Quantitative psychological research
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Quantitative psychological research is defined as psychological research which performs mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical inference or a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship between variables.[1] The first definition distinguishes it from qualitative psychological research; however, there has been a long debate on the difference between quantitative and qualitative research. It has been argued that because this debated has not found an end, the differences are enough that both quantitative and qualitative research is valuable in ways that both should be used in the gathering of data.[2]
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Purpose [edit]
The purpose of qualitative research is to gather non-numerical data to help explain or develop a theory about a relationship. Methods used to gain qualitative information include surveys, observation, case studies, and interviews and the information derived from these means can be combined into a story like description of what is happening or what has happened in the past. For example, to better understand variables that are difficult to quantify, such as attitudes, religious beliefs, or political opinions, qualitative research could be used to draw a picture about a specific population or group of people. Qualitative research is often also used as a pilot study in order to gather information that may later lead to a quantitative study.[3]
Examples [edit]
Statistics is widely used in quantitative psychological research. Typically a project begins with the collection of data based on a theory or hypothesis, followed by the application of descriptive or inferential statistical methods. Often it is necessary to collect a very large volume of data, which require validating, verifying and recoding. Software packages such as PSPP and R are typically used for this purpose, and for subsequent analysis. Causal relationships are studied by manipulating factors thought to influence the phenomena of interest while controlling other variables relevant to the experimental outcomes. Researchers might measure and study the relationship between education and measurable psychological effects, whilst controlling for other key variables. Quantitatively based surveys are widely used by psychologists, and statistics such as the proportion of respondents who display one or more psychological traits reported. In such surveys, respondents are asked a set of structured questions and their responses are tabulated. The software can then perform correlation analysis or other procedures on the data. Surveys are a common example of how statistics and quantitative research are utilized to gather data.[1]
Quantitative research falls under the category of empirical studies (or statistical studies). Research designs include experimental studies, quasi-experimental studies, pretest-postest designs, and others. Randomization, the control of variables, and valid, reliable measures are used to relate the results of the smaller subject pool to the population.[4]
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References [edit]
- ^ a b Creswell, J. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 12.
- ^ Smith, K. (March 1983). "Quantitative versus Qualitative Research: An Attempt to Clarify the Issue". Educational Researcher 12 (3): 6–13. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ Heffner, C. (2004). Research Methods. AllPsych and Heffner Media Group, Inc.
- ^ Newman, Benz, I., C. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Southern Illinois University. pp. 9–10.
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