HMS Graph

Coordinates: 55°48′06″N 6°28′30″W / 55.80167°N 6.47500°W / 55.80167; -6.47500
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A side view of a surfaced submarine, seen from the middle distance. She is sailing in coastal waters and a mountainous landscape is in the background.
HMS Graph in 1943
History
Germany
NameU-570
BuilderBlohm & Voss, Hamburg
Laid down21 May 1940
Launched15 April 1941
Commissioned15 May 1941
Capturedby the Royal Navy, 27 August 1941
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS Graph
NamesakeGraph (mathematics)
Acquired27 August 1941
Commissioned19 September 1941[1]
DecommissionedFebruary 1944
FateRan aground, 20 March 1944
General characteristics
TypeType VIIC submarine
Displacementlist error: <br /> list (help)
769 tonnes (757 long tons) surfaced
871 t (857 long tons) submerged
Length67.1 m (220 ft 2 in)
Beam6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)
Draught4.74 m (15 ft 7 in)
Propulsionlist error: <br /> list (help)
Two MAN Diesel engines, 1,440 horsepower (1,070 kW) each[2]
One 465 kW electric motor, one 238–276 kW electric motor[3]
Speedlist error: <br /> list (help)
17.7 knots (20.4 mph; 32.8 km/h) surfaced
7.6 knots (8.7 mph; 14.1 km/h) submerged
Range15,170 km (8,190 nmi)
Test depth230 m (750 ft)
Armamentlist error: <br /> list (help)
• 1 × C35 88 mm/L45 deck gun with 220 rounds
• 5 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes (4 bow, 1 stern)
Service record
Part of: list error: <br /> list (help)
Kriegsmarine:
* 3rd U-boat Flotilla (Training)
*3rd U-boat Flotilla (Front Boat)[4]
Royal Navy
Commanders: list error: <br /> list (help)
Kptlt. Hans-Joachim Rahmlow[4]
Lt. George Colvin, DSO, DSC
Lt. Edward Norman, DSO, DSC
Lt. Peter Barnsley Marriott
Lt. David Swanston, DSC[1]
Victories: None

HMS Graph (pennant number P715) was a German Type VIIC U-boat used by the British Royal Navy during World War II. Commissioned as the U-570 in the German Kriegsmarine in mid-1941, she was attacked and captured on her first patrol.

She provided both the Royal Navy and United States Navy with significant information on German submarines, and carried out several combat patrols with a Royal Navy crew, becoming the only U-boat to see active service with both sides during the war. She was withdrawn from service in 1944 due to problems maintaining her. She ran aground on an island off the west coast of Scotland en–route to the breakers; the remains of the wreck lie there to the present day.

Design and construction

The submarine was built to the German Type VIIC design. She had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when surfaced, and 871 t (857 long tons) when submerged. The boat was 67.1 metres (220 ft 2 in) long, with a beam of 6.2 metres (20 ft 4 in), and a draught of 4.74 metres (15 ft 7 in). The diesel-electric propulsion system provided a maximum speed of 18.8 knots (34.8 km/h; 21.6 mph) surfaced or 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged. The U-570 had a fuel capacity of 109 long tons (111 t) which gave a range of 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[5] The test depth of the submarine was 230 metres (750 ft).[6]

The main armament consisted of five 21 inches (533 mm) torpedo tubes; four in the bow, and the fifth in the stern. A total of 14 torpedoes could be carried – five in the torpedo tubes, seven reloads inside the pressure hull and a further two outside the pressure hull.[7] The boat was fitted with a C35 88 mm/L45 deck gun (with around 150 rounds of ammunition) and a 2cm Flak 30 anti-aircraft gun.[7] A 28cm Stereoscopic rangefinder was carried for use with the anti-aircraft gun,[8] and a number of machine guns were also carried.[7]

U-570 was laid down by Blohm & Voss at Hamburg on 21 May 1940. The submarine was launched on 20 March 1941.[4]

Kriegsmarine service

The U-570 was commissioned into the Kriegsmarine on the 15 May 1941.[4] After a series of short testing and commissioning trips in the Baltic, she moved to Norway where she carried out short training voyages and fired practice torpedoes. By 25 July, she had moved to the German U-boat base at Lofjord,[9] part of Trondheimsfjord, around 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of Trondheim.

In late-August 1941, B-Dienst (the German naval codebreaking organisation) became aware of a large concentration of Allied merchant ships in the region of the North Atlantic south of Iceland. Admiral Karl Dönitz ordered sixteen U-boats to the area.[10] The U-570 was to be one of these and, on the morning of 24 August, she put to sea on her first war patrol. Her planned mission was to patrol the area south of Iceland before proceeding to the U-boat base at La Pallice, France. She carried provisions for four weeks at sea.[11]

The submarine was commanded by Kapitänleutnant Hans-Joachim Rahmlow. He was an experienced naval officer, but had only recently transferred to U-boats, having previously been a gunnery and coastal defences specialist.[12] He had commanded the training submarine U-58, but had carried out no war patrols. Likewise, the First Watch Officer (second-in-command) had only served a few months with the U-boat branch, after serving on destroyers and the Second Watch Officer had little experience, having only recently been commissioned. The engineer was the only officer (and one of only four on-board) who had served on a U-boat war patrol. While the boat's petty officers had several years of navy service, many of the enlisted crew were still new to the German navy and had only a few months of U-boat training.[12]

The U-570's inexperienced crew was not unique for the time. British interrogation of rescued crew-members of the U-501—sunk on her first patrol in September 1941—revealed that 41 out of 48 crew were on their first war patrol.[13]

Capture

On 27 August, U-570 spent much of the morning submerged. She had been four days at sea and this was to give respite to a crew that was suffering acutely from seasickness (several had been incapacitated). She surfaced at position 62°15′N 18°35′W / 62.250°N 18.583°W / 62.250; -18.583 at around 10:50 am, and was immediately detected by the radar of a nearby RAF Lockheed Hudson bomber of 269 Squadron operating from Kaldaðarnes, Iceland.[14]

Rahmlow, who had climbed out onto the bridge, heard the approaching Hudson's engines and ordered a crash-dive. However, the aircraft reached the submarine before she was fully submerged and dropped four 250-pound (110 kg) depth charges—one detonated just 10 yards (10 m) from the boat.[15]

The U-boat quickly resurfaced and around ten of the crew emerged. The Hudson opened fire on them with machine guns, but ceased when the U-boat crew displayed a white sheet. An account of what happened was subsequently given to British naval intelligence interrogators by the captured crew members—the depth charge explosions had almost rolled the boat over, knocked out all electrical power, smashed instruments, caused water leaks and contaminated the air on the boat. The inexperienced crew believed the contamination to be chlorine, caused by acid from leaking battery cells mixing with sea-water, and the engine-compartment crew panicked and fled forward to escape the gas. Restoring electrical power—for the underwater electric motors and for lighting—would have been straightforward, yet there was nobody remaining in the engine compartment to do this.[16] The submarine was dead in the water and in darkness. Rahmlow believed the chlorine would make it fatal to stay submerged so he resurfaced. The sea was too rough for the crew to man their anti-aircraft gun so they displayed a white flag to forestall another, probably fatal, depth charge attack from the Hudson—they were unaware the aircraft had dropped all its depth-charges.

Most of the crew remained on the deck of the submarine as the Hudson circled above them. A radio request for help saw it being joined by another Hudson and a Consolidated Catalina flying boat of 209 Squadron, with a full load of depth-charges.[16] The German crew radioed their situation to the German naval high-command, destroyed their radio, smashed their Enigma machine and dumped its parts overboard along with the boat's secret papers.[17] Admiral Dönitz later noted in his war diary that he ordered U-boats in the area to go to U-570's assistance after receiving this report[18] and the U-82 responded, but was prevented from reaching the U-570 by Allied air patrols.[16]

An aerial photograph of a surfaced submarine in choppy sea; a small ship is close by and both appear to be stationary. Part of the aircraft's left wing can be seen, with a bomb hanging from it.
The U-570 with one of the Royal Navy trawlers, photographed from an RAF Catalina

The U-570's transmission was in plain language and it was intercepted by the British. Admiral Percy Noble, commander of Western Approaches Command, immediately ordered a small armada of ships to race to the scene.[16] By early afternoon, fuel levels had forced the Hudsons to return to their base in Iceland. The Catalina, a very long-range aircraft, was ordered to watch the submarine until Allied ships arrived. If none came before sunset, the aircraft was to warn the U-570's crew to take to the water, then sink her.[19] The arrival of the first vessel—the anti-submarine trawler HMT Northern Chief—averted this. The Catalina returned to Iceland after flying in circles over the U-boat for 13 hours.[20]

The German crew remained on board U-570 overnight; they made no attempt to scuttle their boat as Northern Chief had signalled she would open fire and not rescue survivors from the water if they did this. During the night, four more naval trawlers and the destroyers HMS Burwell and HMCS Niagara reached the scene. At daybreak, there was a series of signal lamp messages between the Allies and Germans, with the Germans repeatedly requesting to be taken off as they were unable to stay afloat, and the British refusing to evacuate them until they secured the submarine and stopped it from sinking—the British were concerned that the Germans would deliberately leave behind them a sinking U-boat if they were evacuated. The situation became more confused when a small float-plane (a Northrop N-3PB of 330 (Norwegian) Squadron) appeared.[21] Unaware of the surrender, it attacked the U-570 with small bombs and fired on the Northern Chief (which returned fire).[22] No damage was done and Burwell ordered the aircraft away by radio.

The weather worsened; several attempts to attach a tow-line to the U-boat were unsuccessful. Believing the Germans were being obstructive, Burwell's captain, S.R.J. Woods[23] ordered warning shots to be fired with a machine gun, but five of the German crew were accidentally hit and slightly wounded.[21] With much difficulty, four armed British sailors from the trawler HMS Kingston Agate reached the submarine using a Carley float (a liferaft). After a quick search failed to find the U-boat's Enigma machine, they attached a tow line and carried out the transfer of the five wounded men and the submarine's officers to the Kingson Agate.[21] The remaining crew were taken on board HMCS Niagara, which by this time had come alongside the U-boat.[21]

The ships began slowly sailing to Iceland with the U-570 under tow, and with a relay of Hudsons and Catalinas constantly patrolling overhead. They arriving at dawn on 29 August at Þorlákshöfn. There, the submarine was beached as she had been taking on water and was thought to be in danger of sinking.

Salvage and repair

Two days after the submarine's arrival, a British submarine commander—Lieutenant George Colvin—together with a team of engineering warrant officers and civilian technical experts arrived at Þorlákshöfn from Britain to carry out the initial examination and salvage of U-570.

The submarine was then lying broadside on to the surf and listing heavily to starboard... The interior of the submarine was unlit and was in a chaotic state; leaks of oil and water from the broken gauge glasses of internal tanks had combined with vast quantities of provisions, flour, dried peas and beans, soft fruit, clothes, bedding, and the remains of scores of loaves of black bread to form a revolting morass that in places was knee-deep. It was subsequently discovered that in this ship the crew's W.C. had been converted into a food locker and overturned buckets of excrement added to the general noisome conditions.

— Lieutenant GR Colvin, RN, Ex-German Submarine "U 570" - Report of Proceedings (3rd October, 1941)[24]

Colvin's team was able to restore lighting and buoyancy; U-570 was re-floated and towed around the coast to the British naval base at Hvalfjörður, where she was docked to the depot ship HMS Hecla so repairs could be made that would enable her to make the trip to Britain under her own power.[24]

The British discovered that the depth charge damage to the U-boat was not critical—there were leaks in some of the ballast tanks and a small leak in a fuel tank. Around one third of the battery cells were cracked and the bow had been buckled. Water had leaked in through a valve that had been unseated by the explosions and through glass gauges that had broken; other damage was minor and no evidence of chlorine gas found. In his report, Colvin stated his opinion that there was no evidence of any damage control being carried out and that an experienced submarine crew would have been easily able to improvise repairs, stay submerged and likely evade the air-attack.[25] After their surrender, the German crew had attempted to destroy instruments and fittings, but, with the exception of the wrecked radio and the damaged torpedo firing computer, the attempt appeared half-hearted and the damage was not significant. Also, useful papers had missed destruction. Copies of encrypted signals and their corresponding, plain-language, German texts were found—material of use to the British Enigma code breaking effort.[26] A significant discovery was the U-boat commander's handbook, which provided context and background information for the decrypted signals.[27] The British, unfamiliar with German naval procedures, abbreviations and jargon, sometimes found German naval traffic hard to understand even when decrypted.

U-570 spent three weeks at Hvalfjörður, being repaired and taking short sea trials to test the engines and steering. Between the 23 and 26 September, she was carefully inspected by two US Navy officers who had been sent from the United Kingdom to Iceland for that purpose;[28] one of the submarine's G7a torpedoes was removed and handed over to the Americans.[29] An eye-witness recalls that at one point, a Hudson bomber flew low over U-570 and HMS Hecla, signalling with a Morse lamp, "This ****** is mine."[30]

A surfaced submarine is slowly sailing into a port. A wharf can be seen in the background with large cranes, buildings and two berthed ships.
The U-570 arrives at Barrow-in-Furness, 3 October 1941

On 29 September, the submarine set out for the UK, manned by a Royal Navy prize crew under the command of Lieutenant Colvin.[31] Escorted by the destroyer HMS Saladin and the trawler HMS Kingston Agate - she sailed on the surface as her diving planes had been damaged by the beaching at Þorlákshöfn.[32] Her arrival at Barrow-in-Furness on 3 October was filmed by Pathé News newsreel cameras,[33] and reported in the press.[31] The capture would later be featured in British propaganda.[34] The capture of several other U-boats, such as the U-110 (which had sunk whilst under tow) was kept secret to conceal the seizure of their code-books and Enigma machines. U-570's situation had been reported to the German high command. Also, so many ships, aircraft and personnel had been involved in her capture that any attempt at secrecy would have been futile.

She was placed in a dry-dock in the Vickers shipyard in Barrow. Her repair was complicated by depth-charge damage to her bow—her plating had been buckled, trapping four electrically powered G7e torpedoes in their torpedo tubes. Two officers from the Royal Navy's Department of Torpedoes and Mines Investigations had the task of retrieving them for examination. The dock was evacuated while a volunteer shipyard worker cut the armed torpedoes free with an oxyacetylene cutter under the officers' supervision. One of the officers—Lt Martin Johnson—then removed the Magnetic pistols (detonators) from the torpedoes and made them safe—a dangerous task as the pistols were sensitive mechanisms and quite large enough to produce a lethal explosion. For this act, he was awarded the George Medal on 8 December 1942.[35][36]

One of the Kriegsmarine flags of the U-570 was presented to the Hudson bomber pilot—Squadron Leader James Thompson—and is now part of the collection of the RAF Museum. Another flag is claimed to have come into the possession of a young, apprentice fitter at the Vickers Barrow shipyard.[37][Note 1] Thompson and his navigator/bomb-aimer—Flying Officer John Coleman—were also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 23 September 1941.[38] The captain of the Kingston Agate, Henry L’Estrange, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his part in the capture. [39][40]

German response

Initially, all the German naval high command knew of U-570's situation was her radio message, saying she was under air-attack and unable to submerge; they only learned of her capture from later British press reports. They were concerned for the security of their communications and Vice Admiral Eric Maertens, head of navy communications, was ordered to report on this. He concluded that in the worst case scenario—that is, the British had secured U-570's codebooks and Rahmlow had revealed to them his memorised, secret keyword—communications would be compromised until a new list of Enigma machine settings came into force in November. However, he believed this worst case to be unlikely and that the U-570's crew would have almost certainly destroyed their secret material. Even if they had not, the additional security of the commander's secret keyword would defeat British cryptanalysis.[41]

In fact, the British code-breakers at Bletchley Park found the extra security of the keyword procedure to be simply of "nuisance value".[42] The U-570's crew had indeed destroyed their Enigma machine and code-books but the Germans were unaware of the Royal Navy's earlier capture of the U-110's secret material, thanks to which, the British had been breaking German naval cyphers since June 1941. British code-breaking would not be seriously impeded until February 1942, when a new naval Enigma cypher would remain unbroken for ten months—the so-called "Shark Blackout".

Months later, the German command was still trying to discover the fate of the U-570's codebooks. A system of coded messages, hidden in the text of apparently ordinary, personal letters, was used to order the captured U-boat ace Otto Kretschmer to report on this. However, they were unaware that this channel of communication with German prisoners had been discovered by the Allies.[43]

Apart from Rahmlow, the U-570's officers were taken to an officers' prisoner–of–war camp at Grizedale Hall in Cumbria.[44] This was nicknamed the U-boat Hotel by the British as, during the early part of the war, the majority of prisoners were naval officers rescued from sunken U-boats.[45] There, Rahmlow (in absentia) and the U-570's other officers were tried by a "Court of Honour" convened by other German prisoners, including Otto Kretschmer. Rahmlow and his second-in-command, Bernhard Berndt, were found "guilty of cowardice"; the other two officers were "acquitted". On the night of 18/19 October, Berndt escaped from the camp. However, he was soon apprehended by a detachment of Home Guard and was shot when he tried to escape.[26]

According to some sources, he had escaped from the camp with the stated intention of redeeming himself by making his way to the U-570's dockyard at Barrow–a distance of only 22 miles (35 km)–and somehow destroying her.[26][44] Another source states he was forced to make an escape attempt by a group of senior German prisoners, who enforced a brutal regime of punishing those who held anti-Nazi views or who co-operated with the British, and that Berndt only broke away and ran from the Home Guard when he realized they were returning him to Grizedale Hall; they shot him dead after he ignored warning shots.[46] The British placed Rahmlow in a camp with German Army and Air Force prisoners to avoid further incidents of this kind.

Royal Navy service

Around 15 men are drinking from white mugs at a table in a narrow compartment. They are surrounded by bunk-beds and machinery. The space is cramped and the men are packed closely together.
Some of the Royal Navy crew of Graph having supper in the forward torpedo room during sea-trials, February 1942

The disposition of the boat was initially uncertain. Winston Churchill was favour of handing her over to the Americans for repair, both for propaganda and as a means of deepening then-neutral America's engagement in the Battle of the Atlantic.[47] The Americans were eager to have her, but the Royal Navy objected. She was commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Graph on 19 September 1941, and assigned the Royal Navy pennant number P715. She was given a name beginning with a 'G' to signify German, i.e., denoting that Graph was a captured vessel. The name Graph was also chosen owing to the extensive testing carried out on her (and therefore the many "Graphs" drawn up), but was also a play on the German word Graf meaning "Count".[44]

Trials

A picture, taken through a round hatchway, shows a machinery filled compartment. A single man, wearing a dark uniform, is bending over a table, lit by a desk-light.
A Royal Navy Sub-Lieutenant works at the chart-table in the control room of Graph, February 1942

Once seaworthy, meticulous trials were conducted to measure every aspect of Graph's sailing and diving characteristics. Her safe diving depth was discovered to be 230 metres (750 ft)—much deeper than the British thought for this kind of boat. At the time, Royal Navy depth charges had a maximum depth setting of 170 metres (560 ft) so the Germans could dive out of their reach. Depth charges were soon modified to take account of this.[6] The boat's acoustic and magnetic characteristics were examined by different Admiralty research establishments.[48][49]

The Allied technical experts found much to praise about her design and construction. Graph's auxiliary machinery was on rubber mountings, making the boat more stealthy by reducing sound transmission into the hull[50] In particular, her periscope was singled out for praise by both the British and the Americans who examined the boat. The American officers who carried out her initial inspection in Iceland recommended it be copied as quickly as possible for possible US Navy use.[51] Her underwater acoustic equipment was found to be a sophisticated array of hydrophones that was significantly better than the British equivalents,[47]. The main criticism of the boat was poor and cramped crew accommodation, which would degrade crew performance on long patrols.

In mid-1942, Graph was carefully studied by the US Navy, which then had an interest in a new, smaller submarine that would be roughly her size – around two–thirds the length and half the displacement of the Gato class boats that formed the bulk of the US submarine fleet. She was considered superior in many ways to the two, experimental Mackerel class submarines, the existing class of small US Submarine, but the project was dropped.[52]

Full scale models of her pressure hull were constructed, and used during the summer of 1942 for underwater tests of experimental Shaped charge anti-submarine bombs.[53] In a highly secret British project, Graph was also used as a model for the construction of three, full-sized, mock-ups of the control compartment, wardroom and radio room of a Type VII U-boat. These were used to train specialist groups of sailors, who would form boarding parties whenever a damaged U-boat was blown to the surface. They were trained to operate a U-boat's ballast-tank valves, to reverse any scuttling attempts by the crew, and were taught where to quickly search for cryptographic equipment and documents.[44][54]

Active service

After completing trials under the command of Lieutenant Commander E.D. Norman, Graph was placed under the command of Lt. P.B. Marriot. She departed from Holy Loch for her first Royal Navy war patrol on the 8 October 1942, with the intention of patrolling the Bay of Biscay.[55] On 21 October 1942, about 50 nautical miles (90 km) north-north-east of Cape Ortegal (44°31′N 7°25′W / 44.517°N 7.417°W / 44.517; -7.417), Graph encountered the U-333. Four torpedoes were fired but all missed.[56] She returned to Holy Loch on 29 October.

Graph's second war patrol was from 19 November 1942 to 8 December 1942, also in the Bay of Biscay, and was without incident.[55] She departed from Lerwick on her third war patrol on 24 December 1942; she was to patrol the coast of Norway to provide cover for Convoy JW 51B. In the early morning of 1 January 1943, she sighted two destroyers at a point 70°48′N 21°56′E / 70.800°N 21.933°E / 70.800; 21.933 off Altenfjord, the German vessels were moving erratically and at low speed.[55][Note 2] However, all the torpedoes fired missed their targets.[55] She returned to Lerwick on the 13 January 1943.[55]

Graph undertook no further war patrols. In 1943, she was assigned for training duties and command of her passed to Lt. D. Swanston.[55]

Decommissioning

Defects, exacerbated by a shortage of spare parts, led to her being placed in reserve. Also, her batteries and her MAN diesel engines had a comparatively short service life; German submarine batteries required annual replacement, unlike British batteries which were intended to last for the lifetime ot the boat.[57]

She was decommissioned from active service in February 1944. She saw some use as a target, to determine the damage caused by depth charges in full-scale trials.[58] After surviving these experiments, on 20 March 1944, she was being towed by the tug HMS Allegiance from Aberdeen to the Clyde for scrapping when her tow–rope broke.[57] She ran aground at a position 55°48′06″N 6°28′30″W / 55.80167°N 6.47500°W / 55.80167; -6.47500, near Coul Point, on the west coast of Islay, Scotland. She was partially salvaged and scrapped in 1947. In 1966, the salvage diver Keith Jessop removed some more of the wreck, but stopped work when he became involved in a court case over salvage rights.[59] Some remains of HMS Graph remained visible at low tide on the rocks near Saligo beach in 1970, with the pressure casing of the conning tower and periscope tube clearly visible (the cladding and railings etc. all washed off in the Atlantic storms many years before).[57] Today, the remains of the wreck lie in about 5 metres (20 ft) of water[57]; the site has been visited and photographed by recreational divers.[60]

As well as her battle flag in the RAF Museum, surviving relics from the boat include her typewriter, held by the museum at Bletchley Park,[27] and a small celestial globe, used for navigation, that is owned by a private collector.[61]

See also

  • HMS Meteorite – Formerly, the experimental, German Type XVII submarine U-1407; used by the Royal Navy post-war.
  • HMS Seal (N37) – Royal Navy submarine, captured and taken into service by the Germans.
  • HM Submarine X2 – Italian submarine captured and taken into service by the Royal Navy.
  • U-1105 – German Type VII-C/41 U-boat that was commissioned as the Royal Navy submarine N2 between 1945 and 1946.

Notes

  1. ^ While it is possible he was the volunteer worker who cut the torpedoes free, this is not explicitly stated in the sources.
  2. ^ These were possibly German vessels from Operation Regenbogen returning from their unsuccessful attack on Convoy JB51B. Six German destroyers took part in this action, one was sunk.

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b "HMS Graph (P 715)". U-boat.net. 25 September 2011.
  2. ^ Report On The German Submarine U-570 Class p.52
  3. ^ Report On The German Submarine U-570 Class p.53
  4. ^ a b c d "U-570". U-boat.net. 25 September 2011.
  5. ^ CB 4318 p. 4
  6. ^ a b Macintrie, Donnald (2004). U-Boat Killer: Fighting the U-Boats in the Battle of the Atlantic. Rigel Publications. ISBN 1-898799-78-4.
  7. ^ a b c CB 4318 p. 5
  8. ^ CB 4318 p. 26
  9. ^ CB 4051, p. 4
  10. ^ Blair 1996, p. 340
  11. ^ CB 4051, p. 5
  12. ^ a b CB 4051, p. 2
  13. ^ Blair 1996, p. 362
  14. ^ Thomas, Andrew (May 24, 2001). "Icelandic Hunters - No 269 Squadron Royal Air Force" (PDF). Aviation News. St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex,: HPC Publishing. Retrieved 2009-09-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  15. ^ CB 4051, p. 6
  16. ^ a b c d Blair 1996, p. 342
  17. ^ CB 4051, p. 7
  18. ^ Sebag-Montefiore p. 161
  19. ^ "AIR 41/47—The RAF in Maritime War - The Atlantic and Home Waters: Vol. III The Preparative Phase July 1941 - Feb 1943.". Air Historical Branch: Narratives and Monographs, in The National Archives. 1954.
  20. ^ Blair 1996, p. 345
  21. ^ a b c d Dunmore, p. 129
  22. ^ Blair 1996, p. 344
  23. ^ Dunmore, p. 128
  24. ^ a b CB4318, Appendix 1, p. 50
  25. ^ CB4318, Appendix 1, p. 52
  26. ^ a b c Sebag-Montefiore p. 162
  27. ^ a b Mallmann-Showell, Jak (2000). Enigma U-Boats. Ian Allan Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 0-7110-2764-1.
  28. ^ Report On The German Submarine U-570 Class p.1
  29. ^ CB4318, Appendix 1, p. 51
  30. ^ Ross, Bill (1 November 2005). "The Whole Truth". WW2 People's War. BBC. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  31. ^ a b "Captured U-Boat in Port—British Crew Bring Home Aircraft's Prize". News. The Times. No. 49048. London. col C, p. 4. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  32. ^ Report On The German Submarine U-570 Class pp. 8–9
  33. ^ His Majesty's U-Boat (Motion picture). London: British Pathé. 1941-10-09. 1133.07. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
  34. ^ "A Grã-Bretanha Defensora da Liberdade [Great Britain, Defender of Liberty]" (Poster). Imperial War Museum: Posters of Conflict. Visual Arts Data Services. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  35. ^ "Lt-Cdr Martin Johnson". The Times. 2004-07-28.
  36. ^ "No. 35815". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 1942-12-04.
  37. ^ "December 1999 Newsletter". 269 Squadron Old Comrades Association. 6 October 2011.
  38. ^ "No. 35283". The London Gazette. 23 Sept. 1941. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ "No. 35586". The London Gazette. 05 June 1942. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ Christopher J White, Peter Robinson. ":Commodore Henry Owen L'Estrange, DSC, RD, RFA". Heroes of the RFA. www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  41. ^ Sebag-Montefiore p. 163
  42. ^ Sebag-Montefiore p. 164
  43. ^ "Letter from LCDR Albrecht visiting London to LCDR Rihheldaffer concerning Code used in POW mail". U-boat Archive. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  44. ^ a b c d Blair 1996, p. 347.
  45. ^ "Grizedale Hall Prisoner-of-War Camp". The Battle of Britain London Monmument. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  46. ^ Burt, Kendal; Leasor, James (2006). "Chapter 4". The One That Got Away. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 1-84415-437-8.
  47. ^ a b Blair 1996, p. 346.
  48. ^ "ADM 259/575—Trials of captured U-boat HMS/M Graph". Royal Navy, now in The National Archives. 1942.
  49. ^ "ADM253/436—Magnetic field of captured German submarine U570 (HMS/M Graph)". Mine Design Department and Mining Establishment, Royal Navy, now in The National Archives. 1941.
  50. ^ Bud, Robert; Gummett, Philip (2002). Cold War, Hot Science: Applied Research in Britain's Defence Laboratories, 1945-1990. NMSI Trading Ltd. p. 166. ISBN 1-900747-47-2.
  51. ^ Report On The German Submarine U-570 Class p.37
  52. ^ Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. submarines through 1945: an illustrated design history. Naval Institute Press. p. 229. ISBN 1-55750-263-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  53. ^ "Bomb Anti Submarine 35 lb Hollow Charge". Collections and Research. Imperial War Museum. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  54. ^ "ADM 1/11826—NAVAL TRAINING (54): Control room of U570 (later HMS/M GRAPH): construction by Vickers-Armstrong for training boarding parties". Royal Navy, now in The National Archives.
  55. ^ a b c d e f "HMS Graph (P 715)". Allied Warships. uboat.net. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  56. ^ Blair 1999, p.68
  57. ^ a b c d "Hms/m Graph: Campa, Islay, Atlantic". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  58. ^ Compton-Hall, Richard (2004). Submarines at War 1939-45. Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 1-904381-22-7.
  59. ^ Jessop, Kieth; Hanson, Neil (2001). Goldfinder. John Wiley and Sons. p. 99. ISBN 0-471-40733-X.
  60. ^ Carl Racey (6 October 2011). "U-570". www.wrecksite.eu.
  61. ^ "The Gallery". http://www.atlantik-pirat.com. 6 October 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
Bibliography

External links

  • Weisse Flagge, 269 Squadron RAF Website. A 1956 article from the German magazine Kristall, translated by Gerry Raffé. Includes an account of Bernhard Berndt's prison camp escape and Rahmlow's own description of the circumstances of the boat's surrender.
  • U-570 269 Squadron RAF Website, Pictures of the U-570's capture and her beaching at Þorlákshöfn.
  • U-570at uboat.net
  • U-570 at ubootwaffe.net
  • U570 at submariners.co.uk, Submariners Association, Barrow in Furness Branch

55°48′06″N 6°28′30″W / 55.80167°N 6.47500°W / 55.80167; -6.47500 Template:Link GA

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