Xylosma
Xylosma | |
---|---|
Xylosma hawaiensis | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malpighiales |
Family: | Salicaceae |
Subfamily: | Salicoideae |
Tribe: | Saliceae |
Genus: | Xylosma G.Forst., 1786[1] |
Type species | |
Xylosma orbiculata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) G.Forst.[1]
| |
Species | |
About 100, see text | |
Synonyms[2] | |
Xylosma /zaɪˈlɒzmə/[3] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae.[2] It contains around 100 species of evergreen shrubs and trees[4] commonly known as brushhollies, xylosmas, or, more ambiguously, "logwoods". The generic name is derived from the Greek words ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood," and ὀσμή (osmé), meaning "smell,"[5] referring to the fragrant wood of some of the species.[4] The Takhtajan system places it in the family Flacourtiaceae,[6] which is considered defunct by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.[2]
Description
The leaves are alternate, simple, entire or finely toothed, 2–10 cm (0.79–3.94 in) long. The flowers are small, yellowish, produced on racemes 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) long, usually dioecious,[7] and have a strong scent. The fruit is a small purple-black berry 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) in diameter that contains 2 to 8 seeds.[4]
Range
The genus is predominantly native to the tropics and subtropics,[4] from the Caribbean, Central America, northern South America, the Pacific Islands, southern Asia and northern Australasia. Two species, X. congesta and X. japonicum, are found in warm-temperate eastern Asia (China, Korea and Japan). Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggest that the genus Lasiochlamys from New Caledonia may be nested in Xylosma.[8]
Ecology
Xylosma foliage is used as food by the caterpillars of some lepidoptera, such as the rustic (Cupha erymanthis), which feeds on X. racemosa, and the common leopard (Phalanta phalantha), which feeds on X. longifolium and X. racemosa.
Uses
The main use for the genus is as hedge and topiary plants among gardeners in desert and chaparral climates. Xylosma congesta is the species usually seen in garden hedges and in road landscaping, despite the fact it bears thorns. Other species cultivated for these purposes include X. bahamensis, X. flexuosa, and X. heterophyllum.[4] X. longifolium is sometimes grown in India for its edible fruits.[9] In addition, a medicinal extract is made from its young leaves that acts as antispasmodic, narcotic, and sedative.[10] 15 species of the genus have reported medicinal or veterinary use. [11]
Selected species
- Xylosma bahamensis (Britton) Standl. – Bahamas xylosma (The Bahamas)[15]
- Xylosma boliviana Sleumer
- Xylosma boulindae Sleumer (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma buxifolia A.Gray – boxleaf xylosma (the Caribbean)[15]
- Xylosma capillipes Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma ciliatifolia (Clos) Eichler
- Xylosma congesta (Lour.) Merrill – shiny xylosma
- Xylosma crenata H.St.John – sawtooth logwood (Kauaʻi in Hawaii)
- Xylosma fawcettii Urb. (Jamaica)
- Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsl. – brushholly (Mexico, Central America)[4]
- Xylosma glaberrima Sleumer (Brazil)
- Xylosma grossecrenata (Sleumer) Lescot (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma hawaiensis Seem. – Hawaiian brushholly, maua (Hawaii)
- Xylosma heterophylla (H.Karst.) Gilg. (Colombia)[4]
- Xylosma inaequinervia Sleumer (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma japonica (Thunb.) A.Gr.
- Xylosma kaalaensis Sleumer (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma latifolia J.Hk. & Thoms. (India)
- Xylosma longifolia Clos (Western Himalayas)[9]
- Xylosma maidenii
- Xylosma molesta Sleumer (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma obovata (Karsten) Triana & Planchon (Colombia)
- Xylosma orbiculata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) G.Forst. (Fiji, Tonga, Niue)[16]
- Xylosma ovata
- Xylosma pachyphylla (Krug & Urb.) Urb. – spiny logwood (Puerto Rico)
- Xylosma palawanensis Mend. (Philippines)
- Xylosma panamensis Turcz.
- Xylosma parvifolia Jessup
- Xylosma peltata (Sleumer) Lescot (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma pininsularis Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma prockia (Turcz.) Turcz.
- Xylosma proctorii Sleumer (Jamaica)
- Xylosma pseudosalzmannii Sleumer
- Xylosma racemosa (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq.
- Xylosma ruiziana Sleumer (Peru)
- Xylosma salzmanni Eich.
- Xylosma samoensis Sleumer (Savai'i)
- Xylosma schaefferioides A.Gray – white logwood (Greater Antilles)[15]
- Xylosma schwaneckeana Urb. – Schwaneck's logwood (Puerto Rico)[15]
- Xylosma senticosa Hance
- Xylosma serpentina Sleumer (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma serrata (Sw.) Urb.
- Xylosma simulans A.C.Sm.
- Xylosma spiculifera (Tul.) Triana & Planch. (Colombia)[9]
- Xylosma terrae-reginae C.T.White & Sleumer (NSW and Queensland, Australia)
- Xylosma tuberculata Sleumer (New Caledonia)
- Xylosma tweediana (Clos) Eichler
References
- ^ a b "!Xylosma G. Forst". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
- ^ a b c "Genus: Xylosma G. Forst". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
- ^ Brenzel, K. N. (1995). Sunset Western Garden Book (6 ed.). Sunset Publishing Corporation. pp. 606–07. ISBN 978-0-376-03851-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g Everett, T. H. (1982). The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Vol. 10. Taylor & Francis. p. 3572. ISBN 978-0-8240-7240-7.
- ^ Quattrocchi, U. (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2857. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
- ^ Takhtajan, A. (2009). Flowering Plants (2 ed.). Springer. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.
- ^ "Xylosma G. Forster, Fl. Ins. Austr. 72. 1786". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ Alford, M.A (2005). Systematics Studies in Flacourtiaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, 2005.
- ^ a b c P. Hanelt, ed. (2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Except Ornamentals). Vol. 3. Springer. p. 1374. ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1.
- ^ Khare, C. P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-387-70637-5.
- ^ Duarte-Casar, Rodrigo; Romero-Benavides, Juan Carlos (January 2022). "Xylosma G. Forst. Genus: Medicinal and Veterinary Use, Phytochemical Composition, and Biological Activity". Plants. 11 (9): 1252. doi:10.3390/plants11091252. ISSN 2223-7747. PMC 9103172. PMID 35567253.
- ^ "GRIN Species Records of Xylosma". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
- ^ "Xylosma". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
- ^ "Subordinate Taxa of !Xylosma G. Forst". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
- ^ a b c d Grandtner, M. M. (2005). Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees. Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 969–972. ISBN 978-0-444-51784-5.
- ^ Heads, M. (2006). "Seed plants of Fiji: an ecological analysis" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 89 (3): 459. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00682.x. Retrieved 2010-03-05.