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Kalvari-class submarine (2015)

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This article is about the modern Scorpène-class submarine variant; see Kalvari-class submarine (1967) for its namesake Foxtrot-class predecessors.

INS Kalvari during sea trials
Class overview
NameKalvari class
BuildersMazagon Dock Limited
Operators Indian Navy
Succeeded byProject 75I-class submarine
In service2017 - present
In commission2017 - present
Planned6[1]
Building4
Completed2
Active1
General characteristics
TypeAttack submarine
Displacement
  • Surfaced: 1,615 tonnes (1,780 short tons)
  • Submerged: 1,775 tonnes (1,957 short tons)
Length67.5 m (221 ft)
Beam6.2 m (20 ft)
Height12.3 m (40 ft)
Draught5.8 m (19 ft)
Propulsion
  • 4 x MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines
  • 360 x battery cells
Speed
  • Surfaced: 12 kn (22 km/h)
  • Submerged: 20 kn (37 km/h)
Range
  • 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) at 8 kn (15 km/h) (surfaced)
  • 550 nmi (1,020 km) at 5 kn (9.3 km/h) (submerged)
Endurance
  • 40 days (compact)
  • 50 days (normal)
  • 50+21 days (AIP)
Test depth350 metres (1,150 ft) [2]
Complement
  • 8 officers
  • 35 sailors
Armament
  • 6 x 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes for 18 SUT torpedos OR
  • SM.39 Exocet anti-ship missiles
  • 30 mines in place of torpedoes

The Kalvari class is a class of diesel-electric attack submarines based on the Template:Sclass2- being built for the Indian Navy. The submarines are designed by French naval defence and energy company DCNS and are being manufactured by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.

Project history

In 2005, India chose the Template:Sclass2- design; purchasing six submarines for ₹230 billion (US$2.8 billion) under Project 75 (P75)[3]. The project was necessitated by the dwindling number of submarines in the Indian Navy. Indian Navy needed replacement for the older Template:Sclass- (Kilo) and Template:Sclass- (U209) class of submarines. The Scorpène design won the deal, defeating the rival U214 because of the capability to fire Exocet anti-ship missiles and an agreement on the air-independent propulsion (AIP).[4] The submarines are to be manufactured under a technology transfer agreement by the state-owned Mazagon Docks in Mumbai.[5] India plans to incorporate the DRDO-developed air independent propulsion (AIP) system onto the last two submarines being built and also to equip the P75I submarines, of which the DCNS is participating in the tender process.[6]

Construction of the first submarine started on 23 May 2009. The project is running four years behind schedule. Once the new government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi took over, the project was reviewed and necessary action was taken to make up for the delay.[7]

It was reported in November 2014, that the DRDO-developed AIP system for the last two Scorpène submarines for the Indian Navy has been developed and is ready for testing in February 2015.[8] The government was finalizing an order for additional three more Kalvari class submarines but in September 2016, the NDA government decided not to buy them.[9][10]

The first Scorpène submarine, INS Kalvari (named after a deep sea tiger shark),[11] was undocked from the pontoon on 6 April 2015 and launched on 28 October 2015. It completed the Basin trials and Harbor acceptance trials in April 2016 and commenced sea trials on 1 May 2016.[12]

The Indian Navy's USD300 million purchase of 98 torpedoes from WASS (a Finmeccanica/Leonardo company) remains suspended, as it is linked to the ongoing investigation into the EUR750 million (USD861 million) import of 12 AW101 helicopters from AgustaWestland (a Finmeccanica company facing corruption charges).[13] The Defense minister Manohar Parikkar under the new NDA government, said that the torpedoes for the submarine will be procured from other companies.[14] The submarine will be able to be armed with MBDA's tube-launched Exocet SM-39 anti-ship missiles. The SeaHake torpedoes from Germany's Atlas Elektronik and France's F21 torpedoes may be considered.[15] Indigenous torpedoes are under development by the DRDO and await testing. DRDO is given the go ahead to make indigenous torpedoes for both Scorpene class and Kilo class of submarines.[16][17][18]

Design and description

Kalvari-class is capable of offensive operations across the entire spectrum of naval warfare including anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance. It has a length of 67.5 m (221 ft), height of 12.3 m (40 ft), overall beam of 6.2 m (20 ft) and a draught of 5.8 m (19 ft). It can reach a top speed of 20 kn (37 km/h) when submerged and a maximum speed of 11 kn (20 km/h) when surfaced.[19] Each ship is powered by four MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines, has 360 battery cells (750 kg each), for power and has a extremely silent Permanently Magnetised Propulsion Motor. The submarine has a range of 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) at 8 kn (15 km/h) when surfaced. The hull, fin and hydroplanes are designed for minimum underwater resistance and all equipment inside the pressure hull is mounted on shock absorbing cradles for enhanced stealth. Special steel was used in its construction which has high tensile strength, capable of withstanding high yield stress and hydro-static force. Each submarine has 60 km of cabling and 11 km of piping. The class displaces 1,615 t (1,780 short tons) when surfaced and 1,775 t (1,957 short tons) when submerged.[20][21][22][3]

The class is equipped with Weapons Launching Tubes (WLT) and these can carry weapons on board which can effectively be reloaded at sea.[21] It is also equipped with 6 x 533-mm torpedo tubes for 18 heavy weight wire guided German made Surface and Underwater Target (SUT) torpedoes or SM.39 Exocet Anti-ship missiles and 30 mines in place of torpedoes.[19] The class is also fitted with mobile C303/S anti-torpedo decoys for self defence.[23][24] The weapon systems and sensors are integrated with Submarine Tactical Integrated Combat System (SUBTICS). It has a sonar system is capable of Low Frequency Analysis and Ranging (LOFAR) enabling long rage detection and classification. Each submarine has a complement of 8 officers and 35 sailors.[20][25]

Ships of the class

The hull fabrication of all six submarines is now complete. The first submarine was commissioned on 14 December 2017, delivery of successive boats have been compressed to nine months and the project is expected to be completed by 2020.[26]

Name Pennant Yard Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Homeport Status
Flight I (Without AIP)[27]
INS Kalvari S50 11875 Mazagon Dock Limited 14 December 2006 28 October 2015[12] 14 December 2017[28] Active
INS Khanderi S51 12 January 2017[29] March 2018 (expected)[30][31] In sea trials[32]
INS Karanj S52 October 2017 (expected)[33][34] December 2018 (presumed)[30] Under-construction
S53 S53 Under-construction
S54 S54 Under-construction
S55 S55 Under-construction

See also

References

  1. ^ "India Drops Plans to Add 3 More French Stealth Attack Submarines". The Diplomat. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  2. ^ "Scorpene 1000". DCNS. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  3. ^ a b "India's second Scorpène submarine begins sea trials". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  4. ^ "Exocet Missiles, AIP Swing India Submarine Order". defense-aerospace.com. 13 September 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  5. ^ "First Scorpene submarine to become reality soon". Deccan Herald. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  6. ^ Anandan, S. (25 March 2014). "DRDO developing onboard equipment monitoring system for submarines". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  7. ^ Pandit, Ranjat (28 August 2014). "Defence minister Arun Jaitley reviews delayed Scorpene submarine project". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  8. ^ "Indian-built Scorpene to carry critical DRDO system (Air Independent Propulsion)". DefenceRadar.com. 3 November 2014. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "India To Purchase 3 More French 'Scorpene' Submarines". InSerbia News. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  10. ^ "India finalizing plans to order three more Scorpene submarines - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  11. ^ Banerjee, Ajay (6 April 2015). "Parrikar undocks Scorpene sub". The Tribune. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  12. ^ a b "Maiden Sea Trial of Kalvari - First Scorpene Class Submarine | Indian Navy". indiannavy.nic.in. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  13. ^ "India's first Scorpene boat begins sea trials without primary weapons | IHS Jane's 360". Janes.com. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  14. ^ "Manohar Parrikar interview: 'I believe in performance, not dressing up'". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  15. ^ "India Has Alternative For Finmeccanica Torpedoes Says Parrikar". Businessworld.in. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  16. ^ "DRDO gets nod to make torpedoes for Indian submarines". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  17. ^ "NSTL to develop optic-guided heavyweight torpedoes". The Hindu. 28 July 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  18. ^ "Indian Navy gears up to induct more submarines, warships in 2017". 2 January 2017.
  19. ^ a b "MDL delivers first of six Scorpène-class submarines to Indian Navy". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  20. ^ a b "Curtain Raiser : Kalvari to be Commissioned Tomorrow at Mumbai". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  21. ^ a b "Maiden Sea Trial of Kalvari - First Scorpene Class Submarine". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  22. ^ "Indian Navy commissions first licence-built Scorpène-class submarine". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  23. ^ "India's first Scorpene boat begins sea trials without primary weapons | IHS Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  24. ^ "Curtain Raiser : Kalvari to be Commissioned Tomorrow at Mumbai". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  25. ^ "Road to development in the 21st century goes through the Indian ocean – Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 15 December 2017. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 58 (help)
  26. ^ "'We see a bright future for defence ship construction'". The Financial Express. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  27. ^ "India to make additional Scorpene subs: Parrikar". Tribuneindia.com. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  28. ^ "Curtain Raiser : Kalvari to be Commissioned Tomorrow at Mumbai". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  29. ^ "Second Scorpene class submarine Khanderi to be launched on Jan 12". The Economic Times. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  30. ^ a b "First Scorpene Submarine, INS Kalvari, Likely To Be Commissioned By Prime Minister Modi Next Month". Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  31. ^ "Scorpenes no more". Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  32. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-new-conventional-submarine-to-be-commissioned-in-july-august/articleshow/58930934.cms
  33. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-new-conventional-submarine-to-be-commissioned-in-july-august/articleshow/58930934.cms
  34. ^ "Karanj prepared for launch". MDL Twitter. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
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