Lyman School for Boys: Difference between revisions
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==Population established by courts== |
==Population established by courts== |
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Students were sent to the |
Students were sent to the 69 when the courts had determined that it would be in the [[public interest]]. Until about 1970, juveniles in the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] were afforded none of the (now) commonly accepted [[Constitutional rights]]. Therefore, many boys were sent to this reform school for “crimes” such as [[truancy]] and being a stubborn child. In fact, an ancient law in the Commonwealth allowed stubborn children to be put to death.<ref name="Infanticide">{{cite web|url=http://www.infanticide.org/history.htm|title=A Brief History of Infanticide|accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref> It remained on the books even though it was never ostensibly invoked. Several famous criminals attended the Lyman School, one of them being the [[Boston strangler]], [[Albert DeSalvo]]. However, most of the students were just ordinary boys who came broadside against the corrupt<ref name="LastOneOverTheWall">{{cite book|title=Last One Over the Wall|first=Jerome G.|last=Miller|isbn=0-8142-0758-8|date=1991|publisher=Ohio State University Press}}</ref> Massachusetts [[juvenile court]] system, where such children were not allowed to have trials or to exercise other constitutionally protected rights.<ref name="AbominableFirebug">{{cite book|title=[[Abominable Firebug]]|first=Richard B.|last=Johnson|isbn=0-595-38667-9|date=2006|publisher=iUniverse}}</ref> |
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==Cottage system of administration== |
==Cottage system of administration== |
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Revision as of 12:44, 3 May 2011
| Lyman School for Boys | |
|---|---|
 Lyman Hall and Chauncy Cottage (Induction Center) | |
| Location | |
 | |
United States | |
| Coordinates | 42°17′15″N 71°37′45″W / 42.28750°N 71.62917°W |
| Information | |
| Type | Reform School |
| Established | 1846 |
| Head of school | John Borys (1956-1960) |
| Staff | 40 |
| Faculty | 20 |
| Grades | Males 9 to 18 years of age |
| Enrollment | Closed in 1971 |
| Campus size | 1000 acres (4 km²) |
| Affiliation | Massachusetts Youth Service Board (now DYS) |
The Lyman School for Boys was established by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts about 1886 and was closed in 1971. It was the first reform school, or training school in the United States, replacing the State Reform School near the same site, which was opened in 1846. The school was named for its principal benefactor, Theodore Lyman, who had been a mayor of Boston, Massachusetts in 1834 and a philanthropist. Lyman School is not used for its original purpose today but remains a nationally registered historic place.
Location and changing economy
Lyman School was situated near Lake Chauncy in the town of Westborough, on Powder Hill, off State Route 9. It comprised about one thousand acres (4 km²) of which about five hundred acres (2 km²) were prime farmland, maintained by its students. The farm remained a principal means of support for the school until about 1955 when the economy of the region became predominantly industrial rather than agricultural due to the placement of major companies along State Routes 9. At that time training of the students was changed to adapt to the new economy.
Population established by courts
Students were sent to the 69 when the courts had determined that it would be in the public interest. Until about 1970, juveniles in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts were afforded none of the (now) commonly accepted Constitutional rights. Therefore, many boys were sent to this reform school for “crimes” such as truancy and being a stubborn child. In fact, an ancient law in the Commonwealth allowed stubborn children to be put to death.[1] It remained on the books even though it was never ostensibly invoked. Several famous criminals attended the Lyman School, one of them being the Boston strangler, Albert DeSalvo. However, most of the students were just ordinary boys who came broadside against the corrupt[2] Massachusetts juvenile court system, where such children were not allowed to have trials or to exercise other constitutionally protected rights.[3]
Cottage system of administration
Students at the school were subject to strict discipline. They were required to conform at all times to rules that were enforced with corporal punishment.[3] Students lived in so-called cottages. These were large brick buildings providing shelter for about one-hundred boys in each. The top floor comprised a dormitory and the lower floors, the living space. Each cottage was ruled by a cottage master and usually a cottage matron. This husband and wife team lived in a cottage apartment and was on duty twenty-four hours a day. In the late nineteen-fifties, it became difficult to find cottage parents willing to work such long hours, so several changes were made.[4]
The cottages were named for towns or places of geographical importance. In the 1950 to 1960 era, the cottages were Lyman Hall, Chauncey, Overlook, Sunset, Hillside, Wachusett, Worcester, Elms, and Oak. Lyman Hall was the induction center. All new students started there. Oak Cottage was the discipline cottage. Runaways, troublemakers, and returnees were put there for attitude adjustment. Cottage residents were usually graded according to age. The youngest boys lived in Chauncey Cottage and the oldest in Elms Cottage. The photograph of this subsection shows a typical cottage. This large building comprised two, Worcester and Westview.
Religious education
Religious education was required. Each boy was supplied a suit of clothes that he wore to religious services on Sunday. Any boy who was not Catholic was assumed Protestant. The auditorium used for church services was also used for the showing of movies on Saturday afternoon. Watching movies was one of the privileges that could be revoked for maintaining order and discipline.
Society at the school
Pictures and information about this school are currently being maintained by historian Dick Bolt.[5] Two authors are known to have attended the Lyman School and lived to write about it. They are Mark D. Devlin, the author of Stubborn Child, who died in 2005, and Richard B. Johnson, author of Abominable Firebug, who writes considerable details about students’ daily activities at the school.
The Lyman School was a nearly complete town in itself. It looked like a college campus. All of the maintenance, construction, and repair of the facilities were performed by its students. They were supervised by trade masters. A student attending Lyman School would learn a trade whether he wanted to or not. It was not optional. The trades taught were grounds-keeping, laundry, cooking and other cafeteria skills, carpentry, painting, masonry, janitor work, electrical work, plumbing and steam-fitting, boiler maintenance, and printing. The entire official corpus of printed documents of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and all the government stationery, were printed in the Lyman School print shop.[3][4]
The Lyman School for Boys has a less than pacific social history ranging from its nearly complete destruction by arson in its early years to runaways who were never caught nor heard from again.[6] Institutional folklore had it that missing runaways were not runaways at all, but children killed by the cottage or trade masters, with their bodies buried in the swamps behind the hill.[3][4]
New visibility
Approximately three hundred boys “graduated” from the Lyman School for Boys every year.[3] Based on this figure, approximately forty-five-thousand boys have attended this institution. At least ten percent or about forty-five hundred should still be living in 2006. The public usually hears only about its failures, as in the case of the Boston strangler. This publicity bias makes it difficult to determine the correctness or effectiveness of such institutions.
Because of the stigma attached to attending "reform school," the many successful businessmen who attended Lyman School for the most part remain silent, keeping their past attendance secret, perhaps in order to attain their places in society. Often even close family members such as wives do not or did not know that their husbands attended this famous Massachusetts reform school.
A new awareness of the historical significance of this place, and the realization that many students at the school were forced to attend because of the corrupt Massachusetts juvenile justice system, and the absence of basic Constitutional rights for minors, have led many prominent persons to announce that they too had attended this famous institution. Amongst them is Richard B. Johnson, the author of Abominable Firebug and an inventor holding technological patents. Even while attending this school, Mr. Johnson invented what became known as the Rubber Ducky antenna.
Sherrie Connelly project
During the 1960s, college students from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, including Ted Todd, regularly visited boys at Lyman School. In the fall of 1964, Sherrie Connelly, then a student at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, visited the school with Todd and developed a Christmas project involving about 100 college students who sent Christmas cards and gifts to boys at Lyman School. One of the boys Sherrie got to know was a sweet and appreciative boy, who had L*O*V*E tattooed on his fingers. Many boys were very appreciative of visits, gifts and cards, and some correspondences developed. Connelly later conducted a project for a college organization behavior class studying the school from the perspectives of people in different roles at the school. Not surprisingly, in retrospect, people in different roles had very different ideas about the success of the school depending on their responsibilities as dorm parents, cafeteria workers, teachers or administrators.
Closure
During the administration of Governor Endicott Peabody (1962–1965), various trade unions complained that maintenance of state-owned buildings at the Lyman School was being performed by non-union labor. If the trade unions were to have their way, the cost to the Commonwealth to maintain each student at the institution would increase from about five thousand to fifty thousand dollars per year.[2] Therefore, when Jerome Miller, the new Director of the Youth Service Board, closed this institution in 1971, there was little opposition. See Jerome G. Miller's Last One Over the Wall which describes his involvement with this institution's closing.
References
- ^ "A Brief History of Infanticide". Retrieved 2006-07-21.
- ^ a b Miller, Jerome G. (1991). Last One Over the Wall. Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0758-8.
- ^ a b c d e Johnson, Richard B. (2006). Abominable Firebug. iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-38667-9.
- ^ a b c Leaf, James G. (1998). "A History of the Internal Organization of the State Reform School for Boys at Westborough, Massachusetts (1846-1974)". Harvard University.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) Doctoral dissertation. - ^ "Richard "Dick" Bolt's Lyman School history". Retrieved 2006-07-22.
- ^ "Newspaper accounts of Lyman School". Retrieved 2006-07-22.
Other sources
- Devlin, Mark (1985). Stubborn Child. Macmillan. ISBN 0-689-11476-1.
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