Tripartite language

Linguistic typology
Morphological
Isolating
Synthetic
Polysynthetic
Fusional
Agglutinative
Morphosyntactic
Alignment
Accusative
Ergative
Split ergative
Philippine
Active–stative
Tripartite
Marked nominative
Inverse marking
Syntactic pivot
Theta role
Word Order
VO languages
Subject–verb–object
Verb–subject–object
Verb–object–subject
OV languages
Subject–object–verb
Object–subject–verb
Object–verb–subject
Time–manner–place
Place–manner–time

A tripartite language, also called an ergative–accusative language, is one that treats the subject of an intransitive verb, the subject of a transitive verb, and the object of a transitive verb each in different ways. If the language has morphological case, the arguments are marked in this way:

• the agent of a transitive verb takes the ergative case
• the object of a transitive verb takes the accusative case
• the argument of an intransitive verb takes the intransitive case (AKA absolutive case)

In Nez Percé, the ergative-case suffix is -nim, the accusative suffix is -ne, and intransitive arguments take no suffix.

Languages lacking case inflections may distinguish these roles with distinct word order.^{[citation needed]}

Tripartite languages are rare. Besides native American Nez Perce, they include the Vakh dialects of the Khanty language, Wangkumara and, in its singular pronouns, Kalaw Lagaw Ya, both Australian languages. Several constructed languages, especially engineered languages, use a tripartite case system or tripartite adposition system, notably Na'vi language.

See also

Split ergativity

References

• Nez Perce Verb Morphology