Jonkheer
Jonkheer (female equivalent: Jonkvrouw) is a Dutch honorific of nobility.
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[edit] Honorific of nobility
"Jonkheer" or "Jonkvrouw" is literally translated as "young lord" or "young lady". In medieval times such a person was a young and unmarried son or daughter of a high ranking knight or nobleman. Many noble families could not support all their sons to become a knight because of the expensive equipment. So the eldest son of a knight was a young lord and his brothers remain as esquires. However, in the low countries (and other parts of continental Europe) only the head of most noble families did and does carry a title and inheritability of it is via the male lineage. This resulted therefore that most of the nobility was and is nowadays untitled in the Netherlands and Belgium. Jonkheer, or its female equivalent jonkvrouw developed therefore quite early into a different but general meaning, i.e., an honorific to show that someone does belong to the nobility, but does not possess a title. The abbreviation jhr., or jkvr. for women, is placed in front of the name (preceding academic, but not state titles).
The honorific could be compared more or less with "Edler" in Austria or "Junker" in Germany - though due to circumstances of German and especially Prussian history, "Junker" assumed connotations of militarism absent from the Dutch equivalent. Comparing it with the English nobility, it entirely depends on the ranking of the person. It could be roughly translated into English as:
- "Sir" or "Dame", when the person is member of the new and untitled Dutch nobility (primary after 1815, lowest ranking, and most of nobility nowadays);
- "The Honourable", when the untitled person is a son or daughter of a hereditary knight, baron, viscount or count;
- "Lord" or "Lady", when the untitled person is member of the old (Dutch) nobility (untitled but high ranking, from preceding 1815, "Heer van X" or Lord of X);
Sons or daughters of most (non-royal, noble) princes, dukes and marquesses in the low countries carry noble titles other than the honorific Jonkheer or Jonkvrouw.
The spouse of a jonkheer is not named Jonkvrouw but "Mevrouw". Translated into English this means Madam, abbreviated as "Mrs." (with the use of her husband's name). However, if she is a jonkvrouw in her own right, she can be styled as such (together with her maiden name), unless she chooses to use the name of her husband.
[edit] Title of nobility
Jonkheer is an official Dutch/Native Indian predicate (not a title), as stated above, and is used as such, most notably the Royal Family with the title Jonkheer van Amsberg.
Often however these titles are not acceded by the modern monarchy, either because the family is registered as untitled nobility and may thus only use the honorific or predicate, or because the family has never requested to be registered but possesses a grant of nobility which predates the founding of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815; the latter are often Habsburg in origin. These families use this title by means of courtesy and are often styled Edler X or Junker X instead of Jonkheer. Some do not use the abbreviation, but instead use the form "Name edler/junker X". Others use the abbreviation Jhr. (Jkvr. for Junkfrau), placed in front of the name.
[edit] Coronet
The coronet of rank for untitled nobility in the Netherlands and Belgium is the same as that of a Ridder, i.e. a hereditary knight: a plain circlet of gold with eight pearls, five of which are seen in a representation, all on golden points. Furthermore, the heraldic coronet the golden circlet is surrounded with a pearl collar.
Acceded titles use the same coronet of rank as hereditary knights, described above. Non-acceded titles can not officially use a coronet of rank and thus use the coronet that they have been historically awarded, if any at all.
[edit] Nickname
Jonkheer's most well-known use among English-speaking people is as the root of the name of the city of Yonkers, New York. The word was likely a nickname, as opposed to an honorific, associated with Adriaen van der Donck; a young Dutch landowner in the New Netherlands. While his business ventures largely proved less than successful, the city of Yonkers takes its name from his legacy.
The word, in reference to Van der Donck, is variously spelled among modern scholars. In Thomas F. O’Donnell’s introduction to a translation of van der Donck’s A Description of the New Netherland, it is suggested that van der Donck was known as “The Joncker”. Russell Shorto’s The Island at the Center of the World has “jonker”, while Edward Hagaman Hall’s book on Philipse Manor Hall uses “youncker”. “Jonker” (old Dutch spelling joncker) is another form of the word “jonkheer”.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Russell Shorto (2004). The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-7867-9.
