List of local anesthetics
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This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest.
List of local anesthetic agents
Drug | Other common names | First synthesis | Dates of clinical use | Chemical/Structural Class | Duration of Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
amylocaine | Stovaine | 1904 (Ernest Fourneau) | |||||
Ambucaine | |||||||
articaine | Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine | ||||||
benzocaine | Anbesol, Orajel | Ester - Aminobenzoic | Short | ||||
benzonatate | Tessalon | ||||||
bupivacaine | Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine | 1957 (Ekenstam) | 1963 (Widman and Telivuo) | Amide | Moderate | ||
butacaine | |||||||
butanilicaine | |||||||
chloroprocaine | Nesacaine | Ester - Aminobenzoic | |||||
cinchocaine (dibucaine) | Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine | 1925 (Meischer) | 1930 (Uhlmann) | Ester - Aminobenzoic | |||
cocaine | 1855 (first isolation by Friedrich Gaedcke), 1898 (first synthesis by Richard Willstätter) | 1884 (Karl Koller, William Stewart Halsted) | Ester - Benzoic | ||||
Cyclomethycaine | Ester - Benzoic | ||||||
Dibucaine | |||||||
Diperodon | |||||||
Dimethisoquin | |||||||
dimethocaine (larocaine) | |||||||
Eucaine | α-Eucaine, β-eucaine |
|
|||||
etidocaine | Duranest | 1971 (Takman) | 1972 (Lund) | ||||
hexylcaine | Cyclaine, Osmocaine | ||||||
Fomocaine | |||||||
Fotocaine | |||||||
Hydroxyprocaine | [11] | ||||||
Isobucaine | |||||||
levobupivacaine | Chirocaine | 1990s (Mather and Tucker) | 1995 | ||||
lidocaine[13][14]
(lignocaine) |
Xylocaine | 1943 (Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist) | 1947 (Torsten Gordh) | ||||
mepivacaine | Carbocaine, Polocaine | 1956 (Ekenstam and Egner) | 1957 (Dhuner) | ||||
meprylcaine | Epirocain | ||||||
metabutoxycaine | |||||||
nitracaine | Ester- Aminobenzoic | ||||||
orthocaine | |||||||
oxetacaine (oxethazaine) | |||||||
oxybuprocaine (benoxinate) | Novesine | ||||||
Paraethoxycaine | |||||||
phenacaine | Holocaine | ||||||
piperocaine (metycaine) | |||||||
Piridocaine | |||||||
pramocaine (pramoxine) | |||||||
prilocaine | Citanest | 1959 (Nils Löfgren and Egner) | 1960 (Wielding) | ||||
Primacaine | — | ||||||
procaine | Novocain, borocaine (procaine borate), ethocaine | 1904 (Alfred Einhorn) | 1905 (Heinrich Braun) | ||||
Procainamide | |||||||
proparacaine (proxymetacaine) | |||||||
propoxycaine | doi:10.1021/ja01123a005 | ||||||
Pyrrocaine | |||||||
quinisocaine (dimethisoquin) | |||||||
ropivacaine | Naropin | 1957 (Ekenstam) | 1997 | ||||
trimecaine | Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain | ||||||
tetracaine (amethocaine) | Dicaine, Pontocaine | 1928 (O. Eisleb) | 1931 | ||||
Tolycaine | |||||||
Tropacocaine | doi:10.1039/CT9099501020 |
See also
- 4-Aminobenzoic acid
- Amino amide
- Amino esters
- Anesthesia
- Anesthetic
- Brachial plexus block
- Cocaine analogues: local anesthetics
- Dental anesthesia
- Dibucaine number
- Epidural
- Intravenous regional anesthesia
- Local anesthesia
- Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor
- Local anesthetic toxicity
- Methemoglobin
- Sodium channel blocker
- Spinal anesthesia
- Topical anesthesia
- Veterinary anesthesia
References
- ^ J. Buchi, E. Stunzi, M. Flurg, R. Hirt, P. Labhart, and L. Ragaz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 34, 1002 (1951).
- ^ S. M. McElvain and T. P. Carney, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 68, 2592 (1946).
- ^ K. Miescher, Helv. Chim. Acta, 15, 163 (1932).
- ^ 44. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
- ^ M. S. Raasch and W. R. Brode, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 64, 1112 (1942).
- ^ T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
- ^ Harries, C. (1903). "Ueber ein neues p-Menthadiën aus Dihydrocarvylamin". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 328 (3): 322. doi:10.1002/jlac.19033280303.
- ^ G. Meiling, Chem. Ber., 6, 173 (1896).
- ^ H. King, J. Chem. Soc, 125, 41 (1924).
- ^ a b Schoenberger, Matthias; Damijonaitis, Arunas; Zhang, Zinan; Nagel, Daniel; Trauner, Dirk (2014). "Development of a New Photochromic Ion Channel Blocker via Azologization of Fomocaine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (7): 514–518. doi:10.1021/cn500070w. ISSN 1948-7193. nih.gov article
- ^ W. Grimme and H. Schmitz, Chem. Ber., 84, 734 (1917).
- ^ J. R. Reasenberg and S. D. Goldberg, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 67, 933 (1945).
- ^ "Lignocaine - C14H22N2O". ChemSpider. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ^ "Lidocaine". The Merck Index Online. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ^ W. G. Christiansen and S. E. Harris, U. S. Patent 2,404,691 (1946).
- ^ L. A. Walter and R. J. Fosbinder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 61, 1713 (1939).
- ^ N. Lofgren, C. Tegner, and B. Takman, Acta Chem. Scand., 11, 1724 (1957).
- ^ R. Hiltmann, F. Mietzsch, and W. Wirth, U.S. patent 2,921,077 (1960).