June Rebellion
| June Rebellion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 July Monarchy |
 Republicans |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Georges Mouton |
Each section had its own leaders |
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| Strength | |||||||
| 30 000 | 3000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| unknown | 800 killed | ||||||
The June Rebellion, or the Paris Uprising of 1832, was an unsuccessful, anti-monarchist insurrection of Parisian Republicans—largely students—from June 5 to June 6, 1832. The rebellion originated in an attempt of the Republicans to reverse the July Monarchy, shortly after the death of the powerful Orleanist President of the Council, Casimir Pierre Périer, on May 16, 1832. The rebellion was the last outbreak of violence linked with the July Revolution. Author Victor Hugo described the rebellion in his novel Les Misérables.
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[edit] Causes and catalysts
In Hugo’s Les Misérables, the death of General Jean Maximilien Lamarque is seen as the catalyst for an inevitable uprising. In fact, his death was used as an excuse for the riots to take place.[1] Leading up to the rebellion, there were significant economic problems, particularly acute in the period from 1827 to 1832; the years were marked by harvest failures, food shortages, and increases in the cost of living, creating malcontent throughout the classes.[1] Additionally, the spring of 1832 saw Paris ravaged by a Europe-wide outbreak of cholera, which ended with a death toll of 18,402 in the city. The poor neighborhoods were particularly devastated by the disease, arousing suspicion of the government poisoning wells.[1] The epidemic soon claimed two famous victims. Casimir Perier fell sick and died on May 16, and General Lamarque died on June 2. Perier was given a grand state funeral, and the funeral of the benevolent Lamarque, who showed sympathy toward the lower class, was decided on to demonstrate the strength of the opposition.[1] The monarchy of Louis Philippe, which had become the government of the middle class, was now attacked from two opposite sides at once.[2] Before these two deaths, two parties organized insurrections for the purpose of overturning the government. The supporters of the older branch—the Legitimists, or Carlists as they were called by their adversaries—made an attempt to carry off the royal family in Paris in what become known as the Prouvaires Street Plot in February 1832.[2] After a failed insurrection in Marseille led by the Duchess of Berry, mother of Henry V, the pretender, the Legitimists renounced war and fell back on the press as a weapon.[2][3]
[edit] Insurrection
The younger of the groups, the Republicans, was directed by secret societies formed of the most determined members of their party.[2] These men began the insurrection, followed by the malcontents, especially working-men and small boys who came to help them build barricades and fight.[2] These secret societies led riots similar to the 1830 July Rebellion against the ministers of Charles X.[2] The society for “The Rights of Man” directed the insurrection of 1832 in Paris. The Rights of Man Society was organized like an army, divided into sections of twenty members (to evade the law that forbade the association of more than twenty persons), each section having a president and vice president.[2] In 1832, during the Legitimist uprising in Marseille, on the occasion of the funeral of General Lamarque, the Republicans, reinforced by Polish, Italian, and German refugees, gathered around the platform on which the body rested and proposed to proclaim a republic. An insurrection began which for one night made them masters of the east of Paris. They were then gradually driven back by the national guard and twenty-five thousand soldiers and surrounded in the Saint-Martin quarter, where the movement was crushed by the Battle of Saint-Merry Cloister (June 5-6)[2] at the cost of some eight hundred killed and wounded. After this, it was clear that the revolutionary movement was over.[3]
A pamphlet from 1836 read “A republican, is virtue, perseverance; is devotion personified” and “-[he] is Leonidas dying at Thermopylae, at the head of his 300 Spartans; he is also the 72 heroes who defended during 48 hours the approaches of the Cloitre Sant-Mercy, from 60,000 men, and who… threw themselves onto bayonets to obtain a glorious death” – which is a direct reference to the student insurrection of June 5-6, 1832.[1]
On June 5, 1832, Hugo was writing a play in the Tuileries Gardens when he heard the sound of gunfire from the direction of Les Halles. The Gardens were deserted and the park-keeper had to unlock the gates to let Hugo out, but instead of hurrying home, he followed the sounds through the empty streets, unaware that half of Paris had already fallen to the mob. All about Les Halles were barricades. Hugo headed north up the Rue Montmartre, then turned right onto the Passage du Saumon, and at last turning before the Rue du Bout du Monde (World’s End Street). Half-way down the alley, the grilles at either end were slammed shut. Hugo was surrounded by barricades and flung himself against a wall, as all the shops and stores had been closed for some time. He found shelter between some columns. For a quarter of an hour, bullets flew both ways.[4]
[edit] Les Misérables
The novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo depicts the time leading up to the June Rebellion, and follows the lives and interactions of several French characters over a twenty-year period in the early nineteenth century, starting in the year of Napoleon Bonaparte's final defeat. An outspoken republican activist in the 19th century, Victor Hugo’s work was unquestionably biased in favor of the revolutionaries, but it is not known if the bias was deliberate.[5] Scenes of the Parisian students and poor planning the rebellion upon the eve of the benevolent General Lamarque’s death are displayed throughout the novel. The erection of barricades throughout Paris’s narrow streets is also shown. Although a fictional work, Les Misérables is one of the few works of literature that discusses the June Rebellion and the events leading up to it.[6]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Harsin, Jill. Barricades: The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830-1848. New York, NY: Palgrave, 2002.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Seignobos, Charles. A Political History of Europe, Since 1814. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1900.
- ^ a b Cobban, Alfred. A History of Modern France. Vol. 2. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd, 1961.
- ^ Graham, Robb (1998). Victor Hugo: A Biography. W.W. Norton and Company.
- ^ The Literature Network
- ^ Godfrey, Elton. The Revolutionary Idea in France. Second Edition. London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1923.
