Egyptian–Libyan War
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| Egyptian–Libyan War (Cold War) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Map of Libya and Egypt | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Libya |
 Egypt | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Muammar al-Gaddafi | Anwar El-Sadat | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 3 Brigades | 3 Divisions and Air Force[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
400 dead and wounded 60 tanks 40 APCs 20 Mirage 5 aircraft 1 MiG-23MS |
100 dead and wounded 4 MiG-21 aircraft 2 Su-20[2] | ||||||
The Egyptian–Libyan War was a short border war between Libya and Egypt in July, 1977.
On July 21, 1977, there were first gun battles between troops on the border, followed by land and air strikes. On July 24, the combatants agreed to a ceasefire under the mediation of the President of Algeria Houari Boumediène.
Background
Relations between the Libyan and the Egyptian governments were deteriorating ever since the Yom Kippur War of October 1973, due to Libyan opposition to Sadat's peace policy as well as the breakdown of unification talks between the two governments. In addition, the Egyptian government has broken its military ties with Moscow, while the Libyan government kept that cooperation going. The Egyptian government also gave assistance to former RCC members Major Abd al Munim al Huni and Omar Muhayshi, who unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Gaddafi in 1975 and allowed them to reside in Egypt. During 1976 relations have reached an ebb, as the Egyptian government claimed to have discovered a Libyan plot to overthrow the government in Cairo. On January 26, 1976, Egyptian Vice President Hosni Mubarak indicated in a talk with the US Ambassador Hermann Eilts that the Egyptian government intended to exploit internal problems in Libya to promote actions against Libya, but did not elaborate.[3] On July 22, 1976, the Libyan government made a public threat to break diplomatic relations with Cairo if Egyptian subversive actions continued.[4] On August 8, 1976, an explosion occurred in the bathroom of a government office in Tahrir Square in Cairo, injuring 14, and the Egyptian government and media claimed this was done by Libyan agents.[5] The Egyptian government also claimed to have arrested two Egyptian citizens trained by Libyan intelligence to perform sabotage within Egypt.[6]
The Libyan government claimed to have uncovered an Egyptian espionage network in Libya. US diplomatic circles viewed this tension as a sign of Libyan intentions to go to war against Egypt, and one diplomat even dared to observe:
L[ibyan] A[rab] R[epublic] G[overnment] anticipates military attack from Egypt, which it hopes to exploit and cause overthrow of Sadat.[7]
The Egyptian government throughout 1976 was concentrating troops along the Libyan border. It enjoyed the support of the US government, who viewed Libya negatively, and was promised by Washington that no move in US-Libyan relations was to be made without consultation with Cairo.[8] [9] [10] Policy experts in the US and Britain assessed that Sadat was planning an attack on Libya in order to overthrow Gaddafi.[11]
Tensions between the two countries had increased during April and May, 1977, as demonstrators attacked each others' embassies. In June 1977, Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi ordered the 225,000 Egyptians working and living in Libya to leave the country by July 1 or face arrest.
Sequence of operations
In June 1977, thousands of Libyan protesters began a "March on Cairo" as they headed towards the Egyptian border. The Libyans wanted to demonstrate against the increasing likelihood that Egypt would enter into a peace treaty with Israel. On July 20, after the protest march was stopped by Egyptian border guards, Libyan artillery units fired at Egypt in Sallum.[clarification needed] In mid July, the Mossad delivered the Egyptian government information about a Libyan plot to assassinate Sadat.[12]
On July 21, 1977 Libyan forces carried out a raid at Sallum, similar to another raid conducted two day previously. The raid was carried out by the 9th Tank Battalion and supported by a few Mirage 5 aircraft.[clarification needed]
Anwar Sadat and his generals ordered 3 fully powered[clarification needed] divisions to head to the Libyan border when news of the advancing Libyan tanks reached them. The three divisions quickly beat back the Libyan brigades, destroying most of their equipment.[clarification needed] The Egyptian Air Force and 3 divisions of the Egyptian Army stormed across the Libyan border and captured some key border towns. In the process the Egyptian Air Force bombed nearly every city, town and military base in the area.[clarification needed]
Other Arab states then asked Sadat not to launch a full scale invasion of Libya (which Sadat and his generals allegedly planned on doing on 26 July). Sadat heeded their call and forced Libya into a ceasefire. The Egyptian Army then withdrew from occupied territory.[clarification needed]
Armistice and aftermath
Mediation by Algeria, and Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat, finally led to a ceasefire. Sadat gave his forces instructions to stop all attacks on 24 July 1977 and agreed to an armistice. Though the fighting stopped the next day, a rift between Arab states remained. Many conservative Arab governments had sympathy for Egypt and Sadat, while leftist and pro-Soviet Arab states endorsed Libya and Gaddafi.
An editorial in The New York Times summed up an American perspective of the war by quoting a Palestinian: "If the Arabs haven't got Israel to fight, they will be fighting each other."[13]
In August 1977, an agreement to exchange prisoners of war led to a relaxation of tension between the two states. After four days of fighting, Egyptian casualties were 100 dead or wounded, while Libyan casualties were 400 dead or wounded.
See Also
References
- ^ Pollack, Kenneth M. (2004-09-01). Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991. Bison Books. p. 365. ISBN 0-8032-8783-6.
- ^ Pollack p.368
- ^ Hermann Eilts to Department of State, January 25, 1976
- ^ Robert Carle (US Embassy in Tripoli) to Department of State, July 22, 1976
- ^ Hermann Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Department of State, August 9, 1976
- ^ Hermann Eilts to Department of State, August 11, 1976
- ^ Robert Carle (US Chargé d'Affaires ad interim to Libya) to Department of State,August 26, 1976
- ^ Robinson to the Embassy in Cairo, September 3, 1976
- ^ Robinson to US Delegation and Secretary of State, December 29, 1976
- ^ Robinson to the Embassy in Tripoli, December 31, 1976
- ^ Spiers (US Embassy in London) to Department of State, October 19, 1976
- ^ "World: Israel's Secret Contacts" Time Magazine, August 14, 1978
- ^ Marvine Howe, "The Arabs Can't Seem to Stop Fighting", New York Times, 24 July 1977, p. E2