Methylparaben
| Methylparaben | |
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Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate |
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Other names
Methyl paraben; |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 99-76-3  |
| PubChem | 7456 |
| ChemSpider | 7176 |
| UNII | A2I8C7HI9T |
| KEGG | D01400 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL325372 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C8H8O3 |
| Molar mass | 152.15 g mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
| NFPA 704 |
 1
1
0
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| Related compounds | |
| Related Parabens | Ethylparaben Propylparaben Butylparaben |
| Related compounds | Methyl salicylate (ortho isomer) |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Methylparaben, also methyl paraben, one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3(C6H4(OH)COO). It is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Contents |
Natural occurrences [edit]
Methylparaben is found in several fruits, in particular blueberries,[1][2][3] where it acts as an antimicrobial agent.
Uses [edit]
Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. It is also used as a food preservative and has the E number E218.
Methylparaben is commonly used as a fungicide in Drosophila food media. To Drosophila, methylparaben is toxic at higher concentrations, has an estrogenic effect, and slows the growth rate in the larval and pupal stages at lower concentrations.[4]
Safety [edit]
Methylparaben is produced naturally and found in several fruits, primarily blueberries, along with other parabens. There is controversy about whether methylparaben or propylparabens are harmful at concentrations typically used in body care or cosmetics. Some studies of breast tumors show a build up of methylparabens in the breast tissue. Methylparaben and propylparaben are considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation.[5] Methylparaben is readily metabolized by common soil bacteria, making it completely biodegradable.
Methylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin.[6] It is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rapidly excreted in urine without accumulating in the body.[6] Acute toxicity studies have shown that methylparaben is practically non-toxic by both oral and parenteral administration in animals.[6] In a population with normal skin, methylparaben is practically non-irritating and non-sensitizing; however, allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported.[6]
Studies indicate that methylparaben applied on the skin may react with UVB, leading to increased skin aging and DNA damage.[7][8]
References [edit]
- ^ Al-Shamma A, Drake S, Flynn DL, Mitscher LA, Park YH, Rao GSR, Simpson A, Swayze JK, Veysoglu T, Wu STS (1981). "Antimicrobial Agents From Higher Plants. Antimicrobial Agents From Peganum harmala Seeds". J Nat Prod 44 (6): 745–747. doi:10.1021/np50018a025. PMID 7334386.
- ^ Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Vivanco JM, (1 April 2003). "Root specific elicitation and exudation of fluorescent beta-carbolines in transformed root cultures of Oxalis tuberosa". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 41 (4): 345–353. doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(03)00029-9.
- ^ Bais, Harsh Pal; Loyola-Vargas, Victor M.; Flores, Hector E.; Vivanco, Jorge M. (2001). "Root-specific metabolism: The biology and biochemistry of underground organs". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 37 (6): 730. doi:10.1007/s11627-001-0122-y.
- ^ Gu Wei (2009). "Toxicity and Estrogen Effects of Methyl Paraben on Drosophila melanogaster". Food Science 30 (1): 252–254.
- ^ Parabens, Food and Drug Administration
- ^ a b c d Soni MG, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA, Burdock GA (October 2002). "Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature". Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (10): 1335–73. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00107-2. PMID 12387298.
- ^ Handa, O; Kokura, S; Adachi, S; Takagi, T; Naito, Y; Tanigawa, T; Yoshida, N; Yoshikawa, T (2006). "Methylparaben potentiates UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes". Toxicology 227 (1–2): 62–72. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.018. PMID 16938376.
- ^ Okamoto, Yoshinori; Hayashi, Tomohiro; Matsunami, Shinpei; Ueda, Koji; Kojima, Nakao (2008). "Combined Activation of Methyl Paraben by Light Irradiation and Esterase Metabolism toward Oxidative DNA Damage". Chemical Research in Toxicology 21 (8): 1594–9. doi:10.1021/tx800066u. PMID 18656963.
External links [edit]
- Methylparaben at Hazardous Substances Data Bank
- Methylparaben at Household Products Database
