Human parasite

Parasitic diseases in humans are mainly caused by single-celled organisms and worms. The cysts and eggs of these organisms are generally found in feces which aids in the detection of the parasite in the human host while also providing a means for the parasitic species to exit the current host and enter other hosts. Common symptoms of a parasite infection include constipation, diarrhea, gas and bloating, joint aches, chronic fatigue, excessive hunger, and immune dysfunction. Some parasites block up the large intestinal tract causing constipation while others create sodium and chlorate deficiencies which cause diarrhea. Several other parasites suppress the immune system in order to continue existing in the host, causing immune dysfunction.

History

Archaeological evidence

It is assumed that early human ancestors generally had parasites, but until recently there was no evidence to support this claim. Generally, the discovery of parasites in ancient humans relies on the study of feces and other fossilized material. The earliest known parasite in a human was eggs of the lung fluke found in fossilized feces in northern Chile and is estimated to be from around 5900BC. There are also claims of hookworm eggs from around 5000BC in Brazil and large roundworm eggs from around 2330BC in Peru. Tapeworm eggs have also been found present in Egyptian mummies dating from around 2000BC, 1250BC, and 1000BC along with a well preserved and calcified female worm inside of a mummy .

Written Evidence

The first written records of parasites date from 3000 to 400BC in Egyptian papyrus records. They identify parasites such as roundworms, Guinea worms, threadworms, and some tapeworms of unknown varieties. In ancient Greece, Hippocrates and Aristotle documented several parasites in his collection of works Corpus Hippocraticus. In this book, they documented the presence of worms and other parasites inside of fish, domesticated animals, and humans. The bladder worm is well documented in its presence in pigs along with the larval stages of a tapeworm (Taenia Solium). These tapeworms were mentioned in a play by Aristophanes as “hailstones” with Aristotle in the section about pig diseases in his book History of Animals. The cysts of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm were also well known in ancient cultures mainly because of their presence in slaughtered and sacrificed animals . The major parasitic disease which has been documented in early records is dracunculiasis. This disease is caused by the Guinea worm and is characterized by the female worm emerging from the leg. This symptom is so specific to the disease that it is mentioned in many texts and plays which predate 1000AD .

Greece and Rome

In Greece, Hippocrates and Aristotle created considerable medical documentation about parasites in the Corpus Hippocraticus. In this work, they documented the presence of parasitic worms in many animals ranging from fish to domesticated animals and humans. Among the most extensively documented was the Bladder Worm (Taenia solium). This condition was called “measly pork” when present in pigs and was characterized by the presence of the larval stages of the Bladder Worm in muscle tissue. This disease was also mentioned by the playwright Aristophanes when he referred to “hailstones” in one of his plays. This naming convention is also reflected by Aristotle when he refers to “bladders that are like hailstones.” Another worm which was commonly written about in ancient Greek texts was the tapeworm Echinococccus granulosus. This worm was distinguished by the presence of “massive cysts” in the liver of animals. This condition was documented so well mainly because of its presence in slaughtered and sacrificed animals. It was documented by several different cultures of the time other than the Greeks including the Arabs, Romans, and Babylonians . Not many parasitic diseases were identified in ancient Greek and Roman texts mainly because the symptoms for parasitic diseases are shared with many other illnesses such as the flu, the common cold, and dysentery. However, several diseases such as Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease), Hookworm, Elephantiasis, Schistosomiasis, Malaria, and Amebiasis cause unique and specific symptoms and are well documented because of this. The most documented by far was Guinea worm disease mainly because the grown female worm emerges from the skin which causes considerable irritation and which cannot really be ignored. This particular disease is widely accepted to also be the “fiery serpents” written about in the Old Testament of the Bible . This disease was mentioned by Hippocrates in Greece along with Pliny the Elder, Galen, Aetius of Amida, and Paulus Aegineta of Alexandria in Rome. Strangely, this disease was never present in Greece even though it was documented .

Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Mesopotamia

The ancient Persian doctor Avicenna records the presence of several parasites in animals and in his patients including Guinea worm, threadworms, tapeworms, and the Ascaris worm. This followed a tradition of Arab medical writings spanning over 1000 years in the area near the Red Sea. However, the Arabs never made the connection between parasites and the diseases they caused . As with Greek and Roman texts, the Guinea worm is very well documented in Middle Eastern medical texts. Several Assyrian documents in the library of King Ashurbanipal refer to an affliction which has been interpreted as Guinea Worm disease . In Egypt, the Ebers Papyrus contains one of the few references to hookworm disease in ancient texts. This disease does not have very specific symptoms and was vaguely mentioned. However vague the reference, it is one of the few that connects the disease to the hookworm parasite . Another documented disease is elephantiasis. Symptoms of this disease are highly visible, since it causes extreme swelling in the limbs, breasts, and genitals. A number of surviving statues indicate that Pharaoh Mentuhotep II is likely to have suffered from elephantiasis. This disease was well known to Arab physicians including Avicenna, who noted specific differences between elephantiasis and leprosy . That the disease schistosomiasis was extremely common in Ancient Egyptis suggested by mummified evidence, but it is not specifically documented in surviving texts. Other names for this disease include bilharzia, Katayama disease, Red Water fever, snail fever, and big belly. The only really defining symptom is bloody urine, but this can easily be overlooked as several other diseases exhibit the same symptom. However, the main reason it was not documented is probably because it was simply so common. In the same way, the Greeks and Romans did not acknowledge the existence of colds and coughs because of how common they were .

China

The Chinese mostly documented diseases rather than the parasites associated with them. Chinese texts contain one of the few references to Hookworm disease found in ancient records, but no connection to hookworm is made . The Emperor Huang Ti recorded the earliest mentioning (2700BC) of malaria in his text Nei Ching. He lists chills, headaches, and fevers as the main symptoms and distinguished between the different kinds of fevers.

India

In India, the Caraka Samhita and Susruta Samhita document Malaria. These documents list the main symptoms as fever and enlarged spleens. The Brigu-Samhita from 1000BC makes the earliest reference to Amebiasis. The symptoms were given as bloody and mucosal diarrhea.

Commonly documented parasites

Further information: [[:List of parasites of humans]]

Guinea Worm

Guinea worm (Dracunculus)

Guinea Worm disease, also known as Dracunculiasis, is the most well documented of all diseases in ancient records. The guinea worm itself is about 1 meter long and about 1-2mm in diameter. The worm is picked up by drinking contaminated water which contains the eggs of the Guinea worm. The eggs are ingested and dissolved in stomach acid which releases the larvae. The male larvae soon die off, but the females continue growing until they reach their full length after about a year. They then assume a position under the skin and emerge from the skin. The traditional treatment involves winding the worm around a stick as it emerges. This entire process is very painful and this was a main reason why it was so well documented..

Hookworm

Hookworm is contracted by humans from contaminated plants and dirt. The worm is mainly found in tropical climates. The worm then lives in the small intestine of the host. what the fuck. what the fuck. what the fuck. what the fuck. what the fuck. what the fuck. what the fuck. The host may experience rashes near the site of infection soon after being infected. In one study , the patient exhibited rashes, upper respiratory tract irritation, edema of the foot, and mild nausea. Another study suggests that humans are easily infected by dog feces from dogs which come in contact with the worm on plants and dirt.