Zolitūde shopping centre roof collapse

Coordinates: 56°56′38″N 24°1′3″E / 56.94389°N 24.01750°E / 56.94389; 24.01750
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Riga supermarket roof collapse
Area of the site on 23 November 2013
Date21 November 2013
Time17:41–18:00 PM UTC+2
LocationPriedaines iela 20, Zolitūde, Riga, Latvia
Coordinates56°56′38″N 24°1′3″E / 56.94389°N 24.01750°E / 56.94389; 24.01750
CauseUnder investigation
Deaths54
Non-fatal injuries39

The roof of a Maxima supermarket located in Zolitūde, Priedaines street 20 in Riga, Latvia, collapsed on 21 November 2013 at 17:41 local time. The disaster killed 54 people including three rescue workers; another 39 were injured and received medical attention.[1][2] An unknown number of people were able to leave the store on their own after the initial collapse.[3] This was the worst disaster in Latvia since 1950, when the steamer Mayakovsky sank in Riga, resulting in the deaths of 147 people.[4]

Building overview

File:Maxima store. Riga. Priedaines iela 29.jpeg
The Maxima XX building's front and the entrance in 2012, a year before the collapse, prior to the addition of the adjoining apartment block.

The building was completed on 3 November 2011. Architectural design was by Zane Kalinka and Andris Kalinka from the local architectural firm of KUBS. It was developed by Homburg Valda and built by the company Re&Re.[5] When the building was finished, it won the Latvian Building of the Year award. Just several months after its opening, a fire broke out in the market in which nobody was injured. At the time of the collapse, there was construction taking place, also by Re&Re. The area of supermarket was 4,750 m2 (51,100 sq ft).[6] and cost around €1.4 million.[clarification needed] The part of the building where the Maxima supermarket is located is owned by SIA Tineo[7][8], but originaly was owned by The Homburg Group, which still owns the apartment building next to it.[9] Tineo is an offshore company owned by Maxima group, a retail chain with operations mostly in the Baltic states and owned the "Maxima XX" supermarkert in the building. The company initially claimed it was a tenant of the building.[10] The building also contained a bank, a beauty shop, a currency exchange post, a newsagent's shop and a pet shop.

The building had a green roof, only part of which had been constructed. It was planned that there would be a layer of topsoil 20–30 centimetres (7.9–11.8 in) thick on the roof; small recreational spots with benches, connected by cobblestone-paved paths were planned for the resident of an apartment house that was part of the same complex.[6] Before the collapse, construction of the green roof was in progress, and construction in the basement of underground car parking for the residents of the building was also in progress.[11]

Collapse

Eyewitnesses said that at around 16:21 a fire alarm was set off and there were announcements made that the store should be evacuated. Security personnel verified this to be related to welding construction in the basement and switched off the alarm. It was later reported that the owner of the company which had installed the alarm said that it was designed to detect fire emergencies. He said it is unlikely that the alarm was set off by dust from the roof starting to collapse, as it was set off near water pipes in the basement. The store's security verified that there was no fire and therefore did not carry out an evacuation, but rather treated it as a false alarm and called in a technician to turn it off. The building collapsed shortly after the technician arrived and he was not able to verify why the alarm went off.[12] A board member of "Maxima Latvija" said that security had followed protocol, which was not to evacuate if there was no visible danger.[13] According to some reports the smaller shops in the retail centre, unlike Maxima, were evacuated and closed down.[14]

The roof caved in at 17:41 local time. Eyewitnesses said the roof collapsed over the checkout counters, where many people were waiting to pay. This was confirmed by police who released a map based on CCTV footage just before the collapse.[15] It was later reported that the collapse started over counters 6, 7 and 8. There were more than 50 employees working in the various stores in the building and an uncertain number of customers that might have been in the building, many of whom were able to escape before rescuers arrived.[3] Due to the electrical system automatically locking the doors and trapping several people inside the store, people had to break the glass to escape. The roof fell into the building, and also onto several cars parked outside the store. About an hour after the initial collapse, at 19:04, another part of the roof collapsed, trapping several firefighters.[16][17][18] Another fireman was reported to have been injured during clearing of the rubble in the early hours of 23 November.[19]

Another collapse occurred at 17:52 on 23 November.[20] None of the rescuers were harmed in this subsequent collapse.[21]

Rescue

Because the store was almost always packed between 17:00–18:00, it was suspected that at least a hundred people may have been in the store during the collapse. The first emergency calls were made moments after the collapse and firefighters, ambulances and police arrived at the scene within minutes. There were at least 13 fire trucks at the scene. Some of the rescuers arrived from Limbaži, 90 km (56 mi) away. After the initial collapse, firefighters were sent in but a second collapse occurred, trapping several of them and killing three. Both before and after the second collapse, only firefighters were allowed to enter the building, and anyone inside was pulled out and brought to the ambulances parked just outside the store. Bulldozers and 40 soldiers from a training camp from Ādaži were used to help free the trapped and the injured. Several tents were installed for firefighters and ambulance workers to rest, before returning into the building. It is reported that the firefighters were allowed to be in the building for only around 30 minutes at a time. According to a Latvian army tweet, 110 soldiers were on site and the neighboring states of Estonia, Lithuania and Russia offered aid.

After the second collapse, it was reported that only five firefighters were allowed to enter the building at a time, and that the rest were forced to wait outside due to the danger of further collapse. At least one silent period was used to listen for signs of life among the rubble; some cell phones were heard ringing.[22]

The injured were transferred to the Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, the Riga East Clinical university hospital, the Riga Second hospital, and the Traumatology and Orthopedic hospital. One child was transferred to the Clinical University Hospital for children. Heeding the call by local hospitals for blood donors, prospective donors waited in a long line at the blood donor center on the Friday morning and, after about an hour, the center tweeted its thanks for the overwhelming response and that it had met its collection goals.[citation needed]

On the evening of 23 November at around 19:00 rescue efforts were stopped. This was due to a third collapse compromising structural integrity of the roof. A representative of the paramedics said that, given how badly traumatized the bodies of the latest victims were, they had no hope anyone else might still be alive. By then seven people were still reported missing, but it was uncertain whether they actually were in the building. The rescuers said any further rescue efforts would be carried out only after consulting building experts the next morning.[23] The rescue was restarted the next afternoon.[24] There were no more victims found in the rubble and rescue works were finished on 25 November.[25]

Fatalities

Nationality Fatalities
 Latvia[26] 51
 Russia[1][27] 2
 Armenia[28] 1
Total 54

The list of those who died was published by the Latvian State Police.[29][30] The dead were Latvian citizens, unless stated otherwise. Three responding firefighters died in the second collapse.

  • Aleksandrova, Tamāra
  • Apsīte, Leonija
  • Arabela, Sandra
  • Atarinova, Žanna
  • Aksjutins, Jurijs (Russian)
  • Beļakova, Valentīna
  • Bļinovs, Iļja
  • Bondarenko, Anna
  • Bonus, Edvīns
  • Burdukeviča, Jūlija
  • Burvis, Andrejs
  • Ciba, Ludmila
  • Čerņenoks, Ēriks
  • Fadejeva, Gaļina
  • Grigorjan, Naira (Armenian)
  • Gruzde, Elga
  • Guseva, Tamāra
  • Gutāne, Larisa
  • Gutāns, Juris
  • Hitruka, Marina
  • Igumnova, Natalja
  • Indriksons, Dāvids
  • Ivčenko, Tatjana
  • Ižiks, Sergejs
  • Jesipenko, Jeļena
  • Jesipenko, Mihails
  • Kirillova, Svetlana
  • Koževņikova, Ļubova
  • Ļeha, Svetlana
  • Malaja, Ņina
  • Meļihova, Vera
  • Mičuna, Svetlana
  • Mizula, Valērijs
  • Ničiporenko, Pavlo
  • Novikovs, Nikolajs
  • Pavelko, Santa
  • Petrovska, Jeļena
  • Petruņins, Aldis
  • Piņķe, Violeta
  • Poluhina, Olga
  • Reinfelds, Edgars
  • Skadmane, Daina
  • Skadmanis, Jānis
  • Skrinda, Ina
  • Smirnova, Viktorija
  • Šteinītis, Vilnis
  • Teusa, Vera
  • Teuss, Mihails
  • Tihonova, Raisa
  • Tračuma, Nadežda
  • Troicka, Valentīna
  • Vovka, Viktorija
  • Zarečanska, Žanete
  • Zhilinauskas, Rita (Russian)

Aftermath

After the disaster, the Mayor of Riga Nils Ušakovs gave an order to inspect all building projects carried out by Re&Re.[31]

The developer of the apartment building behind the Maxima and the roof of Maxima that collapsed,[32] put the construction of the apartment building on hold. The apartment building itself was not damaged in the incident.[33]

Maxima agreed to pay compensation to the victims and families of the dead.[34]

Cause

The inquiry into the collapse began just minutes after it occurred. So far it is not known what caused the disaster, but the police are investigating three theories: first, that there was an error in architectural design, and authorities overseeing planning had been negligent; second, that the cause is related to initial building procedures; third, that it was caused by the construction of the green roof.[1][35]

According to Ivars Sergets, the owner of the company HND Grupa which was responsible for the construction of the building, the collapse may have been caused by overload, created by materials being loaded onto weaker points of the roof. He denied the possibility that the disaster was caused by the design of the garden, since the store had been operating for two winters and the stress created by the weight of snow had been up to twice as great as the stress caused by the garden at the time of the collapse. He pointed out that too much of the building materials were stored on the roof.[15][failed verification] Later on, however, he admitted that trusses made of two pieces bolted together were used, while the original design called for a single truss. This was due to issues with transporting longer trusses to the building site.[36]

Lilita Ozola, an engineer teaching at Latvian University of Agriculture, expressed an opinion that to change trusses the entire design plan should have been revised and reapproved by authorities. With the two-piece trusses installed the joint between them would bear most of the roof's weight. She pointed out that there is a video recording of the supermarket's roof collapsing in which it is obvious that it failed at the exact position of the joints. She also criticized construction works taking place on the roof when there were people in the building.[37]

A structural engineer, working for a Finnish company, Toomas Kaljas has published research based on photographs from the site, suggesting the connections between the horizontal bars that hold the roof were inadequately designed. The garden on the roof played a minimal role. The load on the bolts that were holding the bars was uneven and there were too few of them. The calculations of bolt forces were wrong. A better design would have resulted in components bending and cracking over time, instead of the whole building suddenly collapsing like dominos without a warning.[38] [39] [40] [41]

According to a press representative of Kubs, the architect bureau that designed the building, the possibly faulty metal joint components were supplied by the company Vikom Industry. The management at Vikom Industry had said that they are unable to provide single-piece components and offered components that would be assembled out of two halves, but which would be just as strong as the ones ordered. Therefore, according to Kubs, Vikom Industry is solely responsible for the component and bolt force and strength calculations. Vladislavs Podgurskis, a representative of Vikom Industry, said in response that all metal components were made and assembled strictly according to the building design and that it must be a design error.[42]

Vikom Industry said bolts for joining trusses were supplied by the company Eurobolts. On 25 November Vikom Industry requested a manufacturer's certificate from Eurobolts for a certain batch of bolts. The owner and CEO of Eurobolts, Olga Romanova, said that the company has no information on what the bolts they are selling are used for, however, the bolts in the batch Vikom Industry was interested in were not strong enough for joining trusses for the roof and that Vikom Industry had in fact never bought bolts that would be strong enough for that purpose. She added that judging from photographs of the trusses on the scene of the incident even smaller bolts were used. An anonymous fireman told TV3 news that the bolts he had seen on scene had not been broken, rather pulled out from fastenings, indicating that the bolts were not designed for bearing the weight of the roof.[43]

The vice director of the Latvian Fire Safety and Civil Defence College, Vilis Students, who participated in the rescue work said that the concrete components seemed unexpectedly fragile. Translated quote: "I am no specialist, but we could break the roof components with hammers and pliers. During exercises with concrete objects, we usually had to use a Jackhammer."[42]

According to Maxima staff, the building had been dangerously unstable for about a year. The construction workers had told them that the foundation was cracked and needed reinforcement. At one point the storage room and store workers locker room had been completely flooded. There had also been extra support columns under the ceiling of the storage room, but those had been removed later. The fire alarm was sounding frequently. The staff believe that the reason for the alarm was that it was obsolete and could not distinguish smoke from dust. The workers did not want to testify about this in front of a camera because they feared for their jobs.[39] [42]

Reactions

The Latvian president stated that the Saturday, Sunday and Monday immediately following the disaster would be days of mourning and sent condolences to Armenia due to the death of one of its citizens.[44][45][46] The next day he stated that the collapse was a "murder of defenceless people" and that the "perpetrators should be arrested", and that the inquiry needed independent experts from other countries that are not associated with Latvian builders in any possible way.[47] The BBC News Riga correspondent reported that the president wanted a criminal investigation "led by independent investigators from abroad - implying that powerful business interests in Latvia are too closely entwined with politics to ensure a fair and honest investigation."[48]

Latvian prime minster Valdis Dombrovskis steped down on 27 November, thus taking responsibility for the incident.[49]

The Mayor of Riga Nils Ušakovs said that the Maxima building will be demolished and have a memorial built in its place.[50]

Latvian Wikipedia with dark logo

Several Latvian websites, including the Latvian Wikipedia, changed their logo designs to include black and images of candles, or put up banners expressing condolences. A black ribbon was also superimposed over the logo of Latvijas Televīzija during their broadcasts as well as worn by anchormen and anchorwomen. The television channels Latvijas Televīzija, "Channel One Baltic", "RenTV Baltic" and "NTV Mir Baltic" and news website Delfi decided to suspend all commercials from broadcast for the following three days.

Maxima, the owner of the store, ordered all its stores in Baltic States to observe a period of mourning for three days during which the Christmas decorations would not be lit and music would not be played. It also stopped all its advertising.[51] Many Latvians were upset that Maxima commercials were still being broadcast on Thursday evening and Friday morning despite the tragedy.

Many sports and cultural events, including Spēlmaņu nakts annual award ceremony, set to take place on the days following the tragedy, were canceled. The Latvian minister of culture called for cultural organizations, including art and music schools, to carefully consider what events would be appropriate given the circumstances.[45]

In almost all Latvian embassies, people were allowed to write their names in condolence books. The church welcomed people to pray for the victims of the tragedy.[52]

Representatives of Maxima Latvia expressed condolences to the families of the deceased. After an emergency meeting, the board of Maxima said that there would be inspections carried out on all Maxima stores.[53]

International

See also

References

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  3. ^ a b Šteinfelde, Ilze (25 November 2013). "Nelaimē vienoti" (in Latvian). nra.lv. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
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  8. ^ "Maxima: Signalizācija Zolitūdes veikalā ieslēgusies aptuveni 10 reizes; ēkas tehniskā pārbaude veikta šomēnes". Diena. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
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External links

Media related to Riga supermarket roof collapse at Wikimedia Commons

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