Talk:Pomerania during the High Middle Ages

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Foundation of towns[edit]

Hi. Tinynanorobots, Volunteer Marek, you guys just can't be serious about removing such an extensive section of the article without even having a consent on the talk page or even giving proper reasons to do this. Either you outsource this to a separate article, or to another article. And you'll have to explain why you think this should be taken out. That's how the Wiki project works fellows. -- Horst-schlaemma (talk) 11:47, 5 April 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Extracted:

Extended content

Foundation of towns[edit]

Before the Ostsiedlung, urban settlements of the emporia[clarification needed] and gard[nb 1] types existed for example the city of Szczecin (Stettin) which counted between 5,000 to 9,000 inhabitants,[1][2] and other locations like Demmin, Wolgast, Usedom, Wollin/Wolin, Kolberg/Kołobrzeg, Pyritz/Pyrzyce and Stargard, though many of the coastal ones declined during the 12th century warfare.[3] Previous theories that urban development was "in its entirety" brought to areas such as Pomerania, Mecklenburg or Poland by Germans are now discarded, and studies show that these areas had already growing urban centres in process similar to Western Europe[4] These population centres were usually centered around a gard, which was a fortified castle which housed the castellan as well as his staff and the ducal craftsmen. The surrounding town consisted of suburbs, inhabited by merchants, clergy and the higher nobles. According to Piskorski this portion usually included "markets, taverns, butcher shops, mints, which also exchanged coins, toll stations, abbeys, churches and the houses of nobles".[5]

Important changes connected to Ostsiedlung included

  • location:[6][7] All Ostsiedlung towns in Pomerania except for Stettin, Wollin and probably Kammin were founded on empty space, even if they were located near Slavic settlements.[8] Piskorski (1997) says that for the towns with a Slavic predecessor, "usually, the settlement from the west did not only mean granting German law and a new administration, but also the shift of the old settlement location, because the new German-law town emerged not at the place, but in the vicinity of the old center, whereby sometimes the distance between them was several kilometers as e.g. in the case of Pomeranian Kolberg." By leaving the Slavic settlement untouched, the landlord not only avoided dealing with complicated property rights inside, but also kept the services and income generated by its dependent population. Piskorski also says there were isolated exceptions as in the case of Stettin and Wollin, where pre-existing settlements were integrated into the new town: "In such cases, the old settlements were surveyed anew and built anew."[6] Benl (1999) likewise says that Wollin/Wolin and probably Kammin/Kamień Pomorski were exceptional in that they were built on the spot of former, yet decayed settlements, and that Stettin was exceptional in that two German settlements, set up close to the Slavic castle and settlement, were included in the later town.[9] Likewise, Mangelsdorf (1990) says that the cities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern "have their roots in the slavonic period, and usually came up near a slavonic castle or settlement with a commercial background." Mangelsdorf further says that "new in-town excavations illustrate the connection between slavonic and german settlements and the influence of material culture. [...] Slavic material culture, especially pottery, died [...] in Mecklenburg-Antepomerania at the end of the 13th century."[10]
  • population:[7] Germans formed a majority in the towns from the beginning.[11] They moved in either directly from the West or from the surrounding areas.[11] People of Slavic descent also lived in the towns, but primarily in suburbs (Wieken) outside the walls, which were either continuations of pre-existing Slavic settlements (many of those were soon abandoned) or new foundations owned by the landlord.[11] Since around 1300, the towns acquired these Wieken.[11] A small number of Jews also settled in medieval Pomeranian towns.[12]
  • legal status:[6][7] Prior to the Ostsiedlung, all inhabitants of the duchy were subject to ducal law, meaning that distinct sets of laws were applied to individuums according to their descent, regardless whether they lived in large or small settlements.[6] In contrast, German town law was granted to the inhabitants of Ostsiedlung towns, making their inhabitants personally free and subject to the town's jurisdiction.[6] This however did not apply to resident clergymen and vassals of the duke.[13] Many towns were able to expand the privileges and freedoms gained by their foundation in the following years.[13]
  • social differentiation:[6] The upper class in the Ostsiedlung towns were the patricians, who were primarily occupied with long-distance trade and dominated the town's council.[12]
  • layout:[6][14] The towns were set up with regular streets resembling a checkerboard-like pattern.[14] The shape of the town was either oval (e.g. Bahn), rectangular with rounded corners (e.g. Greifenhagen) or rectangular (e.g. Treptow); Altdamm was built in a circular and Pyritz in a triangular shape.[14] In the center was the market place with the townhall.[14]
Medieval Greifswald with the checkerboard-type layout typical for Ostsiedlung towns.[15] Locators set up rectangular blocs in an area resembling an oval with a central market, and organized the settlement.
"Foundation"[clarification needed] of towns in the area of the later Pomeranian province, superimposed on OSM. Most towns with Lübeck law appealed to Greifswald, most towns with Magdeburg law to Stettin.[16]

Between 1234 and 1299, 34 towns[15] were founded[17] in the Pomeranian duchy, this number increased to 58 in the late Middle Ages.[15] The towns were built on behalf of the Pomeranian dukes or ecclesiastic bodies like monasteries and orders.[18] Most prominent on this issue was Barnim I of Pomerania-Stettin, who since was entitled "the towns' founder". The towns build on his behalf were granted Magdeburg Law and settled predominantly by people from the western Margraviate of Brandenburg, while the towns founded in the North (most on behalf of the Rugian princes and Wartislaw III of Pomerania-Demmin were granted Lübeck Law and were settled predominantly by people from Lower Saxony. The first towns were Stralsund (Principality of Rügen, 1234), Prenzlau (Uckermark, then Pomerania-Stettin, 1234), Bahn (Knights Templar, about 1234), and Stettin (1237/43), Gartz (Oder) (Pomerania-Stettin, 1240), and Loitz (by Detlev of Gadebusch, 1242). Other towns built in the 1240s were Demmin, Greifswald (by Eldena Abbey), Altentreptow.[19]

According to Rădvan (2010), "a relevant example for how towns were founded (civitas libera) is Prenzlau today within German boundaries, close to Poland. It was here that, a short distance from an older Slavic settlement, duke Barnim I of Pomerania entrusted in 1234-35 the creation of a new settlement to eight contractors (referred to as fondatores) originating from Stendal, Saxony. The eight, who were probably relatives to some degree, were granted 300 Hufen (around 4800 ha) that were to be distributed to settlers, each one of the fondatores being entitled to 160 ha for himself and the right to build mills; one of them became the duke's representative. The settlers' land grant was tax exempt for three years, and it was to be kept in eternal and hereditary possession. A 1.5 km (1 mi) perimeter around the settlement was provided for unrestricted use by the community of pastures, forests, or fishing. Those trading were dispensed of paying taxes for land under ducal authority. Without being mentioned in the founding act, the old Slavic community persisted as nothing more that a suburb to the new town. Aside from several topical variations, many settlements in medieval Poland and other areas followed a similar pattern."[20]

Many towns with a gard in close proximity had the duke level the castle when they grew in power. Stettin, where the castle was inside the town, had the duke level it already in 1249,[21] other towns were to follow. The fortified new towns had succeeded the gards as strongholds for the country's defense. In many cases, the former Slavic settlement would become a suburb of the German town ("Wiek", "Wieck"). In Stettin, two "Wiek" suburbs were set up anew outside the walls, to which most Slavs from within the walls were resettled. Such Wiek settlements did initially not belong to the town, but to the duke, although they were likely to come into possession of the town in the course of the 14th century. Also in the 14th century, Slavic Wiek suburbs lost their Slavic character.[22]

In western Pomerania, including Rugia, the process of Ostsiedlung differed from how it took place in other parts of Eastern Europe in that a high proportion of the settlers was composed of Scandinavians, especially Danes, and migrants from Scania. The highest Danish influence was on the Ostsiedlung of the then Danish Rugian principality. In the possessions of the Rugian Eldena Abbey, a Danish establishment, settlers who opened a tavern would respectively be treated according to Danish, German and Wendish law.[23]

Wampen, Ladebow, and other villages near Greifswald are of Danish origin.[24] Yet, many Scandinavian settlers in the Pomeranian towns were of German origin, moving from older German merchants' settlements in Sweden to the newly founded towns at the Southern Baltic shore.[25]

Refs[edit]

  1. ^ An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.-A.D.1330, Norman John Greville Pounds, Cambridge University Press 1973, page 241, "By 1121 Polish armies had penetrated its forests, captured its chief city of Szczecin"
  2. ^ Archeologia Polski, Volume 38, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej (Polska Akademia Nauk, page 309, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1993
  3. ^ Herrmann (1985), pp.237ff, 244ff, 269ff
  4. ^ Dollinger, P. (1999): The German Hansa. Routledge. p. 16.
  5. ^ Piskorski (1999), p. 55.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Piskorski (1997), pp. 194-203
  7. ^ a b c Benl, R. in Buchholz et al. (1999), p. 80.
  8. ^ Benl, R. in Buchholz et al. (1999), p. 80: "Die deutschen Städte Pommerns, auch die kleineren, sind auf bis dahin unbesiedeltem Gelände gegründet worden, auch wenn größere oder kleinere slawische Siedlungen beziehungsweise Burgen [...] in der Nähe bereits bestanden.
  9. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.75,79-80
  10. ^ V European symposium for teachers of medieval archaeology: Sevilla-Córdoba 29 September - 2 October 1999 Universidad de Sevilla, The development of medieval archaeology in East Germany since 1990, Gunter Mangelsdorf, page 61
  11. ^ a b c d Benl, R. in Buchholz et al. (1999), p. 84.
  12. ^ a b Benl, R. in Buchholz et al. (1999), p. 85.
  13. ^ a b Benl, R. in Buchholz et al. (1999), p. 83.
  14. ^ a b c d Benl, R. in Buchholz et al. (1999), p. 86.
  15. ^ a b c Inachin (2008), p. 26
  16. ^ Buske (1997), pp. 38-39.
  17. ^ Piskorski (1997) and (1999), p. 66; Inachin (2008), p. 25, Buchholz et al (1999), p. 75; Buske (1997), p. 38
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Herrmann, pp.402ff was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.77-80
  20. ^ Rădvan (2010), pp. 32-33.
  21. ^ Herrmann (1985), p.426
  22. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.84,85
  23. ^ Piskorski (2007), pp. 76ff
  24. ^ Wernicke (2000), p.25
  25. ^ Wernicke (2000), p.34

HS, yes, this section is way too extensive and way too long (not to mention that it has some POV problems). Most of it, if not all, *already* is "outsourced" to another article, Ostsiedlung where it belongs. This is a general level article.

BTW, the talk page isn't the place to fork content. I've collapsed rather than deleted the text but it really shouldn't be here.Volunteer Marek (talk) 12:12, 5 April 2014 (UTC)[reply]

There's NO consensus to do this. Stop the edit-warring and reverting. We need more input/opinions here if something like this is to be done. I say keep it. -- Horst-schlaemma (talk) 15:32, 6 April 2014 (UTC)[reply]
More opinions? How do you propose I gain more opinions? I discussed it with everyone who would discuss it, and gave other's quite some time to discuss it. I am still willing to discuss it. However, people only seem to want to discuss changes after they happen. Please, give you opinions on why any part of it should stay in this article. Tinynanorobots (talk) 18:58, 22 April 2014 (UTC)[reply]


Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).

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