Five-foot way
A five-foot way (Malay/Indonesian: kaki lima) is a roofed continuous walkway commonly found in front of shops in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia which may also be used for commercial activity. The name refers to the width of the passageway, but a five-foot way may be narrower or wider than 5 feet (1.5 m). Although it looks like European arcade along the streets, it is a building feature that suits the local climate, and characterizes the town-scape and urban life of this region. It may also be found in parts of Thailand, Taiwan, and Southern China. The term might be translated into Hokkien as ngó͘-kha-ki (五脚基); it is also called têng-á-kha (亭子脚).[1]
The term "five-foot" describes the width of the covered sidewalks.[2] The overhanging canopy, roof extension or projected upper floor on top of the five-foot ways provides a cover to shield pedestrians from the sun and the rain. As the ground floor of most commercial buildings in downtown areas is occupied by shops or eating places, the five-foot ways also function as corridors for people to window shop or look for refreshment. These corridors were used by traders to set up various small businesses in the past, and are still used this way in many countries.[1]
As the name implies, five-foot ways may have a minimum width of five feet, but the guideline has not been applied universally, as many five-foot ways are wider or narrower depending on the age, size, and function of the building.
History
[edit]The requirement for arcades in urban plans may be found as early as 1573 in the Royal Ordinances by Philip II of Spain.[3]
Batavia
[edit]Batavia (now Jakarta) became a capital of the Dutch East India Company in the early 17th century. As soon as Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) occupied the port town of Jayakarta, he started construction following European fashion. In the middle of the 17th century, Johan Nieuhof, described how two market buildings run parallel with central galleries. Nieuhof further mentioned that the building were divided into 'five walks' or galleries. It has been speculated that the 'five walks' are the kaki lima, referring to the space rather than the width of the passage'.[4]
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Batavia street-scape illustrated in c.1760. -
Kaki lima in Kota, Jakarta, c.1990. -
Kaki lima in Melaka, c.1990.
When the British East India Company (EIC) ruled the Dutch East Indies during the Napoleonic War, Thomas Stamford Raffles was appointed the Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies in 1811–1815. Raffles was in Batavia in 1811–1815 as governor during the British Java period and may have observed the verandahs, footways and continuous eaves of Batavia.[5] It has been claimed that Raffles ordered the construction of walkways of around five feet wide in front of shops in Batavia.[2][6]
Singapore
[edit]Raffles founded modern Singapore in 1819, and that is where the five-foot way became firmly established as an architectural feature of the region. He included this and other details in his Town Plan of 1822.[7] Raffles issued a set of instructions on how the new colony may be organised in his plan for Singapore in 1822. He stipulated that the buildings in the newly established colony should be uniform and should be built of brick and tiles to reduce fire risks. He added:
... a still further accommodation will be afforded to the public by requiring that each house should have a verandah of certain depth, open at all times as a continued and covered passage on each side of the street.[8]
This became the five-foot way, and this feature of shophouses in Singapore was observable by the 1840s from the drawings of surveyor and engineer John Turnbull Thomson. The land leaseholder had to provide public walkways of certain width in front of their shops and houses. As they constructed the second floor above the public walkways, it formed roofed continuous walkways along the street.[9] Although it was planned as a public walkway, the five-foot way would also become a place for hawkers to trade, and it was used as retail, storage, and even living spaces. Attempts in Singapore to clear the walkways of hawkers who were obstructing the walkway in the 1880s led to the so-called Verandah Riots.[10][11]
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View of Singapore c.1845, shophouses with arcades can be seen in this drawing by John Turnbull Thomson -
A five-foot way in Singapore -
A five-foot way in Singapore
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Other Straits Settlements
[edit]Ordinances and by-laws requiring such verandah walkways were then enacted from the mid-19th and early 20th century in the Straits Settlements and Malayan towns, for example, the 1884 building by-laws introduced by Frank Swettenham in the rebuilding of Kuala Lumpur provided for the inclusion of 5-foot passageways beside the road.[12] However, the term "five-foot way" was not specifically mentioned in such ordinances and by-laws, rather words as arcade, verandah or verandah-way or five-foot-path were used. The term may have been coined by builders in response to the minimum width of the walkway. The walkway would become an integral feature of many settlements in neighbouring British colonies in the Malaya peninsula, and by the later half of the 19th century became a feature of the distinctive "Strait Settlement Style" buildings.[5] It is still commonly found in the towns and cities of Malaysia. Although it was originally a feature colonial-era buildings, many buildings in the post-colonial era in Malaysia still incorporated a sheltered walkway, although not necessarily in the form of an arcade.
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Shophouses in Penang with a five-foot way -
A tiled five-foot way in Penang -
A five-foot way in Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia -
A five-foot way in Kuching, Sarawak
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Southern China, Taiwan and Hong Kong Colony
[edit]The Five Foot Way or Verandah regulation was also applied for town planning in Taiwan in the late 19th century and in South China in early 20th century under the Republic of China.[13] The verandah may be found as the qilou (arcade) of these regions.[14] In the early colonial period of Hong Kong, any construction and projection was not allowed above the public walkways, but the colonial government issued "the Verandah Regulation" in 1878 to enable adjacent land leaseholder to build overhanging second floor above the walkways to cope with the lack of living space.[15]
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Verandah in Hong Kong Colony, c. 1890. -
Qílóu in Guanzhou, c. 1990.
Southeast Asia
[edit]This architectural feature also spread to other South East Asian countries, such as Thailand, the Philippines, Brunei, and Burma after the mid-19th century. Such feature may have been introduced to Bangkok after the visit of Rama V to Singapore in 1871, while towns in southern Thailand were influenced by their proximity to Malaya.[5]
It remains a prominent element in the architecture in Singapore and Malaysia.
Communal Kaki Lima
[edit]
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Roofed Walkway in Lukang, Taiwan, c.1900. -
Roofed Walkway in Peng-Chau, Hong Kong, 1996.
Kaki Lima in Indonesia
[edit]The Indonesian usage of kaki lima is interchangeable with trotoar (from French via Dutch: trottoir), as both refer to walking paths or sidewalks. In Indonesian, the colloquial term pedagang kaki lima references street hawkers that often occupy the five-foot ways. The Kaki Lima in Indonesia historically offered a potpourri of goods such as shirts, socks, blouses, pots and pans. Nowadays, they are often occupied by small eateries and stands.
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Kaki Lima in Pecinan, Semarang, 1991. -
Two Wheels Kaki Lima in Kota, Jakarta, 1990. -
Kaki lima or five-foot way along Braga Street in Bandung, Indonesia, occupied by street artist selling paintings
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Naidu Ratnala Thulaja. "Five-foot-way traders". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board.
- ^ a b Christopher Torchia; Lely Djuhari (2015). Indonesian Idioms and Expressions: Colloquial Indonesian at Work. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 235–236. ISBN 9781462916504.
- ^ Mai-Lin Tjoa-Bonatz (1998). "Shophouses in Colonial Penang". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. LXXI Part 2 (2 (275)): 122–136. JSTOR 41493367.
- ^ Hideo Izumida (2005). "Kaki Lima as Contesting Space between European and Asian Values". Proceeding of International Conference of Malay Architecture as Lingua Franca.
- ^ a b c Lim, Jon S.H. (1993). "The Shophouse Rafflesia: An Outline of its Malaysian Pedigree and its Subsequent Diffusion in Asia". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. LXVI Part 1 (1 (264)): 47–66. ISSN 0126-7353. JSTOR 41486189.
- ^ Suryatini N. Ganie (19 December 2010). "The 5 feet story of Thomas Stamford Raffles". Jakarta Post.
- ^ Gretchen Liu (2001). Singapore: A Pictorial History 1819-2000. Psychology Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780700715848.
- ^ Charles Burton Buckley (1902). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Fraser & Neave, limited. p. 84.
- ^ Hideo Izumida (July 1990). "Singapore's Town Planning and Shop-house; Historical Study on the Colonial Cities and Architecture in Southeast Asia Part 1". Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) (in Japanese): 161–175.
- ^ Jean Abshire (21 March 2011). The History of Singapore. ABC-Clio. p. 79. ISBN 9780313377433.
- ^ Brenda S. A. Yeoh (1996). "The Control of 'Public' Space: Conflicts over the Definition and Use of the Verandah". Contesting Space Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment in Colonial Singapore. pp. 243–265. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1ntj2v. ISBN 9789971697679.
- ^ Hashimah Wan Ismail (2005). Houses in Malaysia: Fusion of the East and the West. Penerbit UTM. p. 28. ISBN 9789835203626.
- ^ Hideo Izumida; Huang Chun Min (April 1994). "Typology of Roofed Terraces and Covered Continuous Walkways: A study on Colonial Cities and Architecture of Southeast Asia Part 2". Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) (in Japanese): 145−153.
- ^ Jun Zhang (2015). "Rise and Fall of the Qilou: Metamorphosis of Forms and Meanings in the Built Environment of Guangzhou" (PDF). Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review. 26 (2): 26–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.
- ^ Hideo Izumida (May 2003). "Settlement Improvement in the Former Hong Kong Colony According to Reports by Osbert Chadwick, A Study on Colonial Cities and Architecture in Southeast Asia Part 3". Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) (in Japanese): 179–189.
Sources
[edit]- 1. Johann Friedrich Geist, Arcades The History of a Building Type, 1989, ISBN 0-262-07082-0
- 2. Doren Greig, The Reluctant Colonists Netherlanders Abroad n the 17th and 18th centuries, 1987, ISBN 90-232-2227-X
- 3. Jean Gelman Taylor, The Social World of Batavia European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia, 1983, ISBN 0-299-09470-7
- 4. Hideo Izumida, Chinese Settlements and China-towns along Coastal Area of the South China Sea: Asian Urbanization Through Immigration and Colonization, 2006, ISBN 4-7615-2383-2(Japanese version), ISBN 978-89-5933-712-5(Korean version)