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Geum quellyon

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Geum quellyon
Geum quellyon cultivar 'Mrs Bradshaw'
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Geum
Species:
G. quellyon
Binomial name
Geum quellyon
Synonyms

Geum quellyon, commonly called scarlet avens,[6] Chilean avens, Double Bloody Mary,[7] or Grecian rose, is a perennial herb in the family Rosaceae. It is native to the central and southern regions of Chile.[3] G. quellyon has been introduced to other countries including Belgium,[8] Bolivia,[3] and the United Kingdom, where it was first planted in 1826.[9]

Description

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Macroscale

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Plants reach a height of between 6 and 100 centimeters (2.4 and 39.4 inches).[10] Leaves are compound, with between 3 and 10 pairs of leaflets.[10] G. quellyon grows a thick taproot which smells of cloves when broken due to the presence of aromatic compounds.[10][11] Flowers vary in colour from yellow-orange to pink-red.[12]

Microscale

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When in metaphase, somatic chromosomes of G. quellyon (and of G. magellanicum, another species of Geum native to Chile)[13] are shorter and fatter than those in other Geum species.[14]

Distribution

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G. quellyon is native to the following regions of Chile: Araucanía, Aysén, Biobío, Los Lagos (including the island of Chiloé),[15] Magallanes, Maule, Metropolitana de Santiago, Ñuble, O’Higgins, Los Ríos, and Valparaíso.[16]

Uses

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Medicinal

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See also: Medicinal plants

G. quellyon has been used in the traditional medicine of the Mapuche people of Chile for tooth neuralgia, gastric inflammation, prostatitis, and to regulate menstruation.[17][18] A methanolic extract is obtained from its roots.[18]

Observations of a kidney transplant patient showed a pharmacological interaction between G. quellyon and cyclosporine,[19] an immunosuppressant used to prevent transplant rejection.[20]

Horticultural

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Geum quellyon 'Lady Stratheden'

Geum quellyon is commonly cultivated as a garden ornamental, and in that context is sometimes called Geum chiloense.[1] G. quellyon grows best in full sun to part shade, in moist but well-drained soil.[21][22] Plants become damaged and do not recover well if exposed to temperatures of −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) or below.[23]

Cultivars include:

  • Geum 'Blazing Sunset', which produces brick-red double flowers on tall stems from June to September.[24][25] It grows to a height and spread of approximately 60 centimeters (24 inches).[25]
  • Geum 'Lady Stratheden',[26] also known as Geum 'Gold Ball', which produces yellow semi-double flowers. The Royal Horticultural Society has awarded Geum 'Lady Stratheden' the Award of Garden Merit.[27]
  • Geum 'Mrs J Bradshaw',[28] which produces large semi-double flowers[29] from June to September.[30] It grows to a height and spread of approximately 60 cm.[31] It is often planted in cottage gardens.[32] The Royal Horticultural Society has awarded Geum 'Mrs J Bradshaw' the Award of Garden Merit.[29]
  • Geum 'Totally Tangerine', which is a hybrid of G. quellyon 'Mrs J Bradshaw' and G. rivale.[33] It grows to a height of 90 centimeters (35 inches), and produces sterile, peach-orange flowers.[34] It is subject to plant breeders' rights in the European Union and the United Kingdom until 31 December 2036.[35][36]

Diseases

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G. quellyon may be affected by pathogens belonging to the genus Peronospora.[37]

Notes

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  1. ^ Not to be confused with Geum coccineum Sm., which is a different species of Geum.[4]
  2. ^ Not to be confused with Geum grandiflorum K.Koch, which is a synonym of Geum coccineum Sm..[5]

References

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  1. ^ a b USDA GRIN database, list of species in Geum, with synonyms
  2. ^ a b Colin Mills 2010. Hortus Camdenensis: An illustrated catalogue of plants grown by Sir William MacArthur and Camden Park N.S.W., Australia between c. 1820 & 1861
  3. ^ a b c d e "Geum quellyon Sweet". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  4. ^ "Geum coccineum Sm". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  5. ^ "Geum grandiflorum K.Koch". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  6. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  7. ^ Hawke, Richard G. (2017). "A Comparative Evaluation Study of Geum spp" (PDF). Plant Evaluation Notes (41). Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  8. ^ "Geum quellyon". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  9. ^ Buchan, Ursula (7 June 2003). "How to grow: Geum 'Mrs J Bradshaw'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  10. ^ a b c Fischer S., L. Inostroza, R. Wilckens, M.T. Berti, M. Baeza, and E. Pastene. 2007. Characterization and evaluation of two population of Geum quellyon. p. 293-297. In J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.) Issues in New Crops and New Uses. Proceedings 6th National Symposium Creating Markets for Economic Development of New crops and New Uses. ASHS Press. Alexandria, VA.
  11. ^ Goswami, Hit Kishore; Ram, Hitendra Kumar (13 November 2017). "Ancient Food Habits Dictate that Food Can Be Medicine but Medicine Cannot Be "Food"!!". Medicines. 4 (4): 82. doi:10.3390/medicines4040082. PMC 5750606. PMID 29137206.
  12. ^ Reilly, Ann (March 1988). "Here today... here tomorrow: a perennial garden will bring color to the landscape year after year without the headaches of re-planting" (PDF). Landscape Management. 27 (3): 42–46.
  13. ^ "Geum magellanicum Comm. ex Pers". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  14. ^ Raynor, Louise A. (1952). "Cytotaxonomic Studies of Geum". American Journal of Botany. 39 (10): 713–719. doi:10.2307/2438618. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2438618.
  15. ^ "Geum chiloense (GEUCH)". gd.eppo.int. 2002-02-03. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  16. ^ "Geum quellyon Sweet". chileanendemics.rbge.org.uk. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  17. ^ Muñoz, O., Montes, M., Wilkomirsky, T., 2004. In: Maldonado, S. (Ed.), Plantas medicinales de uso en Chile: Quimica y farmacologia. Editorial Universitaria, S.A. Santiago, Chile, pp. 129–132
  18. ^ a b Russo, A.; Cardile, V.; Lombardo, L.; Vanella, L.; Vanella, A.; Garbarino, J.A. (2005). Antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action of methanolic extract of Geum quellyon Sweet roots in human tumor cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 100(3): 323-332. abstract
  19. ^ Duclos H, Jaime; Goecke S, Helmuth (July 2001). "Geum chiloense (Hierba del clavo) modifying cyclosporine levels.: Report of one case". Revista médica de Chile. 129 (7): 789–790. doi:10.4067/S0034-98872001000700013. ISSN 0034-9887.
  20. ^ "Definition of cyclosporin". Lexico.com. Oxford University Press. 2020. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  21. ^ "Growing Guide: Geum". www.gardening.cornell.edu. 2006. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  22. ^ "Geum 'Mrs. J. Bradshaw'". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  23. ^ Johnson, Jim. "Management of Container Nursery Plant Material During Cold Weather". njaes.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  24. ^ "Geum 'Blazing Sunset'". BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  25. ^ a b Perrone, Jane (2014-04-19). "Plant of the week: Geum 'Blazing Sunset'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  26. ^ Hebb, Robert S. (1971). "Notes from the Arnold Arboretum "Perennials for Low Maintenance Gardening Part II"". Arnoldia. 31 (2): 70–83. ISSN 0004-2633. JSTOR 42953869.
  27. ^ "Geum 'Lady Stratheden' (d) | avens 'Lady Stratheden'". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  28. ^ Denver Plants: Geum chiloense 'Mrs. Bradshaw'
  29. ^ a b "Geum 'Mrs J. Bradshaw' (d) | avens 'Mrs J. Bradshaw'". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  30. ^ "Geum 'Mrs J Bradshaw'". BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  31. ^ "Best geums to grow". BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  32. ^ "BBC - Gardening: Plant Finder - Avens". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  33. ^ "Geum 'Totally Tangerine'". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  34. ^ "Geum 'Totally Tangerine' (PBR) | avens 'Totally Tangerine'". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  35. ^ Certificate on the Grant of Community Plant Variety Rights, Decision No. 30066. Community Plant Variety Office (23 May 2011). Available from cpvoextranet.cpvo.europa.eu under application number 20091163.
  36. ^ "EU to UK transferred plant breeders' rights". GOV.UK (Spreadsheet). 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  37. ^ Cunnington, James H. (2008). "An annotated checklist of Peronospora species in Victoria". Australasian Mycologist. 27 (1). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.622.2877.
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