Tefnut
| Tefnut | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name in hieroglyphs |
| ||||
| Major cult center | Heliopolis, Leontopolis | ||||
In Ancient Egyptian religion, Tefnut[pronunciation?], transliterated tfnt (tefenet) is a goddess of moisture, moist air, dew and rain.[1] She is the sister and consort of the air god Shu and the mother of Geb and Nut.
Etymology
Literally translating as "That Water",[2] the name Tefnut has been linked to the verb 'tfn' meaning 'to spit'[3] and versions of the creation myth say that Atum (or Ra) spat her out and her name was written as a mouth spitting in late texts.[4]
Unlike most Egyptian deities, including her brother, Tefnut has no single ideograph or symbol. Her name in hieroglyphics consists of four single phonogram symbols t-f-n-t. Although the n phonogram is a representation of waves on the surface of water, it was never used as an ideogram or determinative for the word water (mw), or for anything associated with water.[5]
Mythological origins
Tefnut is a daughter of the solar god Atum-Ra. Married to her brother, Shu, she is mother of Nut, the sky and Geb, the earth. Tefnut's grandchildren were Osiris, Isis, Set and Nephthys. Alongside her father, brother, children and grandchildren, she is a member of the Ennead of Heliopolis.
There are a number of variants to the myth of the creation of Tefnut and her twin brother Shu. In all versions, Tefnut is the product of parthenogenesis, and all involve some variety of bodily fluid.
In the Heliopolitan creation myth, the solar god Atum masturbates to produce Tefnut and Shu.[6]
- Atum was creative in that he proceeded to masturbate himself in Heliopolis. He took his penis in his hand so that he might obtain the pleasure of orgasm thereby. And brother and sister were born - that is Shu and Tefnut. Pyramid Text 527[7]
In some versions of this myth, Atum also swallows his semen, and spits it out to form the twins, or else the spitting of his saliva forms the act of procreation. Both of these versions contain a play on words, the tef sound which forms the first syllable of the name Tefnut also constitutes a word meaning 'to spit' or 'to expectorate'.[7]
The Coffin Texts contain references to Shu being sneezed out by Atum from his nose, and Tefnut being spat out like saliva. The Bremner-Rind Papyrus and the Memphite Theology describe Atum masturbating into his mouth, before spitting out his semen to form the twins.[8]
Iconography
Tefnut is a leonine deity, and appears as human with a lioness head when depicted as part of the Great Ennead of Heliopolis. The other frequent depiction is as a lioness, but Tefnut can also be depicted as fully human. In her fully or semi anthropomorphic form, she is depicted wearing a wig, topped either with a uraeus serpent, or a uraeus and solar disk, and she is sometimes depicted as a lion headed serpent. Her face is sometimes used in a double headed form with that of her brother Shu on collar counterpoises.[9]
When depicted as a woman with a lion´s head, she can be distinguished from Sekhmet as Sekhmet's ears are rounded while Tefnut´s are pointed.[10]
Cult centres
Heliopolis and Leontopolis (modern Tel el-Muqdam) were the primary cult centres. At Heliopolis, Tefnut was one of the members of that city's great Ennead,[9] and is referred to in relation to the purification of the wabet (priest) as part of the temple rite. Here she had a sanctuary called the Lower Menset.[1]
"I have ascended to you
with the Great One behind me
and <my> purity before me:
I have passed by Tefnut,
even while Tefnut was purifying me,
and indeed I am a priest, the son of a priest in this temple." Papyrus Berlin 3055[11]
At Karnak, Tefnut formed part of the Great Ennead and was invoked in prayers for the health and wellbeing of the Pharaoh.[12]
She was worshiped with Shu as a pair of lions in Leontopolis in the Delta.[13]
Mythology
Tefnut was connected with other leonine goddesses as the Eye of Ra.[14] As a lioness she could display a wrathful aspect and is said to escape to Nubia in a rage from where she is brought back by Thoth.[4] In the earlier Pyramid Texts she is said to produce pure waters from her vagina.[15]
References
- ^ a b The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart ISBN 0-415-34495-6
- ^ Collier, Mark (1999). How to read Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Bill (Third impression ed.). London: British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1910-5.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ http://henadology.wordpress.com/theology/netjeru/tefnut
- ^ a b The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Wilkinson, page. 183 ISBN 0-500-05120-8
- ^ Betro, Maria Carmela (1996). Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt (in English translation from Spanish). Abbeville Press. p. 163. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-7892-0238-8|0-7892-0238-8[[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]]].
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Hassan, Fekri A (1998). "5". In Lucy Goodison and Christine Morris (ed.). Ancient Goddesses. London: British Museum Press. p. 107. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-7141-1767-7|0-7141-1767-7[[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]]].
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ a b Watterson, Barbara (2003). Gods of Ancient Egypt. Sutton Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 0-7509-3262-7.
- ^ Pinch, Geraldine (2002). Handbook of Egyptian Mythology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-242-8.
- ^ a b Wilkinson, Richard H (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 183. ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
- ^ Gallery of Feline Deities in Ancient Egypt
- ^ Hays, H.M (2009). Nyord R, Kyolby A (ed.). "Between Identity and Agency in Ancient Egyptian Ritual". Leiden University Repository: Archaeopress: 15–30. hdl:1887/15716.
Rite 25 from Moret, Le Rituel de Cult, Paris 1902
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Meeks, Dimitri (1999). Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods (in English translation from French). Pimlico. p. 128. ISBN 0-7126-6515-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart ISBN 0-415-34495-6,
- ^ Watterson, Barbara (2003). Gods of Ancient Egypt. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3262-7.
- ^ The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, trans R.O. Faulkner, line 2065 Utt. 685.
