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Instruments used in general surgery

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There are many different surgical specialties, some of which require very specific kinds of surgical instruments to perform.

General surgery is a specialty focused on the abdominal contents, as well as the thyroid gland, and diseases involving skin, breasts, various soft tissues, trauma, peripheral vascular disease, hernias, and endoscopic procedures.

This page is dedicated specifically to listing surgical instruments used in general surgery.

Instruments can be classified in many ways - but broadly speaking, there are five kinds of instruments.

  1. Cutting and dissecting instruments:
    • Scalpels, scissors, and saws are the most traditional
    • Elevators can be both cutting and lifting/retracting
    • Although the term dissection is broad, energy devices such as diathermy/cautery are often used as more modern alternatives.
  2. Grasping or holding instruments:
    • Classically this included forceps and clamps predominantly
    • Roughly, forceps can be divided into traumatic (tissue crushing) and atraumatic (tissue preserving, such as Debakey's)
    • Numerous examples are available for different purposes by field
  3. Hemostatic instruments:
    • This includes instruments utilized for the cessation of bleeding
    • Artery forceps are a classic example in which bleeding is halted by direct clamping of a vessel
    • Sutures are often used, aided by a needle holder
    • Cautery and related instruments are used with increasing frequency in high resource countries
  4. Retractors:
    • Surgery is often considered to be largely about exposure
    • A multitude of retractors exist to aid in exposing the body's cavities accessed during surgery
    • These can broadly be hand held (often by a junior assistant) or self retaining
    • Elevators can be both cutting and lifting/retracting
  5. Tissue unifying instruments and materials:
    • This would include instruments that aid in tissue unification (such as needle holders or staple applicators)
    • And the materials themselves

Instruments used in surgery are:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Instrument Name Image Brief description Specific instruments
Electrical cautery Electrical surgical cauterization utilizes electricity in either a mono-polar or bi-polar format to burn soft tissue and control bleeding.[12]
  • Bovie Pencil
  • Monopolar Hook
  • Monopolar Spatula
  • Bipolar Forceps
Curette for scraping or debriding biological tissue or debris in a biopsy, excision, or cleaning procedure Come in various sizes and shapes
Dermatome To take off a top layer of skin to implant over another area;
Forceps, Dissecting Grasping/holding. Usually used in skin closure or small wounds Adson
Forceps, Tissue Grasping/holding tissue Allis
Penetrating towel clamp Used to secure towels or reduce bone fragments Backhaus penetating towel clamp
Carmalt forceps haemostatic forceps kalabasa
Cushing forceps grasping/holding Non-toothed dissecting forceps
Dandy forceps haemostatic forceps
DeBakey forceps grasping/holding Non-toothed dissecting forceps designed for use on blood vessels, organs, or delicate tissue
Doyen intestinal clamp clamps and distractors Non-crushing clamp designed for use on the intestines
Kelly forceps hemostatic forceps
Kocher forceps hemostatic forceps
Mosquito forceps hemostatic forceps
Hook retractor
Nerve hook retractor
Skin hook retractor
Lancet (scalpel) cutting
Mammotome
Needle holder grasping/holding Castroviejo Crilewood Mayo-Hegar Olsen-Hegar
Retractor retractor Handheld:
  • Deaver
  • Weitlander
  • Army-Navy
  • Richardson
  • Richardson-Eastmann
  • Ribbon

Self-retaining:

  • O'Connor-O'Sullivan
  • Thompson
  • Omni-Tract
Ultrasonic scalpel cutting
Laser scalpel cutting
Scissors Cutting, spreading May be curved or straight
Speculum Used to retract orifices.
  • Graves'
  • Sim's
Suction tube and Yankeur suction tip accessories and implants
Surgical elevator
Surgical hook retractor
Surgical blade #15 Used to cut vessels or make small incisions
Surgical mesh accessories and implants
Surgical needle accessories and implants
Surgical sponge
GIA stapler Used to make a gastrointestinal anastamosis Linear stapler
Surgical tray
Suture
Tongue depressor
Tonsillotome
Towel clamp clamp
Towel forceps clamp
Backhaus towel forceps
Lorna towel clamp Non-penatrating towel clamp
Tracheotome
Tissue expander accessories and implant
Subcutaneous inflatable balloon expander accessories and implants
Trephine cutting instrument
Trocar
Disposable trocar family
 Access instrument. Used to create an opening into a space without opening the abdominal cavity. A camera then inserted through one to view the inside of the space while instruments are inserted through the others to manipulate the organs.
Ultrasonic energy device Surgical device using electrical energy that's converted to mechanical ultrasound energy typically used to dissect tissue but also seals small vessels and tissue bundles.
Vessel Sealing Device
Vessel sealing device
 Vessel sealing device used to weld vessels together prior to cutting. These devices used bipolar radio frequency energy to create heat that welds the tissue. Advanced Bipolar Energy

References

  1. ^ "ilizarov.com (English)". Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
  2. ^ Children with Tracheostomies Resource Guide, by Marilyn K. Kertoy, p. 15 (Google book search)
  3. ^ Rob Toreki (1 December 2004). "Cannulas". The Glassware Gallery. Interactive Learning ←Paradigms Incorporated.
  4. ^ "Practical approach to nephrostomy". Archived from the original on 2005-11-03. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
  5. ^ See Mr R McElroy for details of various operations and the unintended effects of chemical cauterization
  6. ^ Ring, Malvin (July 2001). "How a Dentist's Name Became a Synonym for a Life-saving Device: The Story of Dr. Charles Stent". Journal of the History of Dentistry. 49 (2): 77–80. PMID 11484317. Archived from the original on 2005-04-28. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  7. ^ How do they get the hole through a hypodermic needle?
  8. ^ Bonfils-Roberts, E (May 1972). "The Rib Spreader: A Chapter in the History of Thoracic Surgery" (PDF). Chest. 61 (5): 469–474. doi:10.1378/chest.61.5.469. ISSN 0012-3692. PMID 4558402. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  9. ^ "General Instrument Sourcebook - KMedic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
  10. ^ Russell, R. C. G.; Bulstrode, C. J. K.; Williams, N. S. (25 April 2000). Bailey & Love's SHORT PRACTICE OF SURGERY (23rd ed.). ISBN 0-340-75949-6.
  11. ^ Gould, George M. (1934). Gould's Pocket Pronouncing Medical Dictionary (10th (rev) ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Inc.
  12. ^ Cordero, Ismael (2015). "Electrosurgical units – how they work and how to use them safely". Community Eye Health. 28 (89): 15–16. ISSN 0953-6833. PMC 4579996. PMID 26435589.
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