Heracleion

Coordinates: 31°18′46″N 30°07′44″E / 31.31278°N 30.12889°E / 31.31278; 30.12889
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This article is about the ancient Egyptian city. For Crete's largest city and capital, see Heraklion.
For the Gnostic who flourished about AD 175, see Heracleon.
Heracleion
Map of Nile Delta showing ancient Canopus, Heracleion, and Menouthis
Heracleion is located in Egypt
Heracleion
Shown within Egypt
Locationnear Alexandria, Egypt
Coordinates31°18′46″N 30°07′44″E / 31.31278°N 30.12889°E / 31.31278; 30.12889

Heracleion (Ancient Greek: Ἡράκλειον Hērákleion), also known by its Egyptian name Thonis (Ancient Egyptian: Tȝ-ḥn.t; Coptic: Ⲧϩⲱⲛⲓ Thōni; Ancient Greek: Θῶνις Thônis)[1] and sometimes called Thonis-Heracleion, was an ancient Egyptian port city located near the Canopic Mouth of the Nile, about 32 km (20 mi) northeast of Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea.[2] It became inundated and its remains are located in Abu Qir Bay, currently 7 km (4.3 mi) off the coast, under ca. 19 ft (5.8 m) of water,[3][4] and near Abukir.[2][5] The sanctuary of Neith of Sais was located in Thonis.[6] A stele found on the site indicates that late in its history the city was known by both its Egyptian and Greek names.[7][8]

The legendary beginnings of Thonis go back to as early as the 12th century BC, and it is mentioned by ancient Greek historians. Its importance grew particularly during the waning days of the pharaohs.[9]

Legendary beginnings

iab
t
D48A
ḥnt[10]
in hieroglyphs

Thonis is mentioned by many chroniclers in antiquity, including Herodotus, Strabo, and Diodorus.[8] The city was said by Herodotus to have been visited by Paris and Helen of Troy[11] before the Trojan war began.[12] They sought refuge there on their flight from the jealous Menelaus,[8] but were rebuffed by Thonis, the watchman at the entrance to the Nile.[13] Alternatively it was believed[by whom?] that Menelaus and Helen had stayed there, accommodated by the noble Egyptian Thon[14] and his wife Polydamna. The second century BC Greek poet Nicander wrote that Menelaus’s helmsman, Canopus, was bitten by a viper on the sands of Thonis.[9] According to Herodotus, a great temple was built at the spot where Heracles first arrived in Egypt.[12] The story of visit by Heracles resulted in the Greeks calling the city by the Greek name Heracleion rather than its original Egyptian name Thonis.[citation needed]

History

Thonis was originally built on some adjoining islands in the Nile Delta. It was intersected by canals[9] with a number of harbors and anchorages. Its wharves, temples, and tower-houses were linked by ferries, bridges, and pontoons. The city was an emporion (trading port)[8] and by the Late Period it was the country's main port for international trade[9] and collection of taxes. It had a sister city, Naucratis, which was another trading port lying 72 km (45 mi) farther up the Nile. Goods were transferred inland via Naucratis, or they were transported via the Western Lake and through a water channel to the nearby town of Canopus for onward distribution.[8]

Thonis had a large temple of Khonsou, son of Amun, who was known to the Greeks as Herakles.[15] Later, the worship of Amun became more prominent. During the time when the city especially flourished between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, a large temple of Amun-Gereb, the supreme god of the Egyptians at the time, was located in the middle of the city.[16] King Nectanebo I made many additions to the temple in the fourth century B.C.[8] Sanctuaries in Heracleion dedicated to Osiris and other deities were famous for miraculous healing and attracted pilgrims from a wide area.[9] Archaeologists have found evidence of the celebration of the "Mysteries of Osiris" at Thonis-Heracleion,[17] which occurred each year during the month of Khoiak. The god in his ceremonial boat was brought in procession from the temple of Amun in that city to his shrine in Canopus.[18]

During the second century BC Alexandria superseded Thonis-Heracleion as Egypt's primary port.

Submersion and disappearance

Over time, the city was weakened by a combination of earthquakes, tsunamis, and rising sea levels. At the end of the second century BC, probably after a severe flood, the ground on which the central island of Heracleion was built succumbed to soil liquefaction.[19] The hard clay turned rapidly into a liquid and the buildings collapsed into the water. A few residents stayed on during the Roman era and the beginning of Arab rule, but by the end of the eighth century AD, what was left of Thonis had sunk beneath the sea.[8]

Ancient references

The stela of Ptolemy VIII from the temple of Heracleion

Until very recently the site had been known only from a few literary and epigraphic sources, one of which interestingly mentions the site as an emporion, just like Naukratis.

— British Museum, 2013[6]

The city was mentioned by the ancient historians Diodorus (1.19.4) and Strabo (17.1.16). Herodotus was told that Thonis was the warden of the Canopic mouth of the Nile: Thonis arrested Alexander (Paris), the son of Priam, because Alexander had abducted Helen of Troy and taken much wealth.[6][20]

Heracleion is also mentioned in the twin steles of the Decree of Nectanebo I (the first of which is known as the 'Stele of Naukratis'), which specify that one tenth of the taxes on imports passing through the town of Thonis (Heracleion) were to be given to the ancient sanctuary of Neith of Sais.[6] The city is also mentioned in the Decree of Canopus honoring Pharaoh Ptolemy III, which describes donations, sacrifices and a procession on water.[9]

Archaeology

Ptolemaic coins from the submerged Heracleion

Before its discovery, most historians believed that Thonis and Heracleion were two separate cities, both located on what is now the Egyptian mainland.[8] The ruins submerged in the sea were located and are excavated by the French underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio and his team of the IEASM[21] in collaboration with the Ministry for Antiquities of Egypt, since 1999, after a five-year search.[3] Numerous finds from the site have indicated that the city's period of major activity ran from the sixth to the fourth century BC,[16] with finds of pottery and coins appearing to stop at the end of the second century BC. Goddio's finds have also included incomplete statues of the god Serapis and the queen Arsinoe II who became king.[22]

From 2009 to 2011 a baris,[23] a type of ancient Nile river boat, was excavated from the waters of Thonis-Heracleion.[24] Its design was found to be consistent with a description written by Herodotus in 450 BC.[25]

In July 2019, a tholos, small Greek temple, ancient granite columns, treasure-carrying ships, and bronze coins from the reign of Ptolemy II, dating back to the third and fourth centuries BC, were found at Thonis-Heracleion by IEASM, a team of Egyptian and European archeologists led by Goddio.[26][27][28][29][30]

In August 2021, IEASM announced the excavation of a rare[31] Ptolemaic galley.[32] The galley 25 m (82 ft) long, featured classic mortise and tenon joints[33] alongside more Egyptian features, such as a flat-bottomed construction favourable for navigating the Nile and the Nile delta. Further, a tumulus was discovered, covered with numerous offerings including wicker baskets containing fruits of the doum palm tree and grape seeds dating to the early 4th century BC, alongside a number of greek ceramic some with black and red figures likely imported from Attica;[34] a wooden sofa used for banquets was also found, alongside a gold amulet of high quality. The artifacts were probably preserved within an underground room or burried soon after being offered, despite the city's having continued to exist well after the 4th century. This discovery document the settlement of Greek merchants and mercenaries in the city of Thonis-Heracleion.[34] The ongoing surveys and excavations bring new knowledge every year.

See also

References

  1. ^ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  2. ^ a b Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 74, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.
  3. ^ a b "Discovering Thonis-Heracleion". Franck Goddio - Underwater Archaeologist. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  4. ^ Franck Goddio, The Topography and Excavation of Heracleion-Thonis and East-Canopus (1996-2006), Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology: Monograph 1, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 2007 (ISBN 978-0-954962739)
  5. ^ Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.
  6. ^ a b c d Naukratis: a city and trading port in Egypt, British Museum
  7. ^ "The stele from Thonis-Heracleion" (PDF). Franck Goddio Underwater Archaeologist. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Shenker, Jack (15 Aug 2016). "Lost cities #6: how Thonis-Heracleion resurfaced after 1,000 years under water". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 Feb 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Dalya Alberge (2 August 2015). "Ancient Egyptian underwater treasures to be exhibited for the first time". The Guardian.
  10. ^ Gauthier, Henri (1927). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques. Vol. 4. p. 32.
  11. ^ Little, Reg (26 February 2015). "Oxford University and the rediscovery of the lost Egyptian city of Heracleion". The Northern Echo.
  12. ^ a b "Sunken Civilizations". Franck Goddio. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  13. ^ Hammond, Andrew (2017). Pop Culture in North Africa and the Middle East. Entertainment and Society around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. ISBN 9781440833847.
  14. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium (1849). "Θῶνις". Ethnika kat' epitomen (in Greek).
  15. ^ Anne Burton, Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary. BRILL, 1972 ISBN 9004035141 p105
  16. ^ a b "Lost city of Heracleion gives up its secrets". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  17. ^ Sunken Cities, Egypts Lost World, The BP exhibition at the British Museum, 2016
  18. ^ Sunken Cities: Egypt's Lost Worlds. London: British Museum. pp. 143–144.
  19. ^ "Why Thonis-Heracleion disappeared". Franck Goddio Underwater Archaeologist. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  20. ^ Herodotus, Histories, 2.113-115
  21. ^ Egypt's Suken Treasures, Goddio, F, Fabre, D. München, 2008
  22. ^ Sooke, Alastair (29 April 2016). "Sunken Cities: the man who found Atlantis". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  23. ^ https://www.franckgoddio.org/fileadmin/pics/3_5_finds/documents/Franck_Goddio_Ship17.pdf
  24. ^ Alexander Belov (January 2019). "Belov, 2019, Ship 17 a baris from Thonis Heracleion_Cover and TOC". Belov, A., 2019, Ship 17: A Baris from Thonis-Heracleion. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph 10. Ships and Boats of the Canopic Region in Egypt. Oxford. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  25. ^ Dalya Alberge (17 March 2019). "Nile shipwreck discovery proves Herodotus right – after 2,469 years". The Guardian.
  26. ^ "Mysterious temple discovered in the ruins of sunken ancient city". 9news.com. 26 July 2019.
  27. ^ History, Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z (29 July 2019). "Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City". livescience.com. Retrieved 2019-08-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Santos, Edwin (2019-07-28). "Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater". Nosy Media. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
  29. ^ EDT, Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM (2019-07-23). "Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion". Newsweek. Retrieved 2019-08-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Topics, Head (24 July 2019). "Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater". Head Topics. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
  31. ^ "Ship-shape finds from a sunken city | the Past". 15 August 2021.
  32. ^ "Ancient ship and burial ground discovered in underwater city in Egypt". Live Science. 26 July 2021.
  33. ^ https://www.franckgoddio.org/fileadmin/pics/3_5_finds/documents/Franck_Goddio_Galley.pdf
  34. ^ a b Alberge, Dalya (2 August 2021). "Fruit baskets from fourth century BC found in ruins of Thonis-Heracleion". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.

External links

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