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Tunumiit

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Iivit
Tunumiit
Eastern Greenlanders
Tasiilaq in east Greenland
Total population
3,000 (2012)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Iivi Nunaa (Eastern Greenland)
Languages
Iivi oraasia, Inuttut (Kalaallisut),[1] Danish
Religion
Inuit beliefs, Evangelical Lutheran
Related ethnic groups
Other Inuit, Yupik and Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Iivit or Tunumiit are Indigenous Greenlandic Inuit from Iivi Nunaa, Tunu in the area of Kangikajik and Ammassalik, the eastern part of Inuit Nunaat (East Greenland). The Iivit live now mainly in Tasiilaq and Ittoqqortoormiit and are a part of the Arctic people known collectively as the Inuit. The singular for Iivit is Iik or for Tunumiit version it is Tunumiu.

Besides the Iivit, who live in the eastern portion of Inuit Nunaat in the jurisdiction of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland), Avanersuarmiut (Northern) and Kitaamiut (Western) Greenland Inuit are called Inuit, Inivit or Inivi (Kalaallit) and Inughuit, respectively. About 80% to 88% of Greenland's population, or approximately 44,000 to 50,000 people, identify as being Indigenous Inuit.[2][3]

Language

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Iivi language or the Tunumiit language, also called East Greenlandic or Iivi oraasia natively, is an indigenous language dialect of Greenlandic Inuit languages. (The official language of Greenland is a different dialect of the Inuit languages, Inuttut also known as Kalaallisut; the Inughuit speak Inuktun, which is more closely related to Inuktitut, an Inuit–Yupik–Unangan languages spoken in Northern Canada, especially in Nunavut).

Region

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Iivit or Tunumiit or the Eastern Inuit, live primarily in the Ammassalik region, the area with the mildest climate in King Christian IX Land. Hunters can hunt marine mammals from kayaks throughout the year.[4]

Ittoqqortoormiit was the settlement founded in 1925 by Ejnar Mikkelsen in Scoresby Sound. 80 Inuit settlers—70 persons from Tasiilaq and four families from western Greenland—were brought there by ship. The area has vestiges of former habitation, but it had been uninhabited for about a century at the time of the foundation of the new settlement.

There were two other Eastern Greenland groups in the long coast between Nunap Isua (Cape Farewell) to King Frederick VIII Land, the Northeast in Kangerlussuaq Fjord and adjacent areas up to Clavering Island, north of the Iivit, and the Southeast-Greenland Inuit in the King Frederick VI Coast to the south, but these are now extinct.[5][6]

Art

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An angakkuq or spirit healer named Mitsivarniannga from Ammassalik Island created a tupilaq "evil spirit object," for a visiting European in 1905. When no harm befell him for creating and showing this object to an outsider, others began making tupilait, which evolved into a popular art form.[7] Residents also carved Ammassalik wooden maps, that traced the Eastern Greenlandic coastline. Customary art-making practices thrive on Ammassalik Island.[2]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b "Inuktitut, Greenlandic." www.ethnologue.com Accessed 3 Feb 2014.
  2. ^ a b Hessel, 20
  3. ^ Baldacchino, Godfrey (2006). Extreme Tourism: Lessons from the World's Cold Water Islands. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-044656-1.
  4. ^ Hessel, 11
  5. ^ East Greenland Inuit www.everyculture.com, accessed 10 September 2022
  6. ^ Einar Lund Jensen, Hans Christian Gulløv, Kristine Raahauge, Cultural Encounters at Cape Farewell: The East Greenlandic Immigrants and the German Moravian Mission in the 19th century. p. 74
  7. ^ Nacheva, Velina. "An average artistic day in Greenland." The Sofia Echo. November 29, 2001. Accessed 3 February 2014.

References

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  • Hessel, Ingo. Arctic Spirit. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2006 ISBN 978-1-55365-189-5
  • Carl Koldewey, The German Arctic Expedition of 1869-1870: Narrative of the Wreck of the Hansa in the Ice.
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