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Sexual stimulation is any stimulus (including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances and maintains sexual arousal, and may lead to orgasm. Although sexual arousal may arise without physical stimulation, achieving orgasm usually requires physical sexual stimulation.
The term sexual stimulation often implies stimulation of the genitals, but may also include stimulation of other areas of the body, stimulation of the senses (such as sight or hearing) and mental stimulation (i.e. from reading or fantasizing). Sufficient stimulation of the penis in males and the clitoris in females usually results in an orgasm.[1][2][3][4] Stimulation can be by self (e.g., masturbation) or by a sexual partner (sexual intercourse or other sexual activity), by use of objects or tools, or by some combination of these methods.[5]
Some people practice orgasm control, whereby a person or their sexual partner controls the level of sexual stimulation to delay orgasm, and to prolong the sexual experience leading up to orgasm.
Physical sexual stimulation[edit]
Genital[edit]
Physical sexual stimulation usually consists of touching the genitals or other erogenous zones. Masturbation, erotic massage, sexual intercourse, a handjob or fingering are types of physical sexual stimulation involving the genitals. Sexual arousal is usually triggered through sensitive nerves in these body parts,[6] which cause the release of pleasure-causing chemicals (endorphins) that act as mental rewards to pursue such stimulation. A person may also become sexually aroused by touching another person's genitals or other body parts.[citation needed] The bulbocavernosus reflex is triggered by stimulation of the glans penis or clitoris.[7]
The purpose of sex toys is to provide pleasure and stimulation through an alternative route than just using people's bodies. They can be used by someone on their own, with partnered sex, or group sex. They can be exciting and provide new types of stimulation that the body cannot produce, such as vibrations.
Sex toys have been used as a source of sexual stimulation for thousands of years. There have been dildos found from the Palaeolithic era,[8] made of Siltstone and polished to a high gloss. Dildos were also made of camel dung and coated with resin.[9] Historians are uncertain whether these have been used for religious rituals or for personal pleasure. It is known that dildos were used for fertility rituals,[10] however. The Ancient Greeks created their dildos from a carved penis covered in leather or animal intestines to create a more natural feel.[10] The Romans created double-ended dildos for use with a partner. Ancient Chinese dildos were made of bronze or other metals and some were hollow allowing them to be filled with liquid to simulate an ejaculation.[11] These were used because wealthy Chinese men would often have too many wives to please. In Persia, it was thought that the blood of the hymen was unclean, and should be avoided by husbands. On the night before a lady's wedding, a local holy-man would come and break her hymen with a large stone dildo, a ritual also used to confirm the virginity of the bride.[12]
Non-genital stimulation[edit]
There are many areas through which a person can be sexually stimulated, other than the genitals. The nipples, thighs, lips, and neck can all provide sexual stimulation when touched.
- Nipples
- One study[13] administered a questionnaire about sexual activity to 301 participants and found that 81.5% of women reported that stimulating their nipples caused or enhanced sexual arousal and that 59.1% of them asked to have their nipples stimulated during sex. Furthermore, 51.7% of men reported that nipple stimulation caused sexual arousal, and 39% said that it enhanced their existing arousal. Research using[14] brain-scanning technology found that stimulating nipples in women resulted in the activation of the genital area of the sensory cortex. The research suggests the sensations are genital orgasms caused by nipple stimulation, and may also be directly linked to "the genital area of the brain".[14][15] In women, one study indicated that sensation from the nipples travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris and cervix. Nipple stimulation may trigger uterine contractions, which then produce a sensation in the genital area of the brain.[14]
- Thighs
- In 2012, the California Institute of Technology[16] measured brain responses in heterosexual males as they were having their inner thighs touched whilst being MRI scanned. They were either watching a video of a woman touching their thigh or a man touching their thigh. They reported more sexual pleasure when they thought it was the woman touching them than the man, and this was reflected in their MRI scans with greater arousal of their somatosensory cortex. It can be therefore concluded that the thighs are an area that can cause sexual stimulation when touched.
- Lips
- Lips contain a huge number of nerve endings and are considered to be an erogenous zone. Men report experiencing more pleasure from the stimulation of their lips than women do (see below for sex differences in stimulation). In addition to stimulation of the lips by touching, men can be visually stimulated by looking at a woman's lips. It has also been[17] reported that men prefer women with fuller lips because they are an indicator of youth.
- Neck[18]
- A sample of 800 participants and rated 41 different body parts on their erogenous intensity on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the most arousing). Females reported neck stimulation as being more arousing than men did.
Sex differences in erogenous zones[edit]
This table[18] shows the sex differences in erogenous zones and includes the top ten most arousing areas for both sexes. Each body part was rated out of ten for how arousing it is when touched. Apart from body parts exclusive to one gender such as the penis or clitoris, many of the erogenous zones are similar and contain many nerve endings.
| Females | Males | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Standard deviation | Mean | Standard deviation | ||
| Clitoris | 9.17 | 2.12 | Penis | 9.00 | 2.50 |
| Vagina | 8.40 | 2.35 | Mouth/lips | 7.03 | 2.68 |
| Mouth/lips | 7.91 | 2.27 | Scrotum | 6.50 | 3.72 |
| Nape of neck | 7.51 | 2.70 | Inner thigh | 5.84 | 3.39 |
| Breasts | 7.35 | 2.73 | Nape of neck | 5.65 | 3.50 |
| Nipples | 7.35 | 3.15 | Nipples | 4.89 | 3.79 |
| Inner thigh | 6.70 | 2.99 | Perineum | 4.81 | 4.10 |
| Back of neck | 6.20 | 3.15 | Pubic hairline | 4.80 | 3.82 |
| Ears | 5.06 | 3.40 | Back of neck | 4.53 | 3.42 |
| Lower back | 4.73 | 3.38 | Ears | 4.30 | 3.50 |
- ^ Weiten, Wayne; Dunn, Dana S.; Hammer, Elizabeth Yost (2011-01-01). Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. Cengage Learning. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-111-18663-0.
- ^ "I Want a Better Orgasm!". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2009-01-13. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ Mah, Kenneth; Binik, Yitzchak M (January 7, 2001). "The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends". Clinical Psychology Review. 21 (6): 823–856. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00069-6. PMID 11497209.
Women rated clitoral stimulation as at least somewhat more important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse.
- ^ Kammerer-Doak, Dorothy; Rogers, Rebecca G. (June 2008). "Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 35 (2): 169–183. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006. PMID 18486835.
Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes...
- ^ Based on "masturbation" in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003
- ^ Schober, Justine M., and Donald Pfaff. "The neurophysiology of sexual arousal." Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 21.3 (2007): 445-461.
- ^ http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/bulbocavernosus_reflex Bulbocavernosus Reflex – Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
- ^ "Ancient Phallus Unearthed in Cave". 2005-07-25.
- ^ Christina, E. (2011). The Book of Kink: Sex Beyond the Missionary. New York: Tarcher Perigree. ISBN 9781101545096.
- ^ a b "The long, strange history of sex toys". 2013-06-19. Archived from the original on 2018-11-10. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ Driel, M. (2012). With the hand: a cultural history of masturbation. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861899576.
- ^ Monger, G. (2004). Marriage customs of the world: from henna to honeymoons. California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 9781576079874.
- ^ Levin, R. &, Meston, C. (2006). "Nipple/breast stimulation and sexual arousal in young men and women". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 3 (3): 450–454. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.421.7798. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00230.x. PMID 16681470.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Komisaruk, B. R.; Wise, N.; Frangos, E.; Liu, W.-C.; Allen, K; Brody, S (2011). "Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 8 (10): 2822–2830. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x. PMC 3186818. PMID 21797981.
- Stephanie Pappas (August 5, 2011). "Surprise finding in response to nipple stimulation". CBS News.
- ^ Levi, R, J. (2006). "The breast/nipple/areola complex and human sexuality". Sexual & Relationship Therapy. 21 (2): 237–249. doi:10.1080/14681990600674674. S2CID 219696836.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gazzola, V.; Spezio, M.L.; Etzel, J.A.; Castelli, F.; Adolphs, R.; Keysers, C. (2012). "Primary somatosensory cortex discriminates affective significance in social touch". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (25): 1657–1666. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113211109. PMC 3382530. PMID 22665808.
- ^ Symons, D. (1979). The Evolution of Human Sexuality. New York: Oxford university press.
- ^ a b Turnbull, O. H.; Lovett, V. E.; Chaldecott, J.; Lucas, M. D. (2014). "Reports of intimate touch: Erogenous zones and somatosensory cortical organization". Cortex. 53: 146–154. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.07.010. PMID 23993282. S2CID 24804760.