waste were 10.4%, and other sources (i.e., heat, solar thermal, and geothermal) were 3.6%.[10] Total final electricity consumption in 2019 was split unevenly between the following sectors: industry (41.9%), residential (26.6%), commercial and public services (21.2%), transport (1.8%), and other (8.5%; i.e., agriculture and fishing).[10] Since 1973, final electricity consumption has decreased in the industrial and transport sectors and increased in the residential, commercial and public services sectors.[10]

A sensitivity analysis on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network model for electric demand estimation shows that employment is the most critical factor influencing electrical consumption.[11] The study used six parameters as input data, employment, GDP, dwelling, population, heating degree day and cooling degree day, with electricity demand as output variable.[11]

World electricity consumption (2019)

The table lists 37 electricity consuming countries, which used 20,366 TWh. These countries comprised 89% of the final consumption of 190+ countries. Final consumption to generate this electricity is provided per country. The data is from 2019.[8][12]

Rank Country Final Consumption
(TWh) 		Population
(millions)		 Per Capita

Consumption
(MWh)

— WORLD 22,848 7,683 2.97
1  China 6,523 1,407 4.64
2  United States 3,830 328 11.68
3  India 1,311 1,366 0.96
4  Japan 928 126 7.37
5  Russia 756 144 5.25
6  Canada 529 37.6 14.07
7  South Korea 524 51.7 10.13
8  Brazil 513 211 2.43
9  Germany 499 83.1 6.00
10  France 432 67.2 6.43
11  Saudi Arabia 295 34 8.68
11  United Kingdom 295 66.8 4.42
12  Italy 291 59.7 4.87
13  Mexico 280 127 2.20
14  Iran 261 82.9 3.14
15  Indonesia 260 270.6 0.96
16  Turkey 253 83.4 3.03
17  Taiwan 246 23.6[13] 10.42
18  Spain 234 47.1 4.97
19  Australia 215 25.4 8.46
20  Vietnam 209 96.5 2.17
21  Thailand 193 69.6 2.77
22  South Africa 187 58.6 3.19
23  Malaysia 159 31.9 4.98
24  Egypt 156 100 1.56
25  Poland 140 38.0 3.68
26  United Arab Emirates 126 9.8 12.86
27  Argentina 126 44.9 2.81
28  Sweden 125 10.3 12.14
29  Ukraine 117 44.4 2.64
30  Norway 116 5.3 21.89
31  Pakistan 114 216.6 0.53
32  Netherlands 110 17.3 6.36
33  Belgium 82 11.5 7.13
34  Finland 82 5.5 14.91
35  Kazakhstan 72 18.5 3.89
36  Venezuela 56 28.5 1.96
37  Iceland 18 0.36 50.0

Consumption per capita

Final consumption divided by number of inhabitants provides a country's consumption per capita. In Western Europe, this is between 4 and 8 MWh/a.[8] (1 MWh equals 1000 kWh.) In Scandinavia, USA, Canada, Taiwan and South Korea, per capita consumption is higher, however, in developing countries it is much lower.[8] The world's average is nearly 3 MWh/a.[8] A very low consumption level, as in Indonesia, indicates that many inhabitants are not connected to the electricity grid, and that is the reason that some of the world's most populous countries, such as Nigeria and Bangladesh, do not appear in the table.[12]

Electricity generation and GDP (2019)

The table lists 30 countries, which represent about 76% of the world population, 84% of the world GDP, and 85% of the world electricity generation.[8][12][14][15] Productivity per electricity generation (concept similar to energy intensity) can be measured by dividing GDP over the electricity generated. The data is from 2019.[8][12][14][15]

Electricity Generation (2019) and GDP (PPP) (2019)
Country Population,
millions 		rank* GDP (PPP),
billions (USD) 		rank* GDP (PPP)
per capita 		rank* Electricity
generation
(GWh/yr) 		rank* GDP (PPP)
/kWh*
 China 1,407 1 $14,280 2 $10,149 15 7,503,428 1 $1.9
 India 1,366 2 $2,871 6 $2,102 26 1,603,675 3 $1.8
 USA 328 3 $21,433 1 $65,345 1 4,411,159 2 $4.9
 Indonesia 270.6 4 $1,119 16 $4,135 20 278,942 17 $4.0
 Brazil 211 6 $1,878 9 $8,900 18 626,328 7 $3.0
 Pakistan 216.6 5 $279 26 $1,288 28 138,626 24 $2.0
 Bangladesh 163 8 $302 25 $1,853 27 89,672 27 $3.4
 Nigeria 201 7 $448 22 $2,229 25 33,552[16] 28 $13.4
 Russia 144 9 $1,687 11 $11,715 14 1,118,143 4 $1.5
 Japan 126 11 $5,149 3 $40,865 7 1,030,286 5 $5.0
 Mexico 127.6 10 $1,269 15 $9,945 16 322,584 13 $3.9
 Philippines 108 13 $377 23 $3,491 21 106,041 26 $3.6
 Vietnam 96.5 15 $262 27 $2,715 24 227,461 21 $1.2
 Ethiopia 112 12 $96 29 $857 29 14,553[17] 29 $6.6
 Egypt 100.4 14 $303 24 $3,018 23 200,563 22 $1.5
 Germany 83 18 $3,888 4 $46,843 4 609,406 8 $6.4
 Turkey 83.5 17 $761 19 $9,114 17 303,898 15 $2.5
 DR Congo 86.8 16 $50 30 $576 30 9,990[18] 30 $5.0
 Iran 83 19 $258 28 $3,108 22 318,696 14 $0.8
 Thailand 69.6 20 $544 21 $7,816 19 186,503 23 $2.9
 France 67.3 21 $2,729 7 $40,550 8 562,842 10 $4.8
 UK 66.8 22 $2,879 5 $43,099 6 324,761 12 $8.9
 Italy 59.7 23 $2,009 8 $33,652 9 293,853 16 $6.8
 South Korea 51.7 24 $1,651 12 $31,934 10 585,301 9 $2.8
 Spain 47.1 25 $1,393 13 $29,575 11 267,501 19 $5.2
 Canada 37.6 26 $1,742 10 $46,330 5 648,676 6 $2.7
 Saudi Arabia 34.3 27 $793 18 $23,120 13 343,661 11 $2.3
 Taiwan 23.6[13] 28 $605[19] 20 $25,636 12 274,059 18 $2.2
 Australia 25.4 29 $1,392 14 $54,803 2 265,901 20 $5.2
 Netherlands 17.3 30 $910 17 $52,601 3 121,062 25 $7.5
World 7,683 — $87,555 — $11,395 — 27,044,191 — $3.5
  • Population data is from the World Bank[12]
  • GDP data is from the World Bank[14]
  • Electricity data is from BP Global[15]
  • rank* of Population, GDP, and Electricity generation are rankings within this list
  • GDP (PPP) / kWh is the amount of GDP (PPP) (USD) produced per kilowatt-hour

Electricity consumption by sector (2019)

The table lists the 10 countries with the highest final electricity consumption.[8] These 10 countries comprised 69% of the final consumption in the world.[8] The data is from 2019.[8]

Electricity Final Consumption by Sector (2019)
Country/ Geographical Region Total
(TWh) 		Industry Transport Commercial
/Public
Services 		Residential Agriculture

/Forestry

other
 China 6,523 59.7% 2.50% 7.4% 16.4% 2.0% 11.9%
 India 1,311 37.5% 11.40% 7.7% 21.8% 15.7% 5.9%
 USA 3,830 19.6% 0.40% 35.6% 37.5% 2.0% 5.0%
 Brazil 513 38.1% 0.61% 27.5% 27.8% 6.1% 0.00%
 Russia 756 45.1% 10.80% 20.2% 21.3% 2.6% 0.04%
 Japan 928 36.93% 1.89% 33.9% 27.0% 0.26% 0.04%
 Germany 499 44.74% 2.32% 26.5% 25.3% 1.1% 0.00%
 France 432 26.76% 2.34% 31.7% 37.0% 1.9% 0.27%
 South Korea 524 52.04% 0.59% 31.2% 12.9% 2.7% 0.58%
 Canada 529 35.7% 1.45% 28.3% 32.5% 2.0% 0.00%
World 22,848 41.9% 1.80% 21.2% 26.6% 3.3% 5.2%

Electricity consumption of OECD countries (2019)

In 2019, OECD's final electricity consumption was 9,672 TWh.[3] The industrial sector consumed 41.9% of the electricity, the residential sector consumed 26.6%, the commercial and public services sectors consumed 21.2%, the transport sector consumed 1.8%, and the other sectors (e.g., agriculture and fishing) consumed 8.5%.[10] In recent decades, consumption in the residential and commercial and public services sectors have grown, while industry consumption has declined.[3] More recently, the transport sector has witnessed an increase in consumption with the growth in the electric vehicle market.[3]

World electricity consumption and production (2017 and 2018)

The IEA reported a total world final electricity consumption in 2017 of 21,539 TWh and 22,472 TWh in 2018.[8] The final electricity consumption of the OECD countries in 2017 was 9,612 TWh and 9,780 TWh in 2018.[8] This compares to electricity production in the OECD countries of 11,148 TWh in 2017 and 11,348 TWh in 2018.[8] The final electricity consumption of the non-OECD countries in 2017 was 11,927 TWh and 12,692 TWh in 2018.[8] The share of the gross electric production by source is summarized in the following table for the available assessment in the years 2017 or 2018.[8]

Rank Region Year Total
(TWh)		 Fossil Nuclear Renewable
— WORLD 2017 21,372 64.5% 10.2% 25.3%
1 non-OECD 2017 11,854 70.8% 4.6% 24.6%
2 OECD 2018 9,518 55.3% 17.7% 27.0%

Electricity outlook

Looking forward, increasing energy efficiency will result in less electricity needed for a given demand in power, but demand will increase strongly on the account of:[20]

  • Economic growth in developing countries,[20] and
  • Electrification of transport and heating. Combustion engines are replaced by electric drive and for heating less gas and oil, but more electricity is used, if possible with heat pumps.[20]

As transport and heating become more climate-friendly, the environmental effect of energy consumption will be more determined by electricity.[20]

The International Energy Agency expects revisions of subsidies for fossil fuels which amounted to $550 billion in 2013, more than four times renewable energy subsidies. In this scenario,[21] almost half of the increase in 2040 of electricity consumption is covered by more than 80% growth of renewable energy. Many new nuclear plants will be constructed, mainly to replace old ones. The nuclear part of electricity generation will increase from 11 to 12%. The renewable part goes up much more, from 21 to 33%. The IEA warns that in order to restrict global warming to 2 °C, carbon dioxide emissions[22] must not exceed 1000 gigaton (Gt) from 2014. This limit is reached in 2040 and emissions will not drop to zero ever.

The World Energy Council[23] sees world electricity consumption increasing to more than 40,000 TWh/a in 2040. The fossil part of generation depends on energy policy. It can stay around 70% in the so-called Jazz scenario where countries rather independently "improvise" but it can also decrease to around 40% in the Symphony scenario if countries work "orchestrated" for more climate friendly policy. Carbon dioxide emissions, 32 Gt/a in 2012, will increase to 46 Gt/a in Jazz but decrease to 26 Gt/a in Symphony. Accordingly, until 2040 the renewable part of generation will stay at about 20% in Jazz but increase to about 45% in Symphony.

An EU survey conducted on climate and energy consumption in 2022 found that 63% of people in the European Union want energy costs to be dependent on use, with the greatest consumers paying more. This is compared to 83% in China, 63% in the UK and 57% in the US.[24][25] 24% of Americans surveyed believing that people and businesses should do more to cut their own usage (compared to 20% in the UK, 19% in the EU, and 17% in China).[26][27]

Nearly half of those polled in the European Union (47%) and the United Kingdom (45%) want their government to focus on the development of renewable energies. This is compared to 37% in both the United States and China when asked to list their priorities on energy.[26][28][29]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Yearly electricity data". ember-climate.org. 6 Dec 2023. Retrieved 23 Dec 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Electricity explained: Use of electricity - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Electricity consumption – Electricity Information: Overview – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  4. ^ "Energy Units". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
  5. ^ "Electricity – Sustainable Recovery – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  6. ^ "Electricity Generation". Institute for Energy Research. Institute for Energy Research. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  7. ^ "Catalog of CHP Technologies: Section 4. Technology Characterization – Steam Turbines" (PDF). www.epa.gov. March 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Data tables – Data & Statistics". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-25. [dead link]
  9. ^ a b "More than 60% of energy used for electricity generation is lost in conversion - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  10. ^ a b c d "Key World Energy Statistics 2021 – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  11. ^ a b Zahedi, Gholamreza; Azizi, Saeed; Bahadori, Alireza; Elkamel, Ali; R. Wan Alwi, Sharifah (2013). "Electricity demand estimation using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network: A case study from the Ontario province – Canada". Energy. 49: 323–328. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.10.019.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Population, total | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  13. ^ a b "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)". eng.stat.gov.tw. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  14. ^ a b c "GDP (current US$) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  15. ^ a b c "Statistical Review of World Energy | Energy economics | Home". bp global. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  16. ^ "Energy Profile: Nigeria" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  17. ^ "Energy Profile: Ethiopia". International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  18. ^ "Energy Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  19. ^ "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)". eng.stat.gov.tw. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  20. ^ a b c d "World Energy Outlook 2021 – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  21. ^ IEA World energy outlook
  22. ^ by fossil fuel
  23. ^ World energy scenarios
  24. ^ "2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: Majority of Europeans say the war in Ukraine and high energy prices should accelerate the green transition". EIB.org. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  25. ^ "Energy poverty". energy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  26. ^ a b "2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: Majority of Europeans say the war in Ukraine and high energy prices should accelerate the green transition". EIB.org. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  27. ^ "Energy efficiency directive". energy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  28. ^ ""Fit for 55": Council agrees on higher targets for renewables and energy efficiency". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  29. ^ "Share of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe". www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_energy_consumption&oldid=1122585389"