User:Jtamad/drafts other Zika pages

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Virus isolation in monkeys and mosquitoes, 1947[edit]

The virus was first isolated in April 1947 from a rhesus macaque monkey that had been placed in a cage in the Zika Forest of Uganda, near Lake Victoria, by the scientists of the Yellow Fever Research Institute.[1] A second isolation from the mosquito A. africanus followed at the same site in January 1948.[2] When the monkey developed a fever, researchers isolated from its serum a "filterable transmissible agent" that was named Zika in 1948.[3]

First evidence of human infection, 1954[edit]

Zika had been known to infect humans from the results of a serological survey in Uganda, published in 1954.[4] Of 99 human sera tested, 6.1% had neutralizing antibody.

As part of a 1952 outbreak investigation of jaundice suspected to be yellow fever, researchers reported isolation of the virus from a patient,[5] but the pathogen was later shown to be the closely related Spondweni virus.[6] Spondweni was also determined to be the cause of a self-inflicted infection in a researcher reported in 1956.[7]

Spread in equatorial Africa and to Asia, 1951–1983[edit]

Subsequent serological studies in several Africa and Asian countries indicated the virus had been widespread within human populations in these regions.[8] The first true case of human infection was identified by Simpson in 1964,[9] who was himself infected while isolating the virus from mosquitoes.[10] From then until 2007, there were only 14 confirmed human cases of Zika infection from Africa and Southeast Asia.[11]


Micronesia, 2007[edit]

Main article: 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak

In April 2007, the first outbreak outside of Africa and Asia occurred on the island of Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia, characterized by rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia, which was initially thought to be dengue, chikungunya, or Ross River disease.[12] Serum samples from patients in the acute phase of illness contained RNA of Zika. There were 49 confirmed cases, 59 unconfirmed cases, no hospitalizations, and no deaths.[13]

2013–2014[edit]

Oceania[edit]

Main article: 2013–2014 Zika virus outbreaks in Oceania

Between 2013 and 2014, further epidemics occurred in French Polynesia, Easter Island, the Cook Islands, and New Caledonia.[14]

Other cases[edit]

On 22 March 2016 Reuters reported that Zika was isolated from a 2014 blood sample of an elderly man in Chittagong in Bangladesh as part of a retrospective study.[15]

Americas, 2015–present[edit]

Main article: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic

As of early 2016, a widespread outbreak of Zika was ongoing, primarily in the Americas. The outbreak began in April 2015 in Brazil, and has spread to other countries in South America, Central America, North America, and the Caribbean. The Zika virus reached Singapore and Malaysia in Aug 2016.[16] In January 2016, the WHO said the virus was likely to spread throughout most of the Americas by the end of the year;[17] and in February 2016, the WHO declared the cluster of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome cases reported in Brazil – strongly suspected to be associated with the Zika outbreak – a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.[18][19][20][21] It is estimated that 1.5 million people have been infected by Zika in Brazil,[22] with over 3,500 cases of microcephaly reported between October 2015 and January 2016.[23]

A number of countries have issued travel warnings, and the outbreak is expected to significantly impact the tourism industry.[18][24] Several countries have taken the unusual step of advising their citizens to delay pregnancy until more is known about the virus and its impact on fetal development.[25] With the 2016 Summer Olympic Games hosted in Rio de Janeiro, health officials worldwide have voiced concerns over a potential crisis, both in Brazil and when international athletes and tourists, who may be unknowingly infected, return home and possibly spread the virus. Some researchers speculate that only one or two tourists may be infected during the three week period, or approximately 3.2 infections per 100,000 tourists.[26] In November 2016, the World Health Organization declared that the Zika virus was no longer a global emergency.[27]

  1. ^ =Cohen, Jon (8 February 2016). "Zika's long, strange trip into the limelight". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 10 February 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  2. ^ Haddow, A. D.; Schuh, A. J.; Yasuda, C. Y.; et al. (2012). "Genetic Characterization of Zika Virus Strains: Geographic Expansion of the Asian Lineage". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6 (2): e1477. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001477. PMC 3289602. PMID 22389730.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Wikan, N; Smith, DR (July 2016). "Zika virus: history of a newly emerging arbovirus". The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 16 (7): e119-26. PMID 27282424.
  4. ^ DICK, GW (September 1952). "Zika virus. II. Pathogenicity and physical properties". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 46 (5): 521–34. PMID 12995441.
  5. ^ MACNAMARA, FN (March 1954). "Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 48 (2): 139–45. PMID 13157159.
  6. ^ Wikan, Nitwara; Smith, Duncan R (1 January 2017). "First published report of Zika virus infection in people: Simpson, not MacNamara". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30525-4. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  7. ^ BEARCROFT, WG (September 1956). "Zika virus infection experimentally induced in a human volunteer". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 50 (5): 442–8. PMID 13380987.
  8. ^ Wikan, N; Smith, DR (July 2016). "Zika virus: history of a newly emerging arbovirus". The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 16 (7): e119-26. PMID 27282424.
  9. ^ SIMPSON, DI (July 1964). "ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION IN MAN". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 58: 335–8. PMID 14175744.
  10. ^ Wikan, N; Smith, DR (July 2016). "Zika virus: history of a newly emerging arbovirus". The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 16 (7): e119-26. PMID 27282424.
  11. ^ Ramzy, Austin (10 February 2016). "Experts Study Zika's Path From First Outbreak in Pacific". The New York Times. Hong Kong. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  12. ^ Altman, L. K. (3 July 2007). "Little-Known Virus Challenges a Far-Flung Health System". The New York Times.
  13. ^ Duffy, Mark R.; Chen, Tai-Ho; Hancock, W. Thane; et al. (11 June 2009). "Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (24): 2536–2543. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805715. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 19516034.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference eid14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "Bangladesh Confirms First Case of Zika Virus". Newsweek. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  16. ^ "Zika Virus in Singapore". CDC. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  17. ^ "WHO sees Zika outbreak spreading through the Americas". Reuters. 25 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  18. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference SikkaChattu2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ "WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome". World Health Organization. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  20. ^ Roberts, Michelle (1 February 2016). "Zika-linked condition: WHO declares global emergency". BBC News. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  21. ^ Pearson, Michael (2 February 2016). "Zika virus sparks 'public health emergency'". CNN. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  22. ^ Boadle, Anthony; Brown, Tom; Orr, Bernard (18 February 2016). "U.S., Brazil researchers join forces to battle Zika virus". Brasilia. Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  23. ^ "Microcephaly in Brazil potentially linked to the Zika virus epidemic, ECDC assesses the risk". News and Media. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  24. ^ Kiernan, Paul; Jelmayer, Rogerio (3 February 2016). "Zika Fears Imperil Brazil's Tourism Push". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC23Jan2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Belluz, Julia (26 May 2016). "Rio Olympics 2016: why athletes and fans aren't likely to catch Zika". Vox. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  27. ^ "World Health Organization declares end of Zika emergency". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
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