Symplocos

Symplocos; Temporal range: Eocene–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Plate by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Symplocaceae
Genus:	Symplocos; Jacq.
Species
	See text
Diversity
	c. 400 species
Synonyms
	Barberina Vell. ; Bobu Adans. ; Bobua DC. ; Carlea C.Presl ; Catonia Vell. ; Chasseloupia Vieill. ; Ciponima Aubl. ; Cofer Loefl. ; Cordyloblaste Hensch. ex Moritzi ; Decadia Lour. ; Dicalix Lour. ; Drupatris Lour. ; Hopea L. ; Hypopogon Turcz. ; Lodhra Guill. ; Mongezia Vell. ; Palura (G.Don) Miers ; Praealstonia Miers ; Protohopea Miers ; Sariava Reinw. ; Stemmatosiphum Pohl ; Suringaria Pierre ;

Symplocos is a genus of flowering plants in the order Ericales. It contains about 300 species distributed in Asia and the Americas. Many species grow in humid tropical regions. This is sometimes considered to be the only genus in family Symplocaceae.^[2] Plants in this family are shrubs and trees with white or yellow flowers.^[3] The oldest fossils of the genus date to the lower Eocene of Europe and North America, with the genus being present in Europe as late as the Pliocene.^[4]^[5] Fossil seeds of †Symplocos granulosa are frequent in sediment rock layers of the Late Oligocene to the Late Miocene of Denmark, Germany, Austria and Poland. The fossil seeds are very similar to the seeds of the extan southern Chinese species Symplocos glandulifera and Symplocos sulcata. Fossil seeds of †Symplocos paucicostata are known from the Middle Pliocene sediment rock layers in Reuver, the Netherlands and from the Late Pliocene sediment rock layers in northern Italy. The fossil seeds are very similar to the seeds of the extant East Asian species Symplocos paniculata^[6]

Selected species

Symplocos adenophylla
Symplocos ampulliformis — Northeast Queensland, Australia
Symplocos anamallayana
Symplocos anomala
Symplocos austromexicana — deciduous shrub up to 2m; narrow endemic, Oaxaca, Mexico
Symplocos badia
Symplocos baehnii
Symplocos barberi
Symplocos bauerlenii — shrub or small tree up to 7m; eastern Australia
Symplocos blancae
Symplocos bractealis
Symplocos breedlovei
Symplocos calycodactylos
Symplocos candelabrum — tree up to 13m; Lord Howe Island
Symplocos canescens
Symplocos carmencitae
Symplocos chloroleuca
Symplocos clethrifolia
Symplocos citrea
Symplocos coccinea
Symplocos cochinchinensis

var. cochinchinensis
var. gittonsii — Northeast Queensland, Australia
var. glaberrima — Northeast Queensland, Australia
var. pilosiuscula — Northeast Queensland, Australia

Symplocos cordifolia — Sri Lanka
Symplocos coreana — Korean sweetleaf,^[7] deciduous shrub up to 5m; Japan, Korea
Symplocos coronata — Sri Lanka
Symplocos costaricana – Central America
Symplocos costata
Symplocos crassiramifera — Northeast Queensland, Australia
Symplocos cuneata — Sri Lanka
Symplocos cyanocarpa — Northeast Queensland, Australia
Symplocos ecuadorica – Ecuador
Symplocos fuscata
Symplocos glauca — evergreen tree up to 15m; Japan, Taiwan, China, Indochina
Symplocos graniticola — Northeast Queensland, Australia
Symplocos hayesii — Northeast Queensland, Australia
Symplocos henschelii
Symplocos hispidula
Symplocos hylandii — Northeast Queensland, Australia
Symplocos junghuhnii
†Symplocos kowalewskii Baltic amber, Eocene
Symplocos lancifolia — evergreen tree up to 5m; Japan
Symplocos longipes
Symplocos lucida — China, Japan, Taiwan, South Asia, Malesia
Symplocos lugubris
Symplocos mezii
Symplocos myrtacea — evergreen tree up to 10m; Japan
Symplocos nairii
Symplocos nicolsonii — India
Symplocos nivea
Symplocos octopetala
Symplocos oligandra
Symplocos paniculata — (sapphireberry) — deciduous shrub up to 8m; Japan, South Korea; popular as an ornamental plant
Symplocos paucistaminea — Northeast Queensland, Australia
Symplocos pendula
Symplocos peruviana
Symplocos pluribracteata
Symplocos prunifolia — evergreen tree]up to 10m; Japan, Korea
Symplocos pulchra — Sri Lanka
Symplocos pyriflora
Symplocos racemosa — China, South Asia
Symplocos rimbachii
Symplocos shilanensis
Symplocos sousae
Symplocos stawellii — shrub or small tree up to 30m; eastern Australia

var. montana — Northeast Queensland, Australia
var. stawellii — Australia

Symplocos subandina
Symplocos subintegra Chatterjee
Symplocos tacanensis
Symplocos tanakae — evergreen tree; Japan
Symplocos theophrastaefolia — evergreen tree up to 15m; Japan, Taiwan, China
Symplocos thwaitesii — shrub or small tree up to 17m; eastern Australia
Symplocos tinctoria — (sweetleaf, horse-sugar, yellowwood) — deciduous or evergreen shrub or tree up to 6m; United States
Symplocos trichoclada
Symplocos truncata
Symplocos tubulifera
Symplocos verrucisurcula
Symplocos versicolor

References

^ ^a ^b "Symplocos". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
^ Wang, Y.; Fritsch, P.W.; Shi, S.; Almeda, F.; Cruz, B.C.; Kelly, L.M. (2004). "Phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Symplocos (Symplocaceae) inferred from DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 91 (11): 1901–14. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1901. PMID 21652336.
^ Symplocaceae. Flora of China.
^ Sadowski, Eva-Maria; Hofmann, Christa-Charlotte (2023-01-12). "The largest amber-preserved flower revisited". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 17. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13...17S. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24549-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9837116. PMID 36635320.
^ Manchester, Steven R.; Fritsch, Peter W. (January 2014). "European fossil fruits of Sphenotheca related to extant Asian species of Symplocos: Sphenotheca transferred to Symplocos". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 52 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1111/jse.12060. S2CID 86227214.
^ A reconsideration of the diversity of Symplocos in the European Neogene on the basis of fruit morphology by D. H. Mai and Edoardo Martinetto - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 140(1):1-26, June 2006 - DOI:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.02.001
^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 650. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.

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[POWO-1] "Symplocos". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 February 2023.

[2] Wang, Y.; Fritsch, P.W.; Shi, S.; Almeda, F.; Cruz, B.C.; Kelly, L.M. (2004). "Phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Symplocos (Symplocaceae) inferred from DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 91 (11): 1901–14. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1901. PMID 21652336.

[3] Symplocaceae. Flora of China.

[4] Sadowski, Eva-Maria; Hofmann, Christa-Charlotte (2023-01-12). "The largest amber-preserved flower revisited". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 17. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13...17S. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24549-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9837116. PMID 36635320.

[5] Manchester, Steven R.; Fritsch, Peter W. (January 2014). "European fossil fruits of Sphenotheca related to extant Asian species of Symplocos: Sphenotheca transferred to Symplocos". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 52 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1111/jse.12060. S2CID 86227214.

[6] A reconsideration of the diversity of Symplocos in the European Neogene on the basis of fruit morphology by D. H. Mai and Edoardo Martinetto - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 140(1):1-26, June 2006 - DOI:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.02.001

[7] English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 650. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.

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