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Kazem al-Khalil

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Kazem al-Khalil

Kazem Ismail al-Khalil (born 1901 in the Lebanese port town of Tyre/Sour, then part of the Ottoman Empire; died on 22 April 1990 in Paris at the age of 89) - commonly known as Kazem al-Khalil or Kazem el-Khalil, also transliterated Kazim from the Arabic (كاظم إسماعيل الخليل) - was a lawyer, doyen member of the Lebanese parliament, seven-time minister of the Lebanese government and right-wing militia-leader from a Shiite feudal dynasty in Southern Lebanon.

Life

Family background

When the 1858 Ottoman Land reforms led to the accumulated ownership of large tracts of land by a few families upon the expense of the peasants,[1] the al-Khalil family of grain merchants[2] rose from the urban class of the mercantilist notables ("Wujaha' ") to the rank of Zu'ama (feudal landlords) in Tyre.[1] The clan would go on to play a dominant role in the city for more than a century. It was reportedly a branch of the Zayn family in Nabatieh, which has been one of the main dynasties in Jabal Amel (modern-day Southern Lebanon),[3] and connected to another feudal clan, the Sidon-based Osseirans, by marriage.[2] Their arrival in Tyre was apparently welcomed at first:

"According to one source, they were supported by the ulama in their climb to prominence in an effort to undermine the unpopular dominance of the Sunni al-Mamluk family of that city."[3]

However, it is undisputed that the uneducated population of Jabal Amal lived in

"a 'dark age' of ignorance and feudalism; it was a time when the masses, al ama, were terrified of their masters and landlords, of the Ottoman Officialdom, a time when the flock [..] took life as 'slavery and obedience."[4]

Riad al-Solh and his father Reda Al Solh in 1924

The 1908 Young Turk Revolution and its call for elections to an Ottoman parliament triggered a power-struggle in Jabal Amel: on the one hand side Rida al-Sulh of a Sunni dynasty from Sidon, which had sidelined the Shia Al-As'ad clan of the Ali al-Saghir dynasty (see above) in the coastal region with support from leading Shiite families like the al-Khalil clan in Tyre. His opponent was Kamil Al-As'ad from the Ali al-Saghir dynasty that still dominated the hinterland.[5] The latter won that round of the power-struggle, but the political rivalry between al-Khalil and Al-As'ad would go on to be a main feature of Lebanese Shia politics for the next sixty years.[2]

in 1915, Abdel Karim al-Khalil – the leader of the al-Khalil clan – was executed by the Ottoman regime "at the instigation" of Kamil al-As'ad from the rival Ali al-Saghir dynasty,[5] some believed.[2]

After the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman rule started in 1916 and the Sharifian Army conquered the Levant in 1918 with support from the British Empire, the Jamal Amil feudal leader Kamil al-As'ad of the Ali al-Saghir dynasty, who had been an Ottomanist before, declared the area – including Tyre – part of the Arab Kingdom of Syria on 5 October 1918.[5] However, the pro-Damascus regime in Beirut appointed Riad al-Sulh as governor of Sidon who in turn appointed Kazem's uncle Abdullah Yahya al-Khalil in Tyre as the head of the provisional Arab government of Tyre to represent Faisal I.[3][2]

When the French colonial rulers proclaimed the new State of Greater Lebanon under the guardianship of the League of Nations represented by France on the first of September 1920, the first municipality in Tyre was founded and headed by Ismail Yahia al-Khalil,[6] Kazem al-Khalil's father.[7] In the following years, the Mandatory regime gave Shiite feudal families like al-As'ad and al-Khalil

"a free hand in enlarging their personal fortunes and reinforcing their clannish powers."[8]

Altogether, even compared to other clans

"The Khalils, with their age-old ways, [..] were known for being particularly rough and hard."[4]

Within this competitive context, Kazem al-Khalil earned himself a reputation as a "tough" power player.[4]

Education

Al-Khalil received his primary education at the elementary Marist Brothers School in Sidon[9] and his secondary education in Beirut.[7] He subsequently attended the American University of Beirut and finally studied law at the Damascus University from where he graduated in 1931.[9]

Professional career

Still in 1931, al-Khalik started practicing as a lawyer. Two years later, he was appointed as a judge in Damour. In 1936 he was appointed as a judge in Tripoli.[9]

Political career

First phase of parliamentary and ministerial positions (1937-1960)

Camille Chamoun
Ahmed al-Asaad

After the death of his father Ismail Al-Khalil, Kazem entered the political arena and was elected as deputy (member of the Lebanese parliament) for the first time in 1937. He was re-elected in the general election of 1943, shortly before Lebanese independence on 22 November of that year,[9] and became

"very active in the plenary sessions. His political activity was linked to his family ties, as he was married to the daughter of Ibrahim Haydar, the Shi'te Za'im from the Biqa' and father-in-law of 'Adil Osseyran. When Al-Khalil ran in the election of 1937, he conditioned his pro-French stance on the agreement of the Mandatory government to add Ibrahim Haydar to his list."[7]

Abdallah El-Yafi (1901-1986)

In the following one and a half decades the tensions in the fight for the political domination in Southern Lebanon between the inter-married Osseirans and al-Khalils - Kazem's sister Nashura was married to Kamil Osseiran - on the one hand side and Ahmed al-Asaad on the other side steadily escalated. While Asaad rose to the position of Speaker of the Parliament from 1951 until 1953, al-Khalil became secretary-general of the National Liberal Party led by Camille Chamoun, the second President of the Republic.[7]

Al-Khalil's ally Adil Osseyran (right) and his rival Kamil al-Asa'ad in 1968

In the 1953 elections, al-Khalil was elected as deputy again and joined the cabinet of Prime Minister Abdallah Yafi. He served first as Minister of Agriculture and then Minister of Health for one year. From October 1955 to March 1956 he served under Prime Minister Rashid Karami first as Minister for Social Affairs and then as Minister of Telephone, Post and Telegraph.[9] From August 1957 until September 1958 he was at first the Minister of Agriculture and then the Minister of Finance and Planning in the government of Prime Minister Sami al-Sulh,[7] as the only Shiite representative in the cabinet.[5]

While al-Khalil's activities as Minister of Agriculture were overshadowed by a scandal over the importation of diseased cattle from Sudan,[7] his political decline started with his re-election in the 1957 polls: after President Camille Chamoun had introduced a new electoral system, al-Khalil's rival Ahmed al-Asaad for the first time lost his seat, since he had to run in al-Khalil's stronghold of Tyre rather than in his traditional home base of Bint-Jbeil.[10] As a consequence, al-Asaad became a "major instigator of events against Chamoun" and his allies, primarily al-Khalil.

"Kazim's followers had a free hand in Tyre; they could carry Guns on the streets".[5]

1958 Lebanese Civil War

Bullet holes from 1958 at Jafariya
Karami (left) and Nasser in 1959

Then, after the formation of the United Arab Republic (UAR) under Gamal Abdel Nasser in February 1958, tensions escalated in Tyre between the forces of Chamoun and supporters of Pan-Arabism. Demonstrations took place – as in Beirut and other cities – that promoted pro-union slogans and protested against US foreign policy.[11] The Jafariya school became the base of the opposition.[5] Still in February, five of its students were arrested and "sent to jail for trampling on the Lebanese flag and replacing it with that of the UAR."[12] Hussein Sharafeddin, a nephew of Imam Sayed Abdul Hussein Sharafeddin and as the director of Jafariya a leader in the protests, was imprisoned, too:

"The issue caused violent parliamentary wrangling between [..] Kazem al-Khalil, and the Greek-Catholic twin brothers Nicolas and Joseph Slam, who were accused by him of fanning riots."[10]

On 28 March, soldiers and followers of Kazem al-Khalil opened fire on demonstrators and – according to some reports – killed three.[5] On the second of April, four[13] or five protestors were killed and about a dozen injured.[11] Al-Khalil alleged "that some of the demonstrators had thrown sticks of dynamite before the gendarmes fired", but this was not corroborated.[13]

Subsequently, opposition leaders like Rashid Karami expressed support for the people of Tyre, and the neighbouring city of Sidon/Saida joined the strike.[11] A US-Diplomat, who travelled the region shortly afterwards, reported though that the clashes were more related to the personal feud between al-Asaad and al-Khalil than to national politics.[10]

In May, the insurgents in Tyre gained the upper hand.[14] Ahmad al-As'ad[5] and his son Kamil al-Asaad supported them, also with weapons.[15] According to a general delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) who visited in late July, "heavy fighting went on for 16 days".[16]

The 1958 Lebanon crisis dissolved in September, when Chamoun stepped down. Al-Khalil returned still in 1958, but was attacked several times by gunmen.[5] Despite the victory of the al-As'ad dynasty, who had played a dominant role in Tyre and Jabal Amel for almost three centuries, its power began to crumble at the same time as al-Khalil's with the arrival of a newcomer:

Exit from parliament (1960-1972)

After Imam Sharafeddin's death in 1957, his son Sayed Jafar Sharafeddin and other representatives of the Shia community of Southern Lebanon asked his relative Sayed Musa Sadr to be his successor as Imam.[17] In 1959, Sadr moved to Tyre and at first encountered not only suspicion, but also opposition.[4] Yet, within just a few years he managed to create a broad following.[18]

In the 1960 general election, al-Khalil lost his seat as deputy in parliament in the national election despite his alliance with wealthy expatriates in West Africa,[19] allegedly also due to intrigues of the Lebanese Deuxième Bureau intelligence agency.[20]

"His political activity became anti-establishment until he was suspected of being involved in a coup attempt in late December 1961, for which the Syrian Nationalist Party was responsible."[7]

In the 1964 general election, al-Khalil lost again to his rival, likewise in the 1968 election, when he came in at a close fourth place. Hence, the former minister complained about "armed demonstrations, bribery, and arrests".[21] While the extent of apparent irregularities could not be determined, there is evidence that Khalil himself had sought financial assistance from the US Embassy in Beirut.[22]

In 1968, al-Khalil played a key role as vice-president of Chamoun's National Liberal Party when it joined the Tripartite Alliance with the two other main rightwing parties: Pierre Gemayel's Kataeb and the National Bloc of Raymond Eddé.[9]

Thus, al-Khalil did keep considerable influence not only on the national stage, but also in foreign relations, since one of his three sons - Khalil al-Khalil - became Lebanon's Ambassador to the Imperial State of Iran in 1971. He kept that position until 1978.[23]

Meanwhile, in 1972 Maha al-Khalil Chalabi - one of Kazem's two daughters - founded the commercial "Festivals de Tyr".[24]

Second phase of parliamentary and ministerial positions (after 1972)

It was only in the 1972 general election - the last electoral contest for the following two decades - that al-Khalil regained his seat, thanks to support from a rich expatriate in Nigeria.[19] He subsequently became one of the fiercest opponents of the Palestinian fighters who were building up a strong presence in the Tyre area.[25]

Still in 1972, al-Khalil became once again a minister in the government after some fourteen years.[26] At first, he was appointed as Minister of Labor and Social Affairs in the cabinet of prime minister Saeb Salam and then from 1973 to 1974 as Minister of Justice in the government of Takieddin el-Solh.[9]

Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990)

PLO-takeover of Tyre

In January 1975, a unit of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) attacked the Tyre barracks of the Lebanese Army.[18] One of the residences of al-Khalil "was dynamited" and another one of his homes "was seized by Palestinian guerrillas".[27] The PFLP-operation was at first denounced though by the mainstream Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO), but a year later local commanders of the PLO took over the municipal government of Tyre with support from their allies of the Lebanese Arab Army (LAA).[28] They declared the founding of the "People's Republic of Tyre",[29] occupied the army barracks, set up roadblocks and started collecting customs at the port.[30] Parts of Kazem al-Khalil's estate were confiscated as well.[2] He subsequently live in Christian-dominated east Beirut

"in a sprawling villa in the suburb of Hazmieh."[25]

Al-Khalil did not return to Tyre for seven years:

1982 Israeli invasion
1982 photo of Tyre's harbour by an Israeli author

Shortly after the invasion of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in the Lebanon war of June 1982 - which according to the Lebanese government killed some 1,200 civilians and injured more than 2,000 non-combatants in the Tyre area alone - the IDF set up a military post in the city and sponsored the return of al-Khalil. When his attempts to reconcile with the Amal Movement failed, he formed his own militia of some 40 men with Israeli support,[31] recruiting mainly young Shiites from a poor background. However, al-Khalil's collaboration not only "discredited"[18] and

"delegitimised him in the eyes of the Shi'a, but also earned him the anger of the Syrians. This simple miscalculation was an act from which he was never able to fully recover politically".[2]

End of the Civil War and Death

On 5 November 1989 the 88-year-old warlord had one more spectacular appearance on the political stage: two weeks after the signing of the Taif Agreement to end the civil war, as the doyen of the Lebanese Parliament he presided over the election of René Moawad as president. However, Moawad was assassinated by unknown assailants less than three weeks later.[25] Al-Khalil himself died peacefully on Sunday, 22 April 1990, of a heart attack in Paris.

"He had been in excellent health and on Saturday presided over a meeting of Lebanese deputies living in Paris, the family said."[27]

In accordance with his wishes he was buried in Damascus at the shrine of Sayeda Zeinab, which in Twelver Shia Muslim tradition contains the grave of Zaynab, the daughter of the first Shia Imam ‘Alī and Fātimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad.[25]

Legacy

In the 1992 general election, one of Kazem's sons - Nasir al-Khalil - failed with a bid to succeed his father as MP. Likewise, the traditional rival Kamil al-As'ad from the feudal dynasty of Ali al-Saghir lost with his candidacy against Amal politicians.[32] Nasir failed gain in the 1996 general election.[2] However, a decade later another scion of this "neo-feudal" clan - Ali Hassan al-Khalil - joined Amal and thus won a parliamentary seat against Ahmed al-As'ad from the arch-rival Ali al-Saghir dynasty in Marjayoun Hasbaiya.[33]

In 2013, Kazem's daughter Maha, who frequently invokes her father as the main source of inspiration for her cultural activities,[34][35][24][36] made international headlines as founder and president of the International Association to Save Tyre (Association Internationale pour la Sauvegarde de Tyr - AIST):[37] it launched an online raffle in association with Sotheby's to fund the artisans’ village "Les Ateliers de Tyr" at the outskirts of the city. Participants could purchase tickets for 100 Euros to win the 1914 ‘Man with Opera Hat’ painting by Pablo Picasso.[38] The event was created by Maha's daughter Périhane Chalabi Cochin, a French TV host, who is more commonly known as Péri Cochi. The proceeds totaled US$5.26 million. The painting was won by a 25-year-old fire-safety official from Pennsylvania.[39]

In February 2016, Maha al-Khalil Chalabi was designated UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador - a celebrity advocate of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, not diplomatic ambassador - in recognition of her commitment to the "League of Canaanite, Phoenician and Punic Cities", which she founded in 2009. It includes the AIST[40] and al-Khalil Chalabi's Fondation Tyr, which is based in the prestigious Avenue Foch in Paris, one of the most expensive addresses in the world.[41]

References

  1. ^ a b Abisaab, Rula Jurdi; Abisaab, Malek (2017). The Shi'ites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah's Islamists. New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 9–11, 16–17, 24, 107. ISBN 9780815635093.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Shanahan, Rodger (2005). The Shi'a of Lebanon – The Shi'a of Lebanon Clans, Parties and Clerics (PDF). LONDON • NEW YORK: TAURIS ACADEMIC STUDIES. pp. 42–43, 46, 57, 62–63, 67–69, 77, 79–80, 94, 104, 149. ISBN 9781850437666.
  3. ^ a b c Chalabi, Tamara (2006). The Shi'is of Jabal 'Amil and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation-State, 1918–1943. New York: Springer. pp. 25, 62–63. ISBN 9781349531943.
  4. ^ a b c d Ajami, Fouad (1986). The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 42–45, 85–86. ISBN 9781850430254.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gharbieh, Hussein M. (1996). Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr (PDF) (Doctoral). Durham: Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham. pp. 121, 127.
  6. ^ "Tyre". National News Agency – Ministry of Information Lebanese Republic. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Nir, Omri (2016). Lebanese Shi'ite Leadership, 1920–1970s: Personalities, Alliances, and Feuds. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 56–59, 74. ISBN 978-3319827155.
  8. ^ Firro, Kais (2002). Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State Under the Mandate. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. pp. 159, 166. ISBN 978-1860648571.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g ضاهر،, عدنان محسن; غنّام, رياض (2007). المعجم النيابي اللبناني (in Arabic). p. 197. ISBN 9789953008288.
  10. ^ a b c Nir, Omri (November 2004). "The Shi'ites during the 1958 Lebanese Crisis". Middle Eastern Studies. 40 (6). Taylor & Francis: 109–129. doi:10.1080/0026320042000282900. JSTOR 4289955. S2CID 145378237 – via JSTOR.
  11. ^ a b c Attié, Caroline (2004). Struggle in the Levant: Lebanon in the 1950s. London - New York: I.B.Tauris. pp. 155, 158, 162–163. ISBN 978-1860644672.
  12. ^ Sorby, Karol (2000). "LEBANON: THE CRISIS OF 1958" (PDF). Asian and African Studies. 9: 88, 91 – via SLOVENSKÁ AKADÉMIA VIED.
  13. ^ a b Qubain, Fahim Issa (1961). Crisis in Lebanon. Washington D.C.: The Middle East Institute. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1258255831.
  14. ^ Cobban, Helena (1985). The making of modern Lebanon. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0813303079.
  15. ^ "July - July 1958 : US Marines in Beirut". monthlymagazine.com. July 5, 2013. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  16. ^ Bugnion, François; Perret, Françoise (2018). From Budapest to Saigon, 1956-1965 - History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. IV (PDF). Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross. p. 372. ISBN 978-2-940396-70-2.
  17. ^ Norton, Augustus Richard (1987). Amal and the Shi'A: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0292730403.
  18. ^ a b c Smit, Ferdinand (2006). The battle for South Lebanon: Radicalisation of Lebanon's Shi'ites 1982–1985 (PDF). Amsterdam: Bulaaq, Uitgeverij. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-9054600589.
  19. ^ a b Maalouf, Wahib (2018). Migration and political elite formation: The case of Lebanon. Beirut: LEBANESE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY. pp. 39–42.
  20. ^ Barak, Oren (2009). The Lebanese Army: A National Institution in a Divided Society. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 67, 180. ISBN 978-0-7914-9345-8.
  21. ^ Zuwiyya, Jalal (1972). The Parliamentary Election of Lebanon 1968. Leiden: E.J.Brill. pp. 59–61.
  22. ^ Stocker, James R. (2016). Spheres of Intervention: US Foreign Policy and the Collapse of Lebanon, 1967–1976. Ithaka: Cornell University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1501700774.
  23. ^ Who's Who in Lebanon 2007–2008. Beirut / Munich: Publitec Publications & De Gruyter Saur. 2007. pp. 49, 84, 88, 196. ISBN 978-3-598-07734-0.
  24. ^ a b Morkos, Nagi (July 5, 2019). "Maha el-Khalil : Tyr en plein cœur". Commerce du Levant (in French). Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  25. ^ a b c d "Doyen of Lebanon Parliament dies at 89". UPI. April 22, 1990. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  26. ^ Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1975). Patterns of political leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0873952927.
  27. ^ a b "Kazem Khalil, Lebanese Christian Legislator, Dead at 89". AP NEWS. April 23, 1990. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  28. ^ Goria, Wade R. (1985). Sovereignty and Leadership in Lebanon, 1943–76. London: Ithaca Press. pp. 90, 179, 222. ISBN 978-0863720314.
  29. ^ Fisk, Robert (2001). Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 115–118. ISBN 978-0-19-280130-2.
  30. ^ Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1985). Israel's Lebanon War. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 79–80, 139. ISBN 978-0671602161.
  31. ^ Islamic Fundamentalism and Islamic Radicalism: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, First Session, June 24, July 15, and September 30, 1985. 4. Washington D.C.: United States Congress. House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East. 1985. pp. 318–319, 372.
  32. ^ el Khazen, Farid (1998). Lebanon's First Postwar Parliamentary Election, 1992: An Imposed Choice (PDF). Oxford: Centre for Lebanese Studies. pp. 40, 51. ISBN 1870552741.
  33. ^ Dälken, Judith (2009). La concurrence des legitimites au Liban Sud actuel (in French). Paris: Sciences Po Paris. pp. 30, 37, 42.
  34. ^ ABI AKL, Yara (2017-05-29). "Maha el-Khalil Chalabi, gardienne du patrimoine". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  35. ^ "Maha el - Khalil Chalabi ambassador of Good will for Unesco". Prestige Magazine. 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  36. ^ HENOUD, Carla (2002-07-06). "Femmes...Maha el-Khalil Chalabi, un combat incessant pour Tyr(PHOTO)". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  37. ^ ABI AKL, Yara (2017-05-29). "Maha el-Khalil Chalabi, gardienne du patrimoine". L'Orient-Le Jour. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  38. ^ Freifer, Rana (December 10, 2013). "$1 million Picasso on auction". BusinessNews.com.lb. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  39. ^ Bishara, Hakim (2020-05-21). "A Son Gifted His Mother a Raffle Ticket, Winning Her a $1.1M Picasso Painting". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  40. ^ "Maha El-Khalil Chalabi | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  41. ^ "World Heritage 35 COM" (PDF). UNESCO. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
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