Jump to content

List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Traditional Territory comprises all of the lands which an Indigenous nation ever claimed, not just the present-day Reservation. This article is about the name for the traditional territory (the land) itself, rather than the name of the nation/tribe/people. The distinction between nation and land is like the French people versus the land of France, the Māori people versus the land of Aotearoa, or the Saami people versus the land of Sápmi (Saamiland). For example, the traditional territory of the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Nation is called Waaziija, meaning "the Grand Pinery."

In English, the land of an indigenous nation was historically, and sometimes still is, referred to as a "country," such as "(the) Winnebago country." Some Latinate forms exist in English such as "Iroquoia", "Huronia", and "Apacheria."

List of traditional territories

[edit]
Autonym(s) for the traditional territory[Note 1] Conventional or historic English monikers for the traditional territory, with various attested spellings[Note 2] The people affiliated with that territory Further information Wikipedia article?[Note 3]
A AAA A AAA A AAA A AAA
? The Aa'ku (Acoma Pueblo) traditional territory—autonym unknown. Athe Acoma country,[1] the Acoma homeland[2] AAa'ku (Acoma) No
? The A'aninin (Gros Ventre) traditional territory—autonym unknown. AGros Ventre country,[3] the Gros Ventre country,[4] the Gros Ventre homeland[5] AA'aninin (Gros Ventre) See also Niitsitpiis-stahkoii, the traditional territory of the wider Blackfoot Confederacy. No
? The Andastoerrhonon (Susquehannock/Conestoga) traditional territory—autonym is Conestoga Homeland[6] Athe Susquehannock country,[7] the Susquehannock homeland,[8] the Andaste country,[9] Andaste,[10] the Conestoga country,[11] the Minquas country,[12] the Minquas' Land,[13] the Minquas land[14] AAndastoerrhonon (Susquehannock/Conestoga) In the Huron and French languages of the Jesuit mission era: Gandastogue,[15] Andastoé, Andastogué ("country of Andastes").,[16] Conestoga people today and traditionally call themselves Conestoga. The "co" part of the word is a prefix that refers to "people". The "ne" part of the word carries a tone that causes this part of the word to mean "of". The "stog" part of the word means "long ridge pole" (this is the short form of the translation) and refers to geologic formations. The "a" part of the word depending on syllable length means "country" or "nation". Conestoga Language is a tonal language in which tone changes word meaning, vowel length changes word meaning, and tone and vowel length can work together to change word meaning. Also, the English spelling does not accurately reflect the pronunciation of the word, but the pronunciation of the word by non-Conestoga speakers in the Conestoga Homeland is fairly accurate.[6][relevant? – discuss] —
Anishinaabewaki,[17] Anishinaabe Ahiki,[18] Anishinaabe-aki,[19] Anishinaabeg Akiing[20] AAnishinaabe Country,[21] Anishinaabe country,[22] the Anishinaabe Aki[23] AAnishinaabe are a supra-national identity which encompasses the three nations of the Three Fires Confederacy: the Ojibwe, the Odawa, and the Potawatomi, plus the culturally related Algonquin, Mississauga, and Nipissing. Because the name "Anishinaabe" also serves as a synonym for "Ojibwe" or "Odawa" (or the other specific nations) and also means "Indian", the various forms of "Anishinaabe Aki" can also mean "Ojibwe country", "Odawa country" (and so forth), and also "Indian Country" in general. French: l'Anishinabe Aki.[23]

"The Nishnawbe Aski territory" refers to the land of the amalgamated national identity which was formed in 1983 by the OjiCree-, Ojibway-, Cree-, and Algonquin-speaking bands which were party to the two treaties which cover Northern Ontario.[24] See also the entries for Ojibwewaki (Ojibwa country), Bodéwadmiakiwen (Potawatomi country), and Omàmiwininiwak (Algonquin) traditional territory.

No
Apsáalooke Issawua,[25] Absarog-Issawua[26] ("Land of the Children of the Large Beaked Bird") ACrow country,[27] the Crow country,[28] the Land of the Crow Indians[26] AApsáalooke (Crow) No
Atna Nenn'[29] ("Land of the Ice People") AAhtna Country,[30] the Ahtna country[31] AAhtna (Copper River) The traditional territory of the Upper Ahtna people is called Tatl'ahwt'aenn Nenn' ("Headwaters People's Country").[32] No
? The Attawandaron (Neutral) traditional territory—autonym unknown. Athe Neutral country, the country of the Neutrals,[33] the Neutrals' territory[34] AAttawandaron (Neutral) Nation The Kahkwa nation was either one of the Erie[35] or Neutral nations, or the name in the Seneca language for the Neutral and Erie nations as a whole.[34] In the Huron language, the Kahkwa traditional territory is called Atrakwae.[36] In English, it has been referred to as "Kahkwa territory".[37] No
Báxoje Máyan[25] ("Land of the Gray Snow People") AIoway country,[38] the Iowa country[39] ABáxoje (Iowa/Ioway) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Pahkutawiru "among the Ioway, in Ioway country."[38] No
Bodéwadmiakiwen,[25] Bodewadmi kik[25] ("Land of the Keepers of the Fire") Athe Potawatomi country, Potawatomi land[25] ABodéwadmi (Potawatomi) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Raawaruhkisiru ("among the Potawatomi; in Potawatomi country").[40] See also Anishinaabewaki. No
Chahta Yakni[41] ("Land of Chahta") AChoctaw country,[42] the Choctaw country[43] AChahta (Choctaw) In Choctaw legend, "Chahta" is the name of the first man to come out of the earth.[44] No
Chicora[45] Athe land of Chicora[46] AChicora Spanish: tierra de Chicora.[47] No
Chikashsha Yakni, Chikasha yakni[48] ("Land of Chicksa") AChickasaw Country,[49] the Chickasaw country[50] AChikashsha (Chickasaw) In Chickasaw legend, "Chicksa" is the name of the second man to come out of the earth.[51] No
Denaʼina Ełnena Dena'ina territory; the Dena'ina homeland Dena'ina people No
Denendeh ("Land of the People") Athe Dene country[52] AThe Dene name has two primary meanings: The name "Denendeh", though now confined to the NWT, could conceivably be employed as a supra-national name for all the Northern Athabaskan traditional territories as a whole, in a similar way that "Anishinaabewaki" transcends modern political boundaries.

See also Tłı̨chǫ Ndè (Dogrib country).

No
Diné Bikéyah ("Land of the People"), Naabeehó Bikéyah,[54] Dinétah ("Among the People") ANavajoland,[55] the Navajo country[56] ADiné (Navajo) In contrast to Diné Bikéyah, the name Dinétah can refer specifically to the original homeland, in contrast to the wider territory which resulted from the Navajos' westerly expansion in historic times. The name Naabeehó Bináhásdzo refers to the Navajo reservation jurisdiction and its political government.[54] (link)
Dule Nega,[57] Dulenega,[58] Tulenega[59] ("House of the People"), Guna Yala, Kuna Yala ("Land of the Kuna") Athe Kuna homeland,[60] the Kuna country,[61] Kuna country,[62] the Dule homeland[citation needed] ADule (Guna/Kuna) Besides being a name of entire traditional territory, Guna Yala is also specifically the name of the Panamanian political administrative comarca ("shire") where the Kuna are based. That political division was formerly known as Comarca Kuna Yala, the Province of San Blas, and the Comarca Tulenega. No
Dusgaowehonoga, Dus-gaˊ-o-weh-o-noˊ-ga[63] ATuscarora country,[64] the Tuscarora country[65] ASka-Ruh-Reh (Tuscarora) See also Haudenosauneega (Iroquoia). No
Gawi Wachi ("The Place of Nurturing")[66] Athe Tarahumara country,[67] Tarahumara country,[68] the Rarámuri country,[69] Rarámuri country,[70] ARarámuri (Tarahumara) No
Gweugwehonoga, Gwe-uˊ-gweh-o-noˊ-ga[63] ("Land of the People of the Great Swamp") ACayuga Country,[71] Cayuga country,[72] the Cayuga country[73] AGuyohkohnyoh (Cayuga) See also Haudenosauneega (Iroquoia). No
Haudenosauneega, Ho-de-no-sau-nee-ga[74] ("Land of the People who are Building a Long House"), Aquanishuonigy[75] AIroquoia, the Iroquois Country,[76] the Country of the Confederate Indians,[75] the Country of the Five Nations,[77] the Country of the Six Nations.[78] AThe Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy. The confederated identity encompasses the Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga. Other nations, such as the Tuscarora, were adopted by the Haudenosaunee in historic times. French: Pays des Iroquois.[79] Haudenosauneega or Aquanishuonigy is traditionally composed of five "countries": 1) "Aquanishuonigy proper" (the traditional territories of the Five Nations in New York), 2) Ohi-yo' (the Ohio Valley), 3) Tiiuchsochruntie (the Lower Peninsula of Michigan), 4) Couchsachrage (the Adirondack Mountains), and 5) Skaniadarade (Southern Ontario).[80]

See also Kanién:ke (Mohawk country), Onayotekaonoga (Oneida country), Gweugwehonoga (Cayuga country), Nundawaonoga (Seneca country), Onundagaonoga (Onondaga country), and Dusgaowehonoga (Tuscarora country).

No
Hiakim[81] Athe Yaqui country,[82] the Yaqui homeland,[81] Yaqui lands,[81] Yaqui land,[83] the Yaqui Homelands[84] AYoeme (Yaqui) No
? The Hinono'eino (Arapaho) traditional territory—autonym unknown. AArapaho country,[85] the Arapaho country,[86] the Arapaho homeland,[87] Arapahoe country,[27] the Arapahoe homeland[88] AHinono'eino (Arapaho) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Sariˀitihkawiru ("among the Arapahos, in Arapaho country").[89] No
Hopitutskwa,[90] Hopi Tutskwa[91] ("Land of the Peaceful Ones") AHopiland,[92] Hopi Land,[93] Hopi lands,[94] the Hopi Tutskwa,[95] the Hopi country,[96] Hopi country[97] AHopi No
Inokinki,[25] Inokinghi[98] ("Place of the Inoca") Athe Illinois Country,[99] the Illinois country,[98] the country of the Inoca,[99] the Inoca homeland[99] AThe Inoca (Illinois/Illini) Confederacy traditionally includes these five principal nations: Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa. There were several other, more obscure member nations in the early historic period. French: Pays des Illinois[99] (not to be confused with the French political territory of the Illinois Country which was named after the indigenous traditional territory). The original meaning of the autonym Inoca, Inoka is presently unknown.[100] No
Inuit Nunaat[101] ("Land of the People") Athe Inuit homeland,[102] the Inuit country,[103] the Eskimo country[104] AInuit

"We Eskimo are an international community sharing common language, culture, and a common land along the Arctic coast of Siberia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Although not a nation-state, as a people, we do constitute a nation."

—Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska[105]

Inuit Nunaat is used by the international Inuit Circumpolar Council; for example in the April 2009 "Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Sovereignty in the Arctic."[106] Two months later, in June 2009, the Canadian-sponsored Inuit organization changed the name of the specifically Canadian Inuit regions from Inuit Nunaat to Inuit Nunangat[107] ("The People's Land, Water, and Ice").[108] The four Canadian Inuit regions are the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Northwest Territories and Northern Yukon), Nunavut ("Our Land"), Nunavik ("Great Land", Northern Quebec), and Nunatsiavut ("Our Beautiful Land", Northern Labrador). There is also NunatuKavut ("Our Ancient Land"), the traditional territory of the NunatuKavummuit of southern Labrador. There are seven Alaskan Native Corporations (see ANC link for map) which are predominantly Inuit in composition: Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, NANA Regional Corporation, Bering Straits Native Corporation, Calista Corporation, Bristol Bay Native Corporation, Koniag, Inc., and Chugach Alaska Corporation.

The existing Inuit-affiliated political divisions and regional corporations only partially reflect the traditional cultural and linguistic diversity of the Inuitic peoples.[109] For example, the boundaries of the Danish political entity Kalaallit Nunaat are bigger than the traditional territory of the Kalaallit proper (West Greenland Inuit). There are two other Inuitic peoples in Greenland: the Tunumiit (East Greenland Inuit), who live in Tunu[110] and the Inughuit (Polar Eskimos) of North Greenland.

No
Jiwére Máyan,[25] Wadodana Máyan[111] ("Land of the Otoes") AOtoe country,[112] the Otoe country,[113] the country of the Otoe Indians[112] AJíwere (Otoe) Nation No
? The Ka'igwu (Kiowa) Cáuidàumgà (Kiowa Country) traditional territory—autonym unknown. AKiowa country,[114] the Kiowa country,[115] the Kiowa homeland[116] AKa'igwu (Kiowa) Nation In the Skiri Pawnee language: Kaˀiwaru ("among the Kiowa; in Kiowa country").[117] No
Kanién:ke,[25] Kanienkeh,[118] Kanyę̂·ke[119] ("Land of Flint"), Ganeagaonoga, Gä-neă-ga-o-noˊ-ga[63] AMohawk country,[120] the Mohawk country,[121] Mohawk territory,[122] the Mohawk homeland,[123] the Mohawk homelands,[124] the Mohawk Territory[124] AKanienʼkehá꞉ka (Mohawk) Nation In the Huron and French languages of the Jesuit mission era: Annien̈ę,[125] Agné, Agne, Agnée, Agnié, Agniée, Agniés, Agniez ("the French appellation of Mohawks and their country.")[126] In the Maliseet language: Meqewihkuk ("where Mohawks live; in, to Mohawk territory").[127] See also Haudenosauneega (Iroquoia). No
? The Kanza (Kaw) traditional territory—autonym unknown. AKaw Country,[128] Kaw country,[129] the Kaw country,[130] Kansa country,[131] the Kansa country,[132] the Kaw homeland[133] AKanza (Kaw) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Arahuuru ("in Kansa country").[134] No
Karúk Veezívzaaneen[135] ("Land of the Upriver People") AKaruk Country,[136] Karuk country,[137] Karuk territory[135] AKaruk No
Kootzagwae[138] Mono Lake Tribe; Mono Lake Paiute; Kucadikadi The Kootzaduka’a (Kucadikadi) People The name "Kootzaduka’a" is used by the band itself to refer to themselves as a people. They consider themselves a band of the Northern Paiute people. Therefore, the Kootzaduka'a homeland is Kootzagwae, which is part of the Northern Paiute homeland of Numu Tubewa.
Ktunaxa ʔamakʔis Ktunaxa territory Ktunaxa people No
Kulhulmcilh[25] ("Our Land") ANuxalk country,[139] Bella Coola country,[140] the Bella Coola country[141] ANuxálk (Bella Coola) No
Lakhota Makhoche[142] ("Land of the Allies") ALakota Country,[143] the Lakota Country,[144] the Lakota country,[145] the Lakota homeland,[146] the Teton country,[147] the Teton Sioux homeland [148] ALakhota (Teton Sioux) The Lakota nation is one of seven nations of the Oceti Šakowiŋ, the Seven Fires Council of the Great Sioux Nation. No
Lënapehòkink,[149] Lenapehoking,[150] Lenape Hoking[151] ("In the People's Land"), Scheyischbi ("The Place Bordering the Ocean") ADelaware Indian country,[152] the Delaware Indian country,[153] Lenape country,[154] the Lenape country[155] ALenape (Delaware) Lenapehoking is reportedly a modern coining which could conceivably be used for any land which has been affiliated with the Lenape, such as the Ohio treaty lands and tribal jurisdiction in Oklahoma, while Scheyischbi refers to the original homeland on the Mid-Atlantic seaboard.[citation needed] (link)
Lingít Aaní,[156] Lingit Aani[157] ("Land of the People of the Tides") ATlingit country,[158] the Tlingit country,[159] the Tlingit Country,[160] Traditional Tlingit Country,[161] the Tlingit homeland[162] ALingít (Tlingit) No
Mánu: Yį Įsuwą[25] ("Land of the River People") ACatawba Country,[163] the Catawba country,[164] the Catawba homeland[165] AIswa (Catawba) No
Massa-adchu-es-et ("Region of the Great Hills",[166] "The Great-Hill Country"[167]) AMassachussett country[168] AMassa-adchu-es-et (Massachusett) In the Abenaki language: Msajosek ("where there are many hills").[166] The English colony, later U.S. state, was named after the traditional territory and its people. The traditional territory of the Agawam band of Massachusett is named Wonnesquamsauke ("Pleasant Water Place"); the name was shortened in English to "Agawam", "Squam", and "Annisquam".[169] No
Mayach ("The First Land, the Land Just Sprouted")[170] [unreliable source?] Athe Maya Homeland,[171] the Mayan homeland[172] AUinicob (Maya) No
Métis Homeland The Homeland of the Métis is in the three Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta), as well as parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Northern United States[173][174] Métis No
Mēxihco ("Place of the Mexica") Athe Mexica homeland,[175] the land of the Mexica,[176] the land of the Mexica Indians[177] AMēxihcah (Aztec) The nation-state of Mexico is named after the traditional territory of the Mēxihcah people. No
Mi'kma'ki,[178] Migmagi[179] ("Land of the Allies") AMi'kmaq country, the Mi'kmaq homeland,[180] Micmac country, the Micmac country,[181] the Micmac homeland[182] AMi'kmaw (Micmac) In the Passamaquoddy-Maliseet language: Mihkomahkik.[183] See also Wabanahkik (Wabanaki country). No
Môhikaniks, Monheganick[184] ("Land of the Wolf People") AMohegan country,[185] the Mohegan country,[186] the Mohegan Homeland,[187] the Mohegan homeland[188] AMohegan No
Myaamionki[25] ("Place of the Downstream People") Athe Myaamiaki homeland,[189] Miami country,[190] the Miami country,[191] the Miami Country,[192] Miami Indian country,[193] the Miami Indian country,[194] the Miami homeland,[195] homeland of the Miami Confederacy[196] AMyaamiaki (Miami) and Confederacy. The Miami Confederacy traditionally includes the Miami Nation proper (the "Great Miami"), the Eel River, the Piankeshaw, and the Wea. See also Waayaahtanonki (Wea country). No
Nanticoke Ahkee, Nantaquak Ahkee, Nentego Ahkee ("Land of the Tidewater People"),[25] Nanticoke Pamtuckquah ("River of the Tidewater People") ANanticoke country,[197] the Nanticoke country,[198] Nanticoke territory,[199] the Nanticoke homeland[200] ANentego (Nanticoke) Nanticoke Pamtuckquah could refer to the original homeland along the Nanticoke River, while Nanticoke Ahkee would refer to post-exodus lands as well.[111] No
Na:tinixw[201] ("Where the Trails Return" = Hupa Valley) AHupa country,[202] the Hupa country,[203] the Hupa homeland,[204] Hoopa country[205] the Hoopa country[206] AHupa No
Nayantaquit,[207] Nayantakick,[208] Nianticut,[207] Nehantick,[207] Naïantukq-ut,[207] Naantucke,[207] Naihantick[207] Niantic,[207] Nehântick,[209] ("At a point of land on a tidal river, estuary", "Of long-necked waters") ANiantic country,[210] the Niantic country,[211] the Niantic territory[212] ANehântick (Niantic) No
N'DahAhKiNaNa[213] ("Our Ancient Heartland") Athe Mohican country,[214] the Mohican homeland[215] AMuh-he-ka-neew (Mohican) In the Abenaki language: Mahiganek ("At the Mohicans").[216] No
Ndakinna,[217] N'dakina[218] ("Our Land") AAbenaki country,[219] the Abenaki country,[220] the Abenaki homeland[221] AAlnôbak (Abenaki) In the Passamaquoddy-Maliseet language: Aponahkik.[222] The traditional territory of the historic Wawenoc band, "the Wawenoc country",[223] is called Mawooshen, "the Land of Mawooshen",[224] Mavooshen,[225] Moasham,[225] and Mawashen, meaning "Berry Place."[225] See also Wôbanakik (Wabanaki country). (link)
Nēhiýānāhk[226] ("In the Land of the Cree"), Nēhiýaw-askiy[227] ("Land of the Cree") Atraditional Cree territory,[228] the Cree country[229] ANēhiyaw (Cree) Nation The national name Nēhiyaw is from the Plains Cree, but serves as a pan-Cree name (see for example the Cree Wikipedia article). So Nēhiýānāhk serves as a default name for Cree country as a whole, in a similar way that Anishinaabewaki is based on an Ojibwe spelling, but serves as common name for the entire supra-national Aninishinaabe traditional territory. The traditional territory of the East Crees is called Eeyou Istchee and Iynu Asci ("Land of the People"). Eeyou or Iyyu is the spelling in northern East Cree, while Iynu in southern East Cree. The traditional territory of the Plains Cree in particular is Paskwāwiýinīnāhk ("In the Land of the Plains Cree").[226] No
Newe Segobia[230] ("The People's Earth Mother") AWestern Shoshone country,[231] the Western Shoshone homeland,[232] Newe Country,[233] the Newe Country[234] AThe Newe (Western Shoshone) People "Newe country"[235] and "the Newe country"[236] has also been applied in English to the traditional territory of any and all of the Newe peoples (Shoshone, Bannock, and Paiute). No
Niitsitpiis-stahkoii[237] ("Land of the Original People"), Nitawahsin-nanni[238] ("Our Land") ABlackfoot country,[239] the Blackfoot country,[240] Blackfeet Country,[241] the Blackfoot homeland[242] AThe Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) Confederacy traditionally includes the Káínaa (Blood), Piikani (Piegan), Siksika (Blackfoot), Tsu T'ina (Sarcee), and the Haaninin (Gros Ventre). See also the entry for Hinono'eino (Gros Ventre) traditional territory. No
Nionwentsïo ("Magnificent Territory"),[243] Wendake[244] ("The Land Apart") AHuronia,[245] the Huron country,[246] the Wyandot country,[247] Wyandotte country,[248] the Wyandotte country,[249] the Wendat country,[250] the Huron-Wendat country,[244] Old Huronia[251] (=Wendake Ehen) AWendat (Wyandot/Huron) French: la Huronie,[252] le pays des Hurons,[244] Contrée des Hurons.[244] In the Abenaki language: Ksitegwiiak ("Land of the Hurons").[216] Unlike the Huron-Wendat in Quebec, the three Wendat groups in the U.S. trace their origin to the Tionontati (Petun/Tobacco), Wenro, and Neutral nations,[245] and to only one of the original Huron nations (the Attignawantan nation), rather to the Huron Confederacy as a whole.[253] (link)
Nippenit, Nipnet, Neepnet, Neipnett[254] ("In a Place of Water", "Watering Place")[255] Nipamaug, Nipmuck, Nipmug ("Freshwater Fishing-Place")[255] ANipmuc Country,[256] Nipmuc country,[257] the Nipmuck Country,[258] the Nipmuck country,[259] the Nipmuc country[260] the Nipmuc homeland[261] ANipamaug (Nipmuc) The traditional territory of the Wabaquasset band of Nipmuc is named Wabaquasset, Wabaquassuck.[262] No
Nitaskinan[263] ("Our Land") AAtikamekw country,[264] traditional homeland of the Tête-de-Boule Indians[265] AAtikamekw (Têtes-de-Boules) A historic French term is "pays des Têtes-de-Boules."[266] (link)
Nitassinan,[267] Ntesinan[268] ("Our Land") AInnu country,[269] the Innu country,[270] Montagnais country,[271] the Montagnais country,[272] the Innu homeland[273] AInnu (Montagnais) An early French name: "le pays des Montagnais".[274] Nitassinan refers to Innu territory as a whole. Innu Assi ("Land of the People") refers to those lands within Nitassinan whose title is held by the Innu. In the Passamaquoddy-Maliseet language: Muhtaniyewihkuk ("In Innu Territory").[275] (link)
No-wa-mu[276] ("Mother Earth") AJemez country,[277] the Jemez country,[278] the Jemez homeland,[279] the Jemez World[280] AWalatowa (Jemez) No
Nʉmʉnʉʉ Sookobitʉ[25] ("Comanche Earth") AComanche country,[281] the Comanche country,[282] the Comanche homeland,[283] the Comancheria,[284] Comancheria ANʉmʉnʉʉ (Comanche) Spanish: Comanchería, la Comanchería.[285] In the Skiri Pawnee language: Raarihtaaru ("among the Comanche; in Comanche country").[286] (link)
Nundawaonoga, Nun-daˊ-wä-o-noˊ-ga[63] ("Land of the People of the Great Hill") ASeneca country,[287] the Seneca country[288] AOnondowahgah (Seneca) See also Haudenosauneega (Iroquoia). No
Ñút^achi Máyan[25] ("Land of the People of the River Mouth") Athe Missouria homeland,[289] the Missouria country[290] AÑút^achi (Missouria) No
Nutshimiu-aschiiy, Nuchimiiyu-chhiiy[25] ("Land in the Country", "Land of the Interior") ANaskapi country,[291] the Naskapi country[292] AIyuw (Naskapi) The Innu (Montagnais) consider the Naskapi to be a component band of their nation, yet the Naskapi generally conceive of themselves to be a distinct nation from the Montagnais, with their own language. No
? The Ogáxpa (Quapaw) traditional territory—autonym unknown. AQuapaw country,[293] the Quapaw country,[294] the Quapaw homeland[295] AOgáxpa (Quapaw) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Uukaahpaawiru ("among the Quapaw; in Quapaw country").[296] No
Ojibwewaki[297] ("Land of the Record Keepers") Athe Chippewa country,[298] the Ojibway country,[299] Ojibwe country,[300] Ojibwe Country,[301] the Ojibwa country[302] AOjibwe (Ojibwa/Chippewa) See also Anishinaabewaki. No
? The Olekwo'l (Yurok) traditional territory—autonym unknown. Athe Yurok country,[303] Yurok country[304] AOlekwo'l (Yurok) In the Karuk language: Yurúk Veezívzaaneen ("Land of the Downriver People"). No
Omaeqnomenew-ahkew[25] ("Land of the Wild Rice People") AMenominee country,[305] the Menominee country,[306] the Menominee homeland[307] AKiash Matchitiwuk (Menominee) No
? The Omàmiwininiwak (Algonquin) traditional territory—autonym unknown. Athe Algonquin country,[308] the Algonquin homeland[309] AOmàmiwininiwak (Algonquin) In the Abenaki language: Os8gonek ("Place of the Algonquin").[216] See also Anishinaabewaki. No
Onayotekaonoga, O-naˊ-yote-kä-o-noˊ-ga[63] ("Land of the People of the Upright Stone") Onyota'a:ka', Onʌyoteʼa·ka·' ("People and Homelands of the Standing Stone")[111] AOneida country,[310] the Oneida country,[311] the Country of the Oneidas,[311] the Oneida Territory,[124] the Oneida homeland[312] AOnayotekaono (Oneida) See also Haudenosauneega (Iroquoia). No
Onundagaonoga, O-nunˊdä-ga-o-noˊ-ga[63] ("Land of the People of the Hills") AOnondaga Country,[313] Onondaga country,[314] the Onondaga country,[315] the original country of Onondaga[315] AOnundagaono (Onondaga) See also Haudenosauneega (Iroquoia). No
O'odham Jeweḍ[25] ("Land of the People") AO'odham country,[316] Papago and Pima country[317] AO'odham (Papago and Pima) Despite the outsiders' designations of "Pima" and "Papago", the trend among the O'odham people is to consider themselves to be bands of the same cultural nation:

"The division of O'odham lands has resulted in an artificial division of O'odham society. O'odham bands are now broken up into 4 federally recognized tribes: the Tohono O'odham Nation, the Gila River Indian Community, the Ak-Chin Indian Community and the Salt River (Pima Maricopa) Indian community." (quote from the Tohono O'odham Nation website)[318]

In contrast to the entire traditional territory, O'odham ha-jeweḍga refers to the political Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.[25] Tohono ("Desert") is the O'odham name for the Tohono O'odham (Pagago) portion of O'odham Jeweḍ.[25] The Spanish name for this portion is Papaguería, which has also been used in English. The name "Tohono country",[318] "the tohono jewed",[319] "Papago country",[320] "the Papago country",[321] and "the Papago homeland"[322] are also attested. For the Akimel O'odham (Pima) portion of the traditional territory, the names "Pima country",[323] "the Pima country",[324] and "the Pima homeland"[325] are attested.

No
Paariru[326] ("Among the Pawnee; Pawnee country") APawnee country,[327] the Pawnee country,[328] the traditional Pawnee homeland[329] APaari (Pawnee) Of the Pawnee band territories, the Skiri (Skidi Pawnee) country is named Ckiiriru[330] and the Chawi (Republican Pawnee) country is named Cawiiriru.[331] No
Panaôbskaiiak[332] ("Land of the Penobscots") Athe Penobscot country,[333] the Penobscot homeland[334] APanawahpskek (Penobscot) In the Eastern Abenaki spelling (the Penobscot national language is nearly identitical to Eastern Abenaki): Pana8bskaiiak ("Land of the Penobscots").[216] In Western Abenaki spelling: Panȣbskaik, Panaȣbskaiiak. In the Passamaquoddy-Maliseet language: Panuwapskek.[335] No
? The Paⁿka (Ponca) traditional territory—autonym unknown. APonca country,[336] the Ponca country,[337] the Ponca homeland[338] APaⁿka (Ponca) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Riihitawiru ("among the Ponca").[296] No
Pequatit[339] ("At the Destroyers") APequod,[340] Pequot country,[341] the Pequot country,[342] the old Pequot homeland,[343] the Pequt countrey[344] APequttôog (Pequot) The traditional territory of the Wunnashowatuckoog band of Pequot is Wunnashowatuckqut or (shortened) Showatuckqut[345] ("Where the River Splits").[346] No
Peskotomuhkatik,[347] peskotomuhkatihkuk[348] ("In the Land of the Polluck-Spearers") APassamaquoddy country,[349] Passamaquoddy territory[347] the Traditional Ancestral Homeland Territory of the Passamaquoddy Tribe,[350] traditional Passamaquoddy territory,[350] Passamaquoddy Territory,[351] the Passamaquoddy Territory,[351] Passamaquoddy Ancestral Territory,[350] Passamaquoddy Homeland Territory[351] APeskotomuhkati (Passamaquoddy) See also Waponahkik (Wabanaki country). No
Pokanoket[352] ("Land of the Bitter Water Bays and Coves") AWampanoag Country,[353] Wampanoag country,[354] the Wampanoag Homeland,[355] the Wampanoag homeland,[356] Wampanoag territory,[357] the Wampanoag territory[358] AWôpanâak (Wampanoag) No
? The Sahnish (Arikara) traditional territory—autonym unknown. AArikara country,[359] the Arikara country,[360] the Sahnish homeland[361] ASahnish (Arikara) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Astarahiru ("among the Arikara, in Arikara country").[362] No
S'atsoyaha ("Land of the Sun-fire People"),[25] S'atsole yudjiha ("Yuchi Homeland")[363] AYuchi country,[364] the Yuchi country,[365] Euchee country,[366] the Yuchi homeland,[367] the Uchee country,[368] ATsoyaha (Yuchi) No
Shawandasse Tula ("Southwind Earth")[25] AShawnee country,[369] the Shawnee country,[370] the Shawnee homeland[371] AShaawanwaki (Shawnee) No
Shiwinnaqin[372] ("At the Flesh People"), Halona Idiwan’a[373] ("Middle Place") AZuniland,[374] Zuni Country,[375] Zuni's aboriginal territories, the A'shiwi country[376] AA:shiwi (Zuni) No
S’ólh Téméxw[377] ("Our Land") AStó:lō traditional territory,[377] Sto:lo country,[378] the Sto:lo country,[379] Stolo country[380] ASto:lo (Fraser River) No
Sq'ʷayáiɬaqtmš[381] AChehalis Indian Country,[382] the Chehalis country[383] AQ'ʷay'áy'iɬq' (Chehalis) No
? The Téenek traditional territory—autonym unknown. AThe Huasteca,[384] Wasteka,[385] the La Huasteca,[386] the Huastec homeland[387] ATéenek (Huastec) In the Nahuatl language: Cuextlan,[388] Kuextlan.[389] In Spanish: la Huasteca. (link)
Thâkînâwe, Sâkînâwe[390] ("Land of the Yellow Earth People") Athe Sac country,[391] the Sauk country,[392] the Sauk homeland[393] AOthâkîwaki (Sauk/Sac) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Saakiiwaru ("among the Sauk, in Sauk country").[394] No
? The Tickanwa•tic (Tonkawa) traditional territory—autonym unknown. ATonkawa country,[395] the Tonkawa country[396] ATickanwa•tic (Tonkawa) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Tarikawiru ("among the Tonkawas, Tonkawa country").[397] No
Tin-ta-mayuhk[398] ("My Country"), Sḵwx̱wú7mesh-ulh[381] ("Relating to the People of the Sacred Water"), Sko-mish-oath[398] Athe Squamish Country,[398] the Squamish country,[399] Squamish territory[398] AThe Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish) Nation The Skwxwú7mesh interviewee who shared the name Tin-ta-mayuhk also says: "Musqueams have a name too, same word, but pronounced differently; people up Lillooet have different name;" (sounds like Tsasch) "all mean the same, 'my country.'"[398] No
Tłı̨chǫ Ndè,[400] Tlicho Nde[401] ("Land of the Dog-Flank People") Athe Dogrib country[402] ATłı̨chǫ (Dogrib) See also Denendeh. No
Továngar[403] ("The World") ATongva country,[404] the Tongva homeland,[405] Tongva-Gabrielino country,[406] Gabrielino country,[407] the Gabrielino country,[408] the Gabrieleno homeland[409] ATongva (Gabrielino) No
Tsalagihi Hawiniditlv Gesvi (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ; "Cherokee country", lit. "Cherokee within it-was"),[410] Tsalaguwetiyi (ᏣᎳᎫᏪᏘᏱ ; "the old Cherokee lands"; uweti = 'old'; this name appears to specifically refer to the original traditional territory in the east)[411]

Tsay Keh Dene First Nation

The Tsay Keh Dene First Nation is one of the Sekani bands of the Northern Interior of British Columbia. While they have an office in the City of Prince George, their territories, settlements, and Indian Reserves are all to the north, in the area of Williston Lake.

ACherokee Country,[412] Cherokee country,[413] the Cherokee country,[414] the Cherokee homeland[415]

Tsay Keh Dene means "People of the Mountain".

AAniyvwiya (Cherokee) No
Tsenacommacah,[416] Tsenacomoco, Tenakomakah, Attanoughkomouck, Attan-Akamik ("Land of Much Events") Athe Powhatan country,[417] Powhatan country,[418] the Powhatan homeland,[419] Powhatan's territory[420] APoHaTan (Powhatan) Confederacy Tsenacommacah is also glossed as "Virginia". The name was perceived by the early English settlers to be the native equivalent for what they called "Virginia". Tsenacommacah appears to be cognate with Ojibwe danakamigad "be an activity, be an event, happen". Arahatecoh is the traditional territory of the Arrohattoc nation within the Powhatan confederacy.[421] (link)
Tséstho'e, Zesthoe[422] ("Land of Our People") ACheyenne country,[423] the Cheyenne country,[424] the Cheyenne homeland[425] ATsitsistas and So'taeo'o (Cheyenne) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Sahiiru ("in Cheyenne country").[296] No
Tupippuh Nummu[426] ("Our Homeland") Athe Timbisha Homeland,[427] Timbisha country,[428] the Panamint country[429] ATimbisha No
? The Tutunucu (Totonac) traditional territory—autonym unknown. ATotonac country,[430] the Totonac country,[431] the Totonac homeland,[432] ATutunucu (Totonac) In the Nahuatl language: Totonacapan ("Place of the Totonac").[433] No
Waayaahtanonki[25] ("Place of the Whirlpool") Athe Wea country,[434] the Wea lands[435] AWaayaahtanwa (Wea) See also Myaamionki (Miami country). No
Wabanahkik (in the Micmac language), Waponahkik (in the Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language), Wôbanakik (in the Abenaki-Penobscot language).[436] These all mean "Land of Dawn, Land of the First Light". Athe Dawnland,[437] Wabanaki country,[438] the Wabanaki country,[439] Wabanaki Country,[440] the land of the Wabanaki[439] AThe Wabanaki Confederacy includes the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, and Abenaki. The name for the Dawnland in other Algonkic languages: Wàbanakìng (in Algonquin), Waabanakiing (in Ojibwe), Waabnakiing (in Odawa), Wabnekig (in Potawatomi).[436] No
? The Wah-Zha-Zhi (Osage) traditional territory—autonym unknown. AOsage country,[441] the Osage country,[442] the great Osage homeland,[443] the Osage homelands,[443] the Osage ancestral territory[444] AWah-Zha-Zhi (Osage) In the Skiri Pawnee language: Pasaasiru ("among the Osages; in Osage territory").[296] No
Wašišiw Ɂítdeʔ[445] Wa She Shu E Deh[446] ("The People from Here") AWašiw lands,[445] Washoe country,[447] the Washoe country[448] AWašiw (Washoe) No
Wazija Haci[449] ("Those who dwell in the pines"), Wazija,[450] Wazidja,[451] Waazija[452] ("The Grand Pinery") Athe Wazija,[450] the Wazidja,[450] the Hočąk Wazija,[450] the land of the Hočągara,[450] Ho-Chunk country,[453] Winnebago country,[454] the Winnebago country,[455] the Winnebago homeland[456] AHo-Chunk An early French name: pays des Puants.[457] No
Wintʰu· Po·m[25] ("Land of the People") AWintu country[458] AWintu There are traditionally nine band territories, such as wenem memen bos ("the middle water place/country"),[25] and nomte pom[25] or Nom ti pom[459] ("In the west country").[460] No
Wolastokuk[335] ("Land of the Beautiful River") AMaliseet country,[461] the Malecite country AWolastoqiyik (Maliseet) See also Waponahkik (Wabanaki country). No
X̱aaydag̱a Gwaay.yaay,[462] Xhaaidlagha Gwaayaai,[463] Xaadala Gwayee[464] ("Islands at the Edge of the World"), X̱aayda gwaay, Haida Gwaii[465] ("Islands of the People") AHaida country, the Haida homeland[466] AThe X̱aadas (Haida) Nation (link)
Yagaocanahagary[467] ("Land Between the Two Points") APiscataway Country[468] APiscataway (Conoy) No
? The Yokot'anob (Chontal) traditional territory—autonym unknown. Athe Chontalpa,[469] the Chontal homeland[470] AYokot'anob (Chontal) In the Nahuatl language: Chontalpa ("Land of the Foreigners").[469] In Spanish: la Chontalpa.[471] "Chontalpa" remains the name of a Mexican economic planning region coterminous with four political municipalities. No
ZZZZ ZZZZ ZZZZ ZZZZ

Criteria for inclusion

[edit]

For the purpose of this list, "nation" refers to the historic, whole national identities, rather than to the fragmented "reservation nations" or "bands". The whole nations are what John Beaucage, Grand Council Chief of the Anishinabek Nation, refers to as "true nations" in contrast with the fragmented "First Nations":

"First Nations must work towards the restoration of our own model of nationhood made up of our true nations. In essence, moving away from 633 First Nations—from Aamjiwnaang to Zhiibhaasing—to governance based on the nearly 60 indigenous nations, from the Abenaki Nation to the Wendat Nation and all those in between."

—John Beaucage, "A Vision of a New Assembly of First Nations" (emphasis added), 2009[472]

Or what the Government of Quebec calls "the 11 aboriginal nations of Québec" in contrast with their component "55 aboriginal communities".[473] And so the criteria for inclusion is not the same as what are named "Indian tribes" by the U.S. Federal Register and the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), or what are called "First Nations" by the Canadian government and Assembly of First Nations (AFN). It would be interesting to compile the names for the "band territories" of the 633 fragmented First Nations of the AFN, or the names of the "reservation territories" of the 632 fragmented Indian Nations of the NCAI, but that is beyond the scope of this article, except as side notes in the "further information" column.

So this list does not include the names for reservations or reserves, but only of the entire national homeland (or the homeland of a confederated identity such as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy or Colville tribes). For example, this list wouldn't give the Cherokee name for the Qualla Boundary reservation, but only the name for "the Cherokee country" as a whole. Ideally a single name could conceivably encompass not only the Contact-era ancestral territory, but also any area which at some time or another was conceived to be part of the national domain, such as post-Removal lands.

"Northeastern Oklahoma is the seat of government for the sovereign nation of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. However, all of the lands where the Miami have lived over time are still referred to as "Myaamionki" (the Place of the Myaamia)."

—The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma.[474]

The names do not have to be from olden days. The names could be recently coined and still be included in this list.

Compiling a list such as this can be a difficult and controversial process, as it requires some discernment as to what are the "whole nations" — the "true nations" in Beaucage's words.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ When the name of a traditional territory has several possible etymologies, only one or a few English translations are given here (for example Ojibwewaki = "Land of the Record Keepers" is only one of several possibilities). For more, see the Wikipedia article for each nation and the various folk etymologies and proposed etymologies for their national name.
  2. ^ Though the column of conventional and historic English monikers is not meant to be a comprehensive list, and though some of the references are ephemeral, this column does give a snapshot of how the traditional territories have been spoken of in everyday English.
  3. ^ This column contains links to existing articles about a single nation's traditional territory. Ideally such Wikipedia articles would include a composite map which showed how each indigenous national territory is portrayed in all of these:
    • key maps from scholars, such as the national boundaries from the Handbook of North American Indians, Alfred Kroeber's culture area maps, and Sturtevant's 1967 "Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas, & Linguistic Stocks" map.
    • key maps from general sources, such as the tribal boundaries from National Geographic's Indians of North America map from 1972.
    • a map of all treaty lands which that nation is a party, as documented in the Royce land cession maps and the Canadian numbered treaties.
    • the map(s) submitted by each U.S. Indian Nation during the Indian Claims Commission.
    • the final ICC "judicially established" map.
    • the NAGPRA "area of interest" map from each U.S. Indian Nation.
    • a map showing the location of all former reservation lands.
    • a map of current reservation and trust lands.
    • the location of national sites and diasporic populations situated outside of those lands—for example, outlying historic villages (such as the Bulltown Lenape village in what's now West Virginia, which was never a part of Lenape treaty lands) and modern "satellite" communities (for example, the "at-large" Community Groups of the Cherokee Nation).
    • a map of the State Designated Tribal Statistical Area (SDTSA) for state-recognized Indian Nations.
    • and most importantly, "tribally-interpreted", "indigenous-approved" maps, such as the traditional territory maps from the ongoing British Columbia Treaty Process, and depictions of legendary boundaries from oral history.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hodge, F.W. (May 1898). "Ascent of the Enchanted Mesa". The Century Magazine. LVI (1).
  2. ^ "Acoma Pueblo". U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Encyclopedia.com. 2008.
  3. ^ Fowler, Loretta (1994). DeMallie, Raymond J. (ed.). The Civilization Strategy: Gros Ventre, Northern and Southern Arapahos Compared. VNR AG. ISBN 978-0-8061-2614-2.
  4. ^ Hungry Wolf, Adolf (2006). Memories of James Boy. Good Medicine Foundation. p. 991. ISBN 978-0-920698-86-0.
  5. ^ "Facts On File History Database Center". Fofweb.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  6. ^ a b 2022. Conestoga Language Living Dictionary. Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. https://livingdictionaries.app/conestoga_language
  7. ^ Eshleman, Henry Frank (1909). Lancaster County Indians: Annals of the Susquehannocks and Other Indian Tribes of the Susquehanna Territory from about the Year 1500 to 1763. Express Print Company. p. 72.
  8. ^ Jennings, Francis (1988). Washburn, Wilcomb E. (ed.). Dutch and Swedish Indian Policies. Smithsonian Institution. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-16-004583-7.
  9. ^ Parkman, Francis (1899). The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century. Little, Brown. p. 268.
  10. ^ Eshleman (1909), p. 38, [1]
  11. ^ Megaree, Louis N., ed. (October 1, 1902). "The Paxton Boys". Seen & Heard. II (91): 1402.
  12. ^ O'Callaghan, E.B. (1868). Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1674. Weed, Parsons and Company, printers. p. 63.
  13. ^ Hanna, Charles Augusta (1911). The Iroquoians of the Susquehanna. Vol. One. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 77. ISBN 978-5-87622-177-3.
  14. ^ Ferris, Benjamin (1846). A History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware: From Its Discovery by Hudson to the Colonization Under William Penn. Wilson & Heald. p. 45.
  15. ^ Eshleman (1909), p. 38, [2]
  16. ^ Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. (1901). The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791. Vol. LXXII. Burrows Brothers. p. 48.
  17. ^ Miner, Dylan A.T. (2012). "Radical Migrations through Anishinaabewaki: An Indigenous Re-Mapping of the Great Lakes". Deep Routes: The Midwest in All Directions. White wire. pp. 5–9. ISBN 978-0-615-60888-4.
  18. ^ "Trouwringen | platina, palladium en witgouden trouwringen" (PDF). Unieketrouwringen.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  19. ^ "Anishinaabe-aki: An Introduction to Unceded and Unsurrendered Algonquin Territory". Allevents.in. April 5, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  20. ^ McNally, Michael D. (August 28, 2000). Ojibwe Singers: Hymns, Grief, and a Native Culture in Motion: Hymns, Grief ... - Michael D. McNally Assistant Professor of History Eastern Michigan University. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195350678. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  21. ^ "Anishinaabe Perspectives - Blog". Anishinaabeperspectives.weebly.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  22. ^ "Happy International Women's Day | anishinaabewiziwin". Giizismoon.wordpress.com. March 9, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2015.[self-published source?]
  23. ^ a b [3] Archived December 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Nishnawbe Aski Nation - About Us". Nan.on.ca. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Traditional Territiores". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  26. ^ a b "Foods | Library @ Little Big Horn College". Lib.lbhc.edu. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  27. ^ a b Fowler, Loretta (1986). Arapahoe Politics, 1851-1978: Symbols in Crises of Authority - Loretta Fowler. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803268629. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  28. ^ "Crow Chief Meadows is a south central Montana rural subdivision and real estate opportunity in the foothills of the Beartooth Mountains near Absarokee, MT". Crowchief.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  29. ^ Ahtna
  30. ^ John Smelcer (ed.). "Ahtna Noun Dictionary" (PDF). Johnsmelcer.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  31. ^ Sturtevant, William C. (1978). Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic - William C. Sturtevant. Smithsonian. p. 9. ISBN 9780160045783. Retrieved May 16, 2015. ahtna country.
  32. ^ "Tatl'ahwt'aenn nenn' = The headwaters people's country: narratives of the Upper Ahtna Athabaskans". Jlc-web.uaa.alaska.edu. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  33. ^ "Full text of "The country of the Neutrals"". St. Thomas, Ont., Times print. 1895. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  34. ^ a b "Neutrals". Dickshovel.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  35. ^ Wonderley, Anthony (June 2009). At the Font of the Marvelous: Exploring Oral Narrative and Mythic Imagery of ... - Anthony Wayne Wonderley. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815632078. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  36. ^ Pendergast, James F. (1994). "The Kakouagoga or Kahkwas: An Iroquoian Nation Destroyed in the Niagara Region". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 138 (1): 96–144. JSTOR 986707. PMID 11639216.
  37. ^ Wonderley, Anthony (June 2009). At the Font of the Marvelous: Exploring Oral Narrative and Mythic Imagery of ... - Anthony Wayne Wonderley. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815651376. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  38. ^ a b Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  39. ^ "The Old Iowa Village (1880-1893), near Fallis, Oklahoma". Ioway.nativeweb.org. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  40. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  41. ^ The Constitution and laws of the Choctaw Nation = Chahta yakni, nan vlhpisa nishkoboka, micha anumpa vlhpisa aiena / [compiled and edited by] Jonathan Cogswell. - Version details - Trove. Trove.nla.gov.au. 1975. ISBN 9780842018463. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  42. ^ "Choctaw and Buffalo - School of Choctaw Language". Choctawschool.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  43. ^ "Choctaw Nation". Choctawnation.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  44. ^ "History". Choctawnation.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  45. ^ Gragg, Rod (2008). Planters, Pirates, & Patriots: Historical Tales from the South Carolina ... - Rod Gragg. Pelican. ISBN 9781455610587. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  46. ^ Larry P. Jordan (July 1, 2004). "The Land of Chicora: Century saw once-thriving tribes decimated by multiple struggles: 300years". Thetandd.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  47. ^ Gómara, Francisco López de (1922). Historia general de las Indias - Francisco Lypez de Gуmara. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  48. ^ Chikasha Okla i Kvnstitushvn Micha i Nan Vlhpisa. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  49. ^ "Things To Do In Oklahoma: Visit the Chickasaw Nation". Chickasawcountry.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  50. ^ "Map of the Chickasaw country: and contiguous portions of the Indian Territory / | Library of Congress". Loc.gov. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  51. ^ "The Official Site of the Chickasaw Nation | Prehistoric". Chickasaw.net. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  52. ^ "Dene Hand Games…". Sarahontheroad.com. March 18, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  53. ^ [4] Archived September 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ a b Navajo Nation#Terminology
  55. ^ "Home". Discovernavajo.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  56. ^ "Military Campaigns Navajo Country Northwestern New Mexico 1800 1846". AbeBooks. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  57. ^ Ventocilla, Jorge; Herrera, Heraclio; Núñez, Valerio (July 5, 2010). Plants and Animals in the Life of the Kuna - Jorge Ventocilla, Heraclio Herrera, Valerio Núńez. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292786790. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  58. ^ Emilio del Valle Escalante (May 20, 2014). "Self-Determination: A Perspective from Abya Yala". E-ir.info. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  59. ^ Léger, Marie (1994). Aboriginal Peoples: Toward Self-government - Marie Léger. Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551640105. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  60. ^ Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff; Coppolillo, Peter (2005). Conservation: Linking Ecology, Economics, and Culture - Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Peter Coppolillo. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691049807. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  61. ^ Hyatt Verrill, A.; Frizzle, Doug (2008). Scientifiction - A. Hyatt Verrill, Doug Frizzle. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780978457303. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  62. ^ Hinrichsen, Don (March 19, 2013). Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and Strategies - Don Hinrichsen. Island Press. ISBN 9781597268431. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  63. ^ a b c d e f League of the Ho-deˊ-no-sau-nee or Iroquois by Lewis H. Morgan, 1904.
  64. ^ Hudson, Marjorie. "Among the Tuscarora: The strange and mysterious death of John Lawson, gentleman, explorer, and writer". Learnnc.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  65. ^ "Indians-Parramore". Ncpublications.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  66. ^ Turner, Nancy J. (September 2008). The Earth's Blanket: Traditional Teachings for Sustainable Living - Nancy Turner. D & M Publishers. ISBN 9781926706184. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  67. ^ Boys' Life. November 1966. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  68. ^ "Born to Run – Christopher McDougall". Chrismcdougall.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  69. ^ Jennings, Gary (May 16, 2006). Aztec Autumn - Gary Jennings. Macmillan. p. 274. ISBN 9780765317513. Retrieved May 17, 2015. raramuri country.
  70. ^ Cajete, Gregory (1999). A People's Ecology: Explorations in Sustainable Living - Gregory Cajete. Book Marketing. ISBN 9781574160284. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  71. ^ Grumet, Robert Steven (1995). Historic Contact: Indian People and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United ... - Robert Steven Grumet. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806127002. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  72. ^ Shannon, Timothy J. (July 3, 2008). Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier - Timothy J. Shannon. Penguin. ISBN 9781440632655. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  73. ^ Yawger, Rose N. (1893). The Indian and the Pioneer: An Historical Study - Rose N. Yawger. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  74. ^ Thwaites (1901), p. 295, [5]
  75. ^ a b "Map of Colonial Virginia". Sonofthesouth.net. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  76. ^ "The Iroquois Country, 1768". Etc.usf.edu. December 1, 2004. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  77. ^ "Getty Images". Getty Images. August 30, 2004. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  78. ^ "A History of the Schenectady Patent in the Dutch and English Times - Map of the Country of the Six Nations in 1771". Schenectadyhistory.org. March 30, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  79. ^ Jacques Nicolas Bellin. "Partie occidentale de la nouvelle france ou du canada | 979". Maremagnum.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  80. ^ "A general map of the middle British colonies in America | Library of Congress". Loc.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  81. ^ a b c Evers, Larry; Molina, Felipe S. (1992). "The Holy Dividing Line: Inscription and Resistance in Yaqui Culture". Journal of the Southwest. 34 (1): 3–46. JSTOR 40169843.
  82. ^ "A Brief History Of The Yaqui And Their Land By Linda Zoontjens". Sustainedaction.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  83. ^ "Yaqui History". Pascuayaqui-nsn.gov. August 6, 2009. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  84. ^ "The Texas Band of Yaqui Indians - About Us". Yaquitribetexas.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  85. ^ Fowler, Loretta (2009). The Arapaho - Loretta Fowler. Infobase. ISBN 9781438103662. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  86. ^ Dorsey, George Amos (1903). The Arapaho Sun Dance: The Ceremony of the Offerings Lodge - George Amos Dorsey. Field Columbian Museum. ISBN 9780527018641. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  87. ^ Fowler, Loretta (October 2012). Wives and Husbands: Gender and Age in Southern Arapaho History - Loretta Fowler. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806185590. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  88. ^ Fowler, Loretta (1986). Arapahoe Politics, 1851-1978: Symbols in Crises of Authority - Loretta Fowler. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803268629. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  89. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  90. ^ Swann, Brian (2011). Born in the Blood: On Native American Translation. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803235410. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  91. ^ Loeffler, Jack; Loeffler, Celestia (2012). Thinking Like a Watershed: Voices from the West - Jack Loeffler, Celestia Loeffler. UNM Press. ISBN 9780826352330. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  92. ^ Kraker, Daniel (May 10, 2007). "Reggae in Hopiland | KNAU Arizona Public Radio". Knau.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  93. ^ "Welcome to Hopi Cultural Center.com". Hopiculturalcenter.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  94. ^ McCarty, Teresa L. (April 21, 2006). Language, Literacy, and Power in Schooling. Routledge. ISBN 9781135621834. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  95. ^ "Timeline Photos - Hopi Leadership Program". Facebook.com. April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  96. ^ "The Changing Physical Environment of the Hopi Indians of Arizona". Cpluhna.nau.edu. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  97. ^ "Radio on the Reservation | Al Jazeera America". Projects.aljazeera.com. March 1, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  98. ^ a b "Some Illinois Words:Places". Museum.state.il.us. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  99. ^ a b c d Lenville J. Stelle, Parkland College. "Inoca (Ilimouec, Illinois, Illini, Peoria) Ethnohistory Project". Virtual.parkland.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  100. ^ "Illinois Place Name of the Day". Illinois Press Blog. November 3, 2008.
  101. ^ "Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Arctic Sovereignty | Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami - Canada's National Inuit Organization". Itk.ca. November 7, 2008. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  102. ^ "INUIT CIRCUMPOLAR COUNCIL CHARTER". Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  103. ^ "91.02.07: The Inuit Family: A study of its history, beliefs, and images". Yale.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  104. ^ "Cinema: Old Master - TIME". Time. Content.time.com. September 20, 1948. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  105. ^ "ICC's Beginning". Iccalaska.org. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  106. ^ "A Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Sovereignty in the Arctic". Iccalaska.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  107. ^ "Maps of Inuit Nunangat (Inuit Regions of Canada) | Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami - Canada's National Inuit Organization". Itk.ca. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  108. ^ "Inuit Nunangat The People's Land: A Struggle for Survival by John Amagoalik — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists". Goodreads.com. July 6, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  109. ^ Inuit languages#Geographic distribution and variants
  110. ^ Tunu
  111. ^ a b c "traditional territories - Threefold Now". Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  112. ^ a b "RootsWeb: NORCAL-L Re: Fw: Story of the Murphy Party - Part I". Archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  113. ^ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs - United States. Office of Indian Affairs. 1843. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  114. ^ Palmer, Gus (2003). Telling Stories the Kiowa Way - Gus Palmer. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816522781. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  115. ^ Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians - James Mooney. 1898. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  116. ^ Rosenberg, Bruce A.; Brown, Mary Ellen (January 1, 1998). Encyclopedia of Folklore and Literature. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576070031. Retrieved May 17, 2015. the kiowa homeland.
  117. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  118. ^ "Indian Time Homepage". Indiantime.net. January 19, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  119. ^ "Originally referring to the Mohawk country on the Mohawk River and now used for any Mohawk reservation": p.478, Handbook of North American Indians by William Sturtevant, 1978.
  120. ^ Snow, Dean R. (December 1996). In Mohawk Country: Early Narratives about a Native People - Dean R. Snow, Charles T. Gehring, William A. Starna. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815604105. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  121. ^ Thomas S. Abler. "Mohawk". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  122. ^ van den Bogaert, Harmen Meyndertsz; O'Connor, George; Sycamore, Hilary (September 5, 2006). Journey Into Mohawk Country - Harmen Meyndertsz van den Bogaert, George O'Connor, Hilary Sycamore. Macmillan. ISBN 9781596431065. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  123. ^ "Indian Tobacco". Mohawk Nation News. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  124. ^ a b c "Early Explorations into the Oneida Homeland" (PDF). Oneidanation.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  125. ^ p.479 of Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, 1978.
  126. ^ Thwaites (1901), pp. 32–33, [6]
  127. ^ "meqiyik, meqihik, meqiyok | Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal". Pmportal.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  128. ^ "Kaw Nation". Kaw Nation. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  129. ^ "Page 7: Side A - Text" (PDF). Digital-libraries.ou.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  130. ^ Senate, United States. Congress (1880). Reports of Committees: 30th Congress, 1st Session - 48th Congress, 2nd Session - United States. Congress. Senate. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  131. ^ "Native Study - Chapter 3" (XLS). Nps.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  132. ^ "Full text of "Indian notes"". Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  133. ^ KSU. "This is normal text" (PDF). krex.k-state.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  134. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  135. ^ a b "GeoNative - Pomo - Karuk - Wintu". October 27, 2009. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  136. ^ "Welcome to UCLA's History Department". History.ucla.edu. December 7, 2004. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  137. ^ Scott, Grant. "In Karuk". Northcoastjournal.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  138. ^ "Numu Tubewa". Mono Lake Kootzaduka'a Tribe. September 29, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  139. ^ Schweitzer, Peter P.; Biesele, Megan; Hitchcock, Robert H.; Hitchcock, Robert K. (2000). Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self ... - Peter P. Schweitzer, Megan Biesele, Robert K. Hitchcock. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781571811011. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  140. ^ "Bella Coola Man". Harbourpublishing.com. May 6, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  141. ^ Cole, Douglas; Barker, John (October 2007). At Home with the Bella Coola Indians - McIlwraith T F Cole Douglas Barker John. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774850483. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  142. ^ Message from Siouan List by Clive Bloomfield, January 23, 2008.
  143. ^ "Rez Ramblings". Lakotacountrytimes.com. June 26, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  144. ^ "Sisseton Photos | Sioux Research-Dakota, Lakota, Nakota". Oyate1.proboards.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  145. ^ Andersson, Rani-Henrik (November 2008). The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890 - Rani-Henrik Andersson. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220423. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  146. ^ "Support Lakota Grassroots Resistance!". EverRibbon.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  147. ^ "Facts and Profiles: Indians in North Dakota" (PDF). Nd.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  148. ^ Fifer, Barbara C. (April 2008). Bad Boys of the Black Hills: And Some Wild Women, Too - Barbara C. Fifer. Farcountry Press. ISBN 9781560375487. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  149. ^ "Detailed Entry View". Talk-lenape.org. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  150. ^ "THE INDIANS OF LENAPEHOKING - Walpack History Bookstore". Walpackhistory.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  151. ^ Pritchard, Evan T. (2002). Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York - Evan T. Pritchard. Council Oak Books. ISBN 9781571781079. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  152. ^ Weslager, Clinton Alfred (1989). The Delaware Indians: A History - C. A. Weslager. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813514949. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  153. ^ Sylvester, Lorna Lutes (January 30, 1969). "Conner Prairie Pioneer Settlement and Museum | Sylvester | Indiana Magazine of History". Indiana Magazine of History. Scholarworks.iu.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  154. ^ "Facts On File History Database Center". Fofweb.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  155. ^ Gordon, Thomas Francis (1834). A Gazetteer Of The State Of New Jersey - Thomas R. Gordon. D. Fenton. ISBN 9780608422114. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  156. ^ Peter Stanton. "Teaching in Lingít Aaní". Teachinginlingitaani.blogspot.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.[self-published source?]
  157. ^ Hayes, Ernestine (2009). "Winter in Lingit Aani Brings Magpies and Ravens". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 21 (3): 90–94. doi:10.1353/ail.0.0088. S2CID 161633336. Project MUSE 366217.
  158. ^ "Tlingit - Early history, First contact with europeans, The land claims period". Everyculture.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  159. ^ Swanton, John Reed (2003). The Indian Tribes of North America - John Reed Swanton. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 9780806317304. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  160. ^ "Is this what sovereignty looks like?". Lingit Latseen. September 19, 2012. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  161. ^ "Traditional Tlingit Map and Tribal List". Ankn.uaf.edu. August 16, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  162. ^ Tidemann, Sonia C.; Gosler, Andrew (August 6, 2012). Ethno-ornithology: "Birds, Indigenous Peoples, Culture and Society". Routledge. ISBN 9781136543838. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  163. ^ "RootsWeb: VAFREDER-L Re: [VAFREDER] Re: Indians pre-1785 at Winchester". Newsfeed.rootsweb.com. August 15, 2005. Archived from the original on July 21, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  164. ^ Mooney, James (1894). The Siouan Tribes of the East - James Mooney. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 70. Retrieved May 17, 2015. the catawba country -club.
  165. ^ Tanner, Robert G. (2002). Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson's Shenandoah Valley ... - Robert G. Tanner. Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811720649. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  166. ^ a b Lolo, Sozap; Laurent, Jos (2001). New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues - Jos Laurent, Sozap Lolo. Applewood Books. ISBN 9781557090843. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  167. ^ Trumbull, James Hammond (1881). Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With ... - James Hammond Trumbull. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  168. ^ Richter, Dr Daniel K. (June 2009). Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America - Dr Daniel K Richter. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674042728. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  169. ^ Agawam tribe
  170. ^ "Full text of "Queen M'oo and the Egyptian sphinx"". New York, The Author. 1896. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  171. ^ Council, Toledo Maya Cultural (1997). Maya Atlas: The Struggle to Preserve Maya Land in Southern Belize - Toledo Maya Cultural Council, Toledo Alcaldes Association. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 9781556432569. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  172. ^ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R - James Minahan. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 9780313321115. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  173. ^ Canada, Library and Archives (October 15, 2013). "Métis Nation". www.bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  174. ^ "Métis Homeland - Rupertsland Institute". www.rupertsland.org. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  175. ^ Conrad, Geoffrey W.; Demarest, Arthur A. (August 31, 1984). Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism - Geoffrey W. Conrad, Arthur A. Demarest. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521318969. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  176. ^ "Customer Reviews: Mexica". Amazon. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  177. ^ Meier, Matt S.; Ribera, Feliciano (1993). Mexican Americans/American Mexicans: From Conquistadors to Chicanos - Matt S. Meier, Feliciano Ribera. Macmillan. ISBN 9780809015597. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  178. ^ Jasen Sylvester Benwah. "Mi'kma'ki Ktaqamkuk History Calendar". Benoitfirstnation.ca. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  179. ^ "Kim Nash-McKinley Speech to the Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, November 28, 2012". Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  180. ^ [7] Archived August 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  181. ^ Wallis, Wilson D. (1955). The Micmac Indians of Eastern Canada - Wilson D. Wallis. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816660148. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  182. ^ "The Mi'kmaq | Cape Breton University - HAPPEN". Cbu.ca. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  183. ^ "Mihkomahkik | Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal". Pmportal.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  184. ^ Mohegan Place Names in Connecticut, from the Mohegan Language Project. https://web.archive.org/web/20130114222024/http://www.moheganlanguage.com/Documents/Mohegan_Place_Names_in_CT.doc
  185. ^ Linda (February 10, 2013). "The Tale of Indian Leap at Yantic Falls in Norwich". The Distracted Wanderer. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  186. ^ "Memorials and pilgrimages in the Mohegan country: Peale, Arthur L". Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  187. ^ "Mohegan Sacred Sites: Moshup's Rock". ConnecticutHistory.org. May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  188. ^ "Mohegan Tribe Books & Videos | Mohegan Resources | Mohegan Tribe". Mohegan.nsn.us. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  189. ^ Joshua Sutterfield. "ROOTS OF PLACE: EXPERIENCING A MIAMI LANDSCAPE". Etd.ohiolink.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  190. ^ "Facts On File History Database Center". Fofweb.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  191. ^ Wayne C. Temple. "Indian Villages of the Illinois Country: Historic Tribes" (PDF). Museum.state.il.us. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  192. ^ Zimmerman, Fritz (October 1, 2011). "American Indian's History: Miami Indians of the Wabash and Maumee Rivers". Americanindianshistory.blogspot.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.[self-published source?]
  193. ^ "Remembering the Miami Indian Village Schoolhouse. - the American Indian Quarterly". Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  194. ^ "Mississippi River Tragedies - Chapter 1". Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  195. ^ Leighton, Arthur J (2007). 'Eyes on the Wabash': A history of Indiana's Indian people from pre-contact through removal (Thesis).[page needed]
  196. ^ Boyd, Colleen E.; Thrush, Coll-Peter (2011). Phantom Past, Indigenous Presence: Native Ghosts in North American Culture and History. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1137-7.[page needed]
  197. ^ Saville, Marshall Howard (1919). Archaeological Specimens from New England - Marshall Howard Saville. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  198. ^ "Full text of "The Nanticoke community of Delaware"". Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  199. ^ Aloian, Molly; Kalman, Bobbie (October 31, 2005). Nations of the Northeast Coast - Molly Aloian, Bobbie Kalman. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 13. ISBN 9780778703860. Retrieved May 17, 2015. nanticoke territory.
  200. ^ "About Page". Pocahontas.1colony.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  201. ^ Now You're Speaking Hupa by Victor Golla, p.92, 1994.
  202. ^ The North American Indian. Volume 13 - The Hupa. The Yurok. The Karok. The ... - Curtis, Edward S. Classic Books Company. ISBN 9780742698130. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  203. ^ International Archives of Ethnography: Supplement. 1897. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  204. ^ Sturtevant, William C.; Heizer, Robert Fleming (June 17, 1978). Handbook of North American Indians: California - William C. Sturtevant. HarperCollins. p. 164. ISBN 9780160045745. Retrieved May 17, 2015. the hupa homeland.
  205. ^ "The Gallup Independent from Gallup, New Mexico · Page 38". Newspapers.com. June 12, 1974. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  206. ^ Bledsoe, Anthony Jennings (1885). Indian Wars of the Northwest: A California Sketch - Anthony Jennings Bledsoe. Bacon. p. 428. Retrieved May 17, 2015. the hoopa country.
  207. ^ a b c d e f g Trumbull, James Hammond (1881). Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With ... - James Hammond Trumbull. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  208. ^ Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Societys. 1863. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  209. ^ Niantic people
  210. ^ Simmons, William Scranton (1986). Spirit of the New England Tribes: Indian History and Folklore, 1620-1984 - William Scranton Simmons. ISBN 9780874513721. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  211. ^ Drake, Samuel G. (1845). The Book of the Indians, Or, Biography and History of the Indians of North ... - Samuel Gardner Drake. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  212. ^ Jones, Capers (2006). The History and Future of Narragansett Bay - Capers Jones. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781581129113. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  213. ^ "N'DahAhki :: N'DahAhKi". Endahkee.nativeweb.org. August 30, 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  214. ^ American Anthropologist. 1903. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  215. ^ "N'DahAhki :: Mohicans". Endahkee.nativeweb.org. August 30, 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  216. ^ a b c d "Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook-Abenaki People - Sub- N'dakina - Our Homelands & People". Cowasuck.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  217. ^ "Like the Trails of Ndakinna". Hanksville.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  218. ^ "The Koasek Traditional Band of the Abenaki Nation - N'DAKINNA". Cowasuckabenaki.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  219. ^ "Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook-Abenaki People - Sub- French Jesuit Missions". Cowasuck.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  220. ^ "Biography – MEMBERTOU, Henri, baptized Henri – Volume I (1000-1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". Biographi.ca. July 26, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  221. ^ "Mapping the Abenaki Homeland". Flowofhistory.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  222. ^ "Aponahkik | Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal". Pmportal.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  223. ^ Swanton, John Reed (2003). The Indian Tribes of North America - John Reed Swanton. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 9780806317304. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  224. ^ "Norumbega Reconsidered: Mawooshen and the Wawenoc Diaspora" (PDF). Davistownmuseum.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  225. ^ a b c House Documents - USA House of Representatives. 1871. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  226. ^ a b nēhiýawēwin by Arok Wolvengrey, 2001.
  227. ^ "Acimowinis Niso Ocenasa Ohci" (PDF). Safewater.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  228. ^ Gingell, Susan (2010). "Lips' Inking: Cree and Cree-Métis Authors' Writings of the Oral and What They Might Tell Educators". Canadian Journal of Native Education. 32: 35–61, 154. ProQuest 759756465.
  229. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Cree". Newadvent.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  230. ^ Glennon, Robert Jerome (January 14, 2004). Water Follies: Groundwater Pumping and the Fate of America's Fresh Waters - Robert Jerome Glennon. Island Press. ISBN 9781559634007. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  231. ^ "How To Kill A Nation". Nativeweb.org. September 5, 1991. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  232. ^ "The Western Shoshone fight on - ICTMN.com". Indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  233. ^ Annette Jaimes, M. (August 5, 2010). The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance - M. Annette Jaimes. South End Press. ISBN 9780896084254. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  234. ^ Churchill, Ward (December 16, 2003). Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader - Ward Churchill. Routledge. ISBN 9781135955038. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  235. ^ Johnson, Sterling Ross (2011). ""Newe country: Environmental degradation, resource war, irrigation and " by Sterling Ross Johnson". UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. Digitalscholarship.unlv.edu. doi:10.34917/2838925. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  236. ^ Smoak, Gregory (February 15, 2006). Ghost Dances and Identity: Prophetic Religion and American Indian ... - Gregory E. Smoak. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520941724. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  237. ^ "The Greater Blackfoot Nation of Montana". Blackfoot.org. Archived from the original (TXT) on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  238. ^ Blackfoot Confederacy#History
  239. ^ Hungrywolf, Adolf (2006). The Blackfoot Papers - Adolf Hungrywolf. Good Medicine Foundation. ISBN 9780920698808. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  240. ^ Hungrywolf, Adolf (2006). The Blackfoot Papers - Adolf Hungrywolf. Good Medicine Foundation. ISBN 9780920698808. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  241. ^ "Welcome to Blackfeet Country ~Browning Montana~ Glacier Park". Blackfeetcountry.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  242. ^ Ewers, John C. (November 21, 2012). The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains - John C. Ewers. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806188683. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  243. ^ "Carte du Nionwentsïo". Nation Huronne-Wendate.
  244. ^ a b c d C.E. Heidenreich. "Wendake (Huronia)". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  245. ^ a b "Wyandot of Anderdon". Wyandot of Anderdon. March 15, 2014. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  246. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Huron Indians". Newadvent.org. June 1, 1910. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  247. ^ "The Wyandot Indians of Kansas - Page 2". Legendsofkansas.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  248. ^ Fletcher, Alice Cunningham (1888). Congressional Series of United States Public Documents. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  249. ^ "John Bland". Wyandotte-nation.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  250. ^ "Hurons and Jesuits Revisited: Joseph Boyden's The Orenda | Fiction and Film for French Historians". H-france.net. April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  251. ^ "Full text of ""Wendake Ehen"; or, Old Huronia"". Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  252. ^ fr:Huronie
  253. ^ "History". Wyandotte-nation.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  254. ^ "NIAC Publications ~ Nipmuc Place Names - Territory and Language". Nativetech.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  255. ^ a b Trumbull, James Hammond (1881). Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With ... - James Hammond Trumbull. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  256. ^ "Tribal enrollment". Historicalnipmuctribe.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  257. ^ "A Brief Look at Nipmuc History" (TXT). Nipmucnation.homestead.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  258. ^ Daniels, George Fisher (1880). The Huguenots in the Nipmuck Country Or Oxford Prior to 1713 - George Fisher Daniels. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  259. ^ Trumbull, James Hammond (1881). Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With ... - James Hammond Trumbull. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  260. ^ "The Indians". Westbrookfield.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  261. ^ "Nipmuk Nashauonk | New England Grassroots Environment Fund". Grassrootsfund.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  262. ^ Trumbull, James Hammond (1881). Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With ... - James Hammond Trumbull. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  263. ^ [8] Archived July 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  264. ^ Théberge, Valérie (1998). "L'industrie touristique autochtone". Téoros. 17 (2): 56. doi:10.7202/1072283ar. S2CID 244421481.
  265. ^ "Réserve faunique du Saint-Maurice - Bonjour Québec.com". Bonjourquebec.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  266. ^ "Harry-Bernard". Harry-Bernard. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  267. ^ Nitassinan: The Innu Struggle to Reclaim Their Homeland
  268. ^ "Innu political history". Facebook.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  269. ^ "Environmental and Health Benefits of Hunting Lifestyles and Diets for the Innu of Labrador" (PDF). Cst.ed.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  270. ^ Zoe Nudell. "Colonization Embodied: Diabetes in Sheshatshiu" (PDF). Library2.smu.ca. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  271. ^ Pritzker, Barry (1998). Native Americans. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780874368369. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  272. ^ Publication of the American Sociological Society - American Sociological Association. December 28, 1917. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  273. ^ "Innu Women and NATO: The Occupation of Nitassinan". Cultural Survival. January 31, 1987. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  274. ^ Jesuits (1858). Relations des Jésuites: contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus remarquable ... Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  275. ^ "Muhtaniyewihkuk | Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal". Pmportal.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  276. ^ Nee Hemish: A History of Jemez Pueblo by Joe S. Sando, 1982.
  277. ^ Bloom, Lansing Bartlett; Walter, Paul Alfred Francis (May 17, 2006). New Mexico Historical Review. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  278. ^ Pettitt, Roland A.; Hoard, Dorothy (December 1, 1990). Exploring the Jemez country - Roland A. Pettitt, Dorothy Hoard. Los Alamos Historical Society. ISBN 9780941232104. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  279. ^ Barrett, Elinore M. (2002). Conquest and Catastrophe: Changing Rio Grande Pueblo Settlement Patterns in ... - Elinore M. Barrett. UNM Press. ISBN 9780826324115. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  280. ^ Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico
  281. ^ Lipscomb, Carol A. (June 2, 2016) [June 12, 2010]. "Comanche Indians". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.
  282. ^ "Captain Marcy and the Comanche". Okgenweb.org. September 27, 2003. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  283. ^ "The Quanah Parker Trail". Texashighways.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  284. ^ Comancheria
  285. ^ es:Comanchería
  286. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  287. ^ "Capitol Confidential » Skeptics in Seneca country". Blog.timesunion.com. March 15, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  288. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Seneca Indians". Newadvent.org. February 1, 1912. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  289. ^ Dickey, Michael E. (2011). The People of the River's Mouth: In Search of the Missouria Indians. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-7244-7. Project MUSE book 22323.[page needed]
  290. ^ Trimble, Joseph E. (January 19, 1972). An Index of the Social Indicators of the American Indian in Oklahoma (Report). ERIC ED064002.
  291. ^ "Abc-Clio Schools". Historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com. September 26, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  292. ^ Science. January 1, 1909. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  293. ^ Snyder, Christina (2010). Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America - Christina Snyder. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674048904. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  294. ^ Matthews, James Muscoe (1864). The statutes at large of the provisional government of the Confederate ... - Confederate States of America. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  295. ^ Murphree, Daniel S. (March 9, 2012). Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. ISBN 9780313381270. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  296. ^ a b c d Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  297. ^ Chick, Rez (July 14, 2012). "Why I am Just a Rez Chick | Just A Rez Chick". Justarezchick.wordpress.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.[self-published source?]
  298. ^ "1837 Chippewa Treaty". Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  299. ^ J. P. Schell (February 2008). In The Ojibway Country: A Story Of Early Missions On The Minnesota Frontier: J. P. Schell. Read Books. ISBN 9781408673683.
  300. ^ "Ojibwe Culture - Indian Country Wisconsin". Mpm.edu. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  301. ^ "The Ojibwe People's Dictionary". Ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  302. ^ "The ojibwa are credited with the development of the essiac tea formula". Bulk-essiac-tea.com. April 27, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  303. ^ Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1978). Yurok Myths - Alfred Louis Kroeber. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520036390. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  304. ^ Luthin, Herbert W. (June 27, 2002). Surviving Through the Days: Translations of Native California Stories and ... - Herbert W. Luthin. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520222700. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  305. ^ Beck, David (2002). Siege and Survival: History of the Menominee Indians, 1634-1856 - David Beck. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803213301. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  306. ^ Lawson, Publius Virgilius (1908). History, Winnebago County, Wisconsin: Its Cities, Towns, Resources, People - Publius Virgilius Lawson. C.F. Cooper and Company. p. 360. Retrieved May 17, 2015. menominee country.
  307. ^ "The Menominee Clans Story". .uwsp.edu. October 11, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  308. ^ "Handbook to Winnipeg and the Province of Manitoba". Electriccanadian.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  309. ^ "Algonquins of Ontario: Our Proud History". Tanakiwin.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  310. ^ Wonderley, Anthony (December 2004). Oneida Iroquois Folklore, Myth, And History: New York Oral Narrative From ... - Anthony Wayne Wonderley, Hope Emily Allen. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815608301. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  311. ^ a b Oklahoma State University Library. "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties". Digital.library.okstate.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  312. ^ "Oneida History - Indian Country Wisconsin". Mpm.edu. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  313. ^ Grumet, Robert Steven (1995). Historic Contact: Indian People and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United ... - Robert Steven Grumet. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806127002. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  314. ^ Shannon, Timothy J. (July 3, 2008). Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier - Timothy J. Shannon. Penguin. ISBN 9781440632655. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  315. ^ a b "Pioneer times in the Onondaga country : Smith, Carroll E. (Carroll Earll), 1832- : Free Download & Streaming: Internet Archive". Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  316. ^ Safier, David. "Water Tank Tussle | Currents Feature". Tucsonweekly.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  317. ^ Don Garate. "B - An Annotated Bibliography of the Tohono O'odham (Papago Indians)". Home.nps.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  318. ^ a b "Tohono O'odham Nation - History & Culture". Tonation-nsn.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  319. ^ "Desert Musings: Hang a right @ the tallest cactus". Desertmusingsbytbyrd.blogspot.com. September 16, 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2015.[self-published source?]
  320. ^ Fontana, Bernard L. (December 1989). Of Earth and Little Rain: The Papago Indians - Bernard L. Fontana. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816511464. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  321. ^ Miller, Tom (2003). Writing on the Edge: A Borderlands Reader. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816522415. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  322. ^ Sonneborn, Liz (May 14, 2014). A to Z of American Indian Women - Liz Sonneborn. Infobase. ISBN 9781438107882. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  323. ^ Rea, Amadeo M. (1997). At the Desert's Green Edge: An Ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima - Amadeo M. Rea. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816515400. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  324. ^ Kissell, Mary Lois (1916). Basketry of the Papago and Pima - Mary Lois Kissell. The Trustees. p. 137. Retrieved May 17, 2015. the pima country.
  325. ^ Rea, Amadeo M. (1997). At the Desert's Green Edge: An Ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima - Amadeo M. Rea. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816515400. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  326. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  327. ^ Jensen, Richard E. (July 2010). The Pawnee Mission Letters, 1834-1851. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803230446. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  328. ^ Jensen, Richard E. (July 2010). The Pawnee Mission Letters, 1834-1851. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803230446. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  329. ^ "Saving the Pawnee Mother Corn | Prairie Fire - The Progressive Voice of the Great Plains". Prairiefirenewspaper.com. September 15, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  330. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  331. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  332. ^ Lolo, Sozap; Laurent, Jos (2001). New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues - Jos Laurent, Sozap Lolo s. Applewood Books. ISBN 9781557090843. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  333. ^ Penn, James R.; Allen, Larry (2001). Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook - James R. Penn. ABC-CLIO. p. 203. ISBN 9781576070420. Retrieved May 17, 2015. the penobscot country.
  334. ^ Treat, Joseph (2007). Wabanaki Homeland and the New State of Maine: The 1820 Journal and Plans of ... - Joseph Treat, Micah A. Pawling. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1558495784. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  335. ^ a b "Wolastokuk | Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal". Pmportal.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  336. ^ Hobson, Geary (1981). The Remembered Earth: An Anthology of Contemporary Native American Literature - Geary Hobson. UNM Press. ISBN 9780826305688. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  337. ^ "Sheldon's History and Stories of Nebraska - The Story of the Poncas". Olden-times.com. September 3, 1908. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  338. ^ "Chief Standing Bear - Missouri National Recreational River (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  339. ^ Douglas-Lithgow, R. A. (2001). Native American Place Names of Connecticut - R. A. Douglas-Lithgow. Applewood Books. ISBN 9781557095404. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  340. ^ Trumbull, James Hammond (1881). Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With ... - James Hammond Trumbull. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  341. ^ "Redirecting". login.microsoftonline.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014.
  342. ^ Trumbull, James Hammond (1881). Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With ... - James Hammond Trumbull. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  343. ^ Weidensaul, Scott (February 8, 2012). The First Frontier: The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and ... - Scott Weidensaul. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0151015153. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  344. ^ Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 1863. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  345. ^ Trumbull, James Hammond (1881). Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With ... - James Hammond Trumbull. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  346. ^ Pritchard, Evan T. (2001). No Word for Time: The Way of the Algonquin People - Evan T. Pritchard. Council Oak Books. ISBN 9781571781031. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  347. ^ a b "Peskotomuhkatik | Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal". Pmportal.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  348. ^ "peskotomuhkatihkuk | Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal". Pmportal.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  349. ^ Johnson, John W. (2001). Historic U.S. Court Cases: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415937566. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  350. ^ a b c "Stolen Land". Wabanaki.com. April 24, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  351. ^ a b c "Misleading_Maps". Wabanaki.com. April 24, 2014. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  352. ^ The Wampanoag Indian Federation by Milton A. Travers, 1961.
  353. ^ Rubertone, Patricia E. (April 15, 2009). Archaeologies Of Placemaking: Monuments, Memories, And Engagement In Native ... - Patricia E Rubertone. Left Coast Press. ISBN 9781598741568. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  354. ^ "Harvest Ceremony: Beyond the Thanksgiving Myth" (PDF). Nmai.si.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  355. ^ "Who Are the Wampanoag? | Plimoth Plantation". Plimoth.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  356. ^ Rubertone, Patricia E. (April 15, 2009). Archaeologies Of Placemaking: Monuments, Memories, And Engagement In Native ... - Patricia E Rubertone. Left Coast Press. ISBN 9781598741568. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  357. ^ "American Indian Biography: Masasoit, Wampanoag Leader". Native American Netroots. November 26, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  358. ^ "Wampanoag Historian on Surviving Almost 400 Years of Thanksgivings - ICTMN.com". Indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com. November 29, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  359. ^ Fenn, Elizabeth A. (March 11, 2014). Encounters at the Heart of the World: A History of the Mandan People - Elizabeth A. Fenn - Google Books. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374711078. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  360. ^ Bushnell, David Ives (1913). The Cahokia and Surrounding Mound Groups - David Ives Bushnell - Google Books. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  361. ^ "Cultural Overview - Sahnish Culture - Culture Today". Ndstudies.org. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  362. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  363. ^ "Yuchi Homeland (S'atsole yudjiha) -- Trade & Trails & Maps" (PDF). Yuchi.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  364. ^ Jason Baird Jackson (ed.). "Yuchi Indian Histories Before the Removal Era" (PDF). Nebraskapress.unl.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  365. ^ Yuchi Ceremonial Life: Performance, Meaning, and Tradition in a Contemporary ... U of Nebraska Press. 2005. ISBN 0803276281. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  366. ^ "Southern Studies | Shreds and Patches". Jasonbairdjackson.com. September 13, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  367. ^ Jackson, Jason Baird (November 2012). Yuchi Indian Histories Before the Removal Era. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803245419. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  368. ^ Green, Michael D. (1982). The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis - Michael D. Green. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803270151. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  369. ^ Calloway, Colin G. (April 28, 1995). The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native ... - Colin G. Calloway. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521475693. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  370. ^ "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties". Digital.library.okstate.edu. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  371. ^ Clark, Jerry E. (1977). The Shawnee - Jerry E. Clark. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813128188. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  372. ^ The North American Indian. Volume 16 - The Tiwa. The Keres. ~ Paperbound - Curtis, Edward S. Classic Books Company. ISBN 9780742698161. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  373. ^ "Experience Zuni". Zunitourism.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  374. ^ Voelker, Rebecca (June 19, 1996). "Physicians Find Their Place in Zuniland". JAMA. 275 (23): 1781–1782. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530470007002. PMID 8642707.
  375. ^ "Zuni Indian Tribe Water Settlement Act". www.gpo.gov. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  376. ^ Bureau Of American Ethnology. 1904. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  377. ^ a b "A Journey into Time Immemorial - Solh Temexw". Sfu.museum. August 1, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  378. ^ Bierwert, Crisca (March 1999). Brushed by Cedar, Living by the River: Coast Salish Figures of Power - Crisca Bierwert. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816519194. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  379. ^ Glavin, Terry; Parfitt, Ben (November 15, 2012). Sturgeon Reach: Shifting Currents At The Heart of the Fraser - Terry Glavin, Ben Parfitt. New Star Books. ISBN 9781554200603. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  380. ^ "BC Society of Transition Houses: 2012 Annual Training Forum & AGM" (PDF). Bcsth.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  381. ^ a b Upper Chehalis Dictionary by M. Dale Kincaid, 1991.
  382. ^ "Chehalis Zoning Ordinance" (PDF). Chehalistribe.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  383. ^ Clark, Ella Elizabeth (1953). Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest - Ella Elizabeth Clark, Robert Bruce Inverarity. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520239265. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  384. ^ Edgar Martin del Campo. "The Huasteca Lands and People". Shamanscross.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  385. ^ "Archive of Indigenous Languages of Latin America". Ailla.utexas.org. September 15, 1984. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  386. ^ La Huasteca
  387. ^ Minahan, James (2013). Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia - James Minahan. Abc-Clio. ISBN 9781610691635. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  388. ^ es:Región Huasteca
  389. ^ "Programa Hidrológico Internacional: Pueblo Nahuas de La Huasteca". Unesco.org.uy. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  390. ^ [9] Archived October 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  391. ^ Affairs of the Mexican Kickapoo Indians: Appendix - United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs. 1908. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  392. ^ Morgan, Lewis Henry; White, Leslie A. (January 1993). The Indian Journals, 1859-62 - Lewis Henry Morgan, Leslie A. White. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486275994. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  393. ^ Ferguson, Gillum (January 26, 2012). Illinois in the War of 1812 - Gillum Ferguson. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252094552. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  394. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  395. ^ McComb, David G. (1989). Texas, a Modern History - David G. McComb. University of Texas Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780292746657. Retrieved May 17, 2015. in tonkawa country.
  396. ^ Bolton, Herbert Eugene; Marshall, Thomas Maitland (1920). The Colonization of North America, 1492-1783 - Herbert Eugene Bolton, Thomas Maitland Marshall. Macmillan. p. 299. Retrieved May 17, 2015. the tonkawa country.
  397. ^ Parks, Douglas Richard; Pratt, Lula Nora (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee - Douglas Richard Parks, Lula Nora Pratt. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803220478. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  398. ^ a b c d e "Full text of "Early Vancouver, Volume 3"". Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  399. ^ Robert bringhurst. "ONE SMALL ISLAND, A CASE STUDY IN THE CONTEST BETWEEN HISTORY AND LITERATURE". Raco.cat. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  400. ^ We know and love Tłįchǫ Nde: comments and concerns from the Dechilaot'i Elders. A report for the Dogrib Renewable Resources Committee, Dogrib Treaty 11 Council, GNWT, Yellowknife, NWT.
  401. ^ Tlicho Nde: The Importance of. Knowing. Report prepared by the Dene Cultural Institute, the Dogrib Treaty 11 Council and BHP Diamonds.
  402. ^ Taylor, David A (2001). "Listening to the language of the land". Americas. 53 (4). ProQuest 235266924.
  403. ^ "Press Release: Gabrielino Tongva Nation" (PDF). Gabrielino-tongva.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  404. ^ Gottlieb, Alma (April 20, 2012). The Restless Anthropologist: New Fieldsites, New Visions - Alma Gottlieb. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226304892. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  405. ^ "A Tongva Calendar Story". Indianvoices.net. December 21, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  406. ^ Nabokov, Peter (March 27, 2007). Where the Lightning Strikes: The Lives of American Indian Sacred Places - Peter Nabokov. Penguin. ISBN 9781440628597. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  407. ^ "Ethnohistorical Background of the Churmash People" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  408. ^ Gumprecht, Blake (April 30, 2001). The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth - Blake Gumprecht. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801866425. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  409. ^ Soto. "SJR 47 Senate Joint Resolution - AMENDED". Leginfo.ca.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  410. ^ "Consortium word list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2019.
  411. ^ "Tsalaguwetiyi". November 21, 2012.[self-published source?]
  412. ^ Penelope Johnson Allen. "Cherokee Collection 1775-1878" (PDF). Tn.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  413. ^ Dr. Barbara Duncan. "Cherokee Life Just Before the Removal" (PDF). Ncdcr.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  414. ^ "Map of Territories" (PDF). Lib.utexas.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  415. ^ "Black: Before the trail of tears: The Cherokee homeland | Opinion - Columns". Times Free Press. January 26, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  416. ^ Tsenacommacah
  417. ^ Dickens, Charles; Ainsworth, William Harrison; Smith, Albert (1848). Bentley's Miscellany. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  418. ^ Price, Bill. "Featured Articles about Pocahontas - Page 3 - philly-archives". Articles.philly.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  419. ^ Axtell, James (1995). The Rise and Fall of the Powhatan Empire: Indians in Seventeenth-century ... - James Axtell. Colonial Williamsburg. ISBN 9780879351533. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  420. ^ "The First Anglo-Powhatan War (1609-13)". Virginiaplaces.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  421. ^ Archaelogia Americana - American Antiquarian Society. 1860. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  422. ^ "English - Cheyenne Dictionary" (PNG). Tools.bethelks.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  423. ^ Parks, Douglas R. (January 1991). Traditional Narratives of the Arikara Indians. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803236980. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  424. ^ Burlin, Natalie Curtis (1907). The Indians' Book: An Offering by the American Indians of Indian Lore ... Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  425. ^ Ball, Durwood (2001). Army Regulars on the Western Frontier, 1848-1861 - Durwood Ball. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806133126. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  426. ^ Porter, Joy (May 4, 2012). Land and Spirit in Native America - Joy Porter. Abc-Clio. ISBN 9780313356070. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  427. ^ [10] Archived November 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  428. ^ Carl T. Hall, Chronicle Science Writer (July 11, 1999). "Back to Life / In the hot red rock of Death Valley, a tribe of Shoshone Indians is reviving avenerable culture". SFGate.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  429. ^ [11] Archived November 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  430. ^ "Ethnoscope Film and Video". Docfilm.com. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  431. ^ Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the ... - Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. 1907. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  432. ^ Mark Sullivan. "The Maya Origin of a Mexican God: The Iconographic Primacy of Tezcatlipoca at Chichén Itzá over Tula, and its Possible Deriva" (PDF). anthropology.cos.ucf.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 8, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  433. ^ Totonacapan
  434. ^ John Brown and the Legend of Fifty-Six. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  435. ^ Congressional Serial Set. 1866. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  436. ^ a b Wabanaki Confederacy#In Indigenous languages
  437. ^ "1713 Treaty of Portsmouth". 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  438. ^ "Molly Mollasses | Maine: An Encyclopedia". Maineanencyclopedia.com. January 24, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  439. ^ a b "How Glooscap Found Summer". Indigenouspeople.net. February 8, 1996. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  440. ^ "Mount Desert Island: Shaped by Nature - In the beginning, there were the Wabanaki…". Mdi.mainememory.net. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  441. ^ Faragher, John Mack (November 15, 1993). Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer - John Mack Faragher. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781429997065. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  442. ^ [12] Archived May 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  443. ^ a b "History: Osage Arts Community". Osageac.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  444. ^ "Osage Nation Consultation for Positive Train Control". Apps.fcc.gov. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  445. ^ a b "Washoe Tribe - Home". Washoetribe.us. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  446. ^ Wa She Shu: A Washo Tribal History by Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada, 1976.
  447. ^ Makley, Michael J.; Makley, Matthew S. (2010). Cave Rock: Climbers, Courts, and a Washoe Indian Sacred Place. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-848-7. Project MUSE book 12587.[page needed]
  448. ^ Edwards, Jerome (January 18, 2011). "Pyramid Lake War | ONE". Onlinenevada.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  449. ^ "Sunrise Cliffs Cafe: Breakfast Menu" (PDF). Ho-chunkgaming.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  450. ^ a b c d e "The Wazidja". Hotcakencyclopedia.com. March 5, 1986. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  451. ^ Morris, Kate (2006). History - Kate Morris. Lotus Press. ISBN 9788189093372. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  452. ^ Helmbrecht, Johannes; Lehmann, Christian (June 2010). Hocak Teaching Materials, Volume 1: Elements of Grammar/Learner's Dictionary. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438433394. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  453. ^ [13] Archived July 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  454. ^ "Winnebago Teachers Guide" (PDF). Museum.unl.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  455. ^ House, United States. Congress. House Documents, Otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents: 13th Congress, 2d ... - United States. Congress. House. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  456. ^ Kohn, Rita T. (1997). Always a People: Oral Histories of Contemporary Woodland Indians - Rita T. Kohn, William Lynwood Montell. Indiana University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0253332982. Retrieved May 17, 2015. winnebago homeland.
  457. ^ Lacoursiere, Jacques; Bouchard, Claude; Howard, Richard (1700). Notre histoire: Québec-Canada - Jacques Lacoursiere, Claude Bouchard, Richard Howard. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  458. ^ Sturtevant, William C.; Heizer, Robert Fleming (June 17, 1978). Handbook of North American Indians: California - William C. Sturtevant. HarperCollins. p. 339. ISBN 9780160045745. Retrieved May 17, 2015. wintu country.
  459. ^ "Stop Wintu Fraud: Wintu Bands Geography". Stopwintufraud.blogspot.com. February 21, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2015.[self-published source?]
  460. ^ Sturtevant, William C.; Heizer, Robert Fleming (June 17, 1978). Handbook of North American Indians: California - William C. Sturtevant. HarperCollins. p. 324. ISBN 9780160045745. Retrieved May 17, 2015. nomti wintu.
  461. ^ Karl V. Teeter (2007). Philip S. LeSourd (ed.). Tales from Maliseet Country. Translated by LeSourd. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2962-4.
  462. ^ "The Province of British Columbia - GeoBC". Apps.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  463. ^ Haida Gwaii#Naming
  464. ^ Ball, Edward (January 22, 2013). The Inventor and the Tycoon: A Gilded Age Murder and the Birth of Moving ... - Edward Ball. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 9780385535496. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  465. ^ Haida Gwaii
  466. ^ "Haida People: Spirits of the Sea | The Haida Homeland: The History of the Haida People". Museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  467. ^ Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13
  468. ^ "Mary Piscataway (Kittamaqund) (deceased) - Genealogy". Geni.com. February 1, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  469. ^ a b Chontalpa
  470. ^ Bricker, Victoria R.; Monaghan, John D. (June 28, 2010). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 6: Ethnology. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292791787. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  471. ^ es:Chontalpa
  472. ^ John Beaucage: A vision of a new Assembly of First Nations. Archived July 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  473. ^ Profile of the Nations. Archived July 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  474. ^ Tribal Historic Preservation Office. Archived July 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_traditional_territories_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America&oldid=1254597946"