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Banknotes of Zimbabwe
Banknotes of the third Zimbabwean dollar
Banknotes of the third Zimbabwean dollar, from $1 to $100 trillion
ISO 4217
CodesZWD, ZWN, ZWR, ZWL[a]
First Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)
Denominations
  • $2 to $1000 (banknotes)
  • $5000 to $100000 (bearer cheques)
Second Zimbabwean dollar (ZWN)
Equal to1000 ZWD
Denominations
  • 1¢ to $500 million (bearer cheques)
  • $5 billion to $100 billion (agro-cheques)
Third Zimbabwean dollar (ZWR)
Equal to1010 ZWN, 1013 ZWD
Denominations$1 to $100 trillion
Fourth Zimbabwean dollar (ZWL)
Equal to1012 ZWR, 1022 ZWN, 1025 ZWD
Denominations$1 to $500
Issuance
CountryZimbabwe
Issuers

The banknotes of Zimbabwe were physical forms of Zimbabwe's first four incarnations of the dollar ($ or Z$), from 1980 to 2009. The banknotes of the first dollar replaced those of the Rhodesian dollar at par in 1981, one year after the proclamation of independence.[2] The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe issued most of the banknotes and other types of currency notes in its history, including the bearer cheques and special agro-cheques ("agro" being short for agricultural) that circulated between 15 September 2003 and 31 December 2008: the Standard Chartered Bank also issued their own emergency cheques from 2003 to 2004.

The obverse of Zimbabwean banknotes (including notes of the current dollar) featured an illustration of the Domboremari, one of the Chiremba Balancing Rocks located near Harare and Epworth: the Domboremari also appeared on bearer and agro-cheques, as part of the Reserve Bank's logo.[3] The reverse often featured the culture or landmarks of the country.

The second dollar (ZWN) was replaced on 1 August 2008 by the third dollar (ZWR),[4][5] which was then phased out by the fourth dollar (ZWL) with short notice on 2 February 2009 because it rapidly lost value.[6] The economic and trade sanctions imposed against the Zimbabwean government and the Reserve Bank made it difficult to incorporate modern security features on most banknotes issued since September 2008.

The power-sharing government of Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai suspended the Zimbabwean dollar on 12 April 2009, and banknotes of the third and fourth dollars were demonetised in September 2015, after over 6 years of disuse.[7][8] However, the Reserve Bank reintroduced local banknotes the following year, due to a shortage of hard currencies such as the United States dollar.[9]

History

[edit]

The first banknotes of Zimbabwe were issued by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (formerly Reserve Bank of Rhodesia) for the first dollar (ZWD) in 1980 to coincide with the independence of Zimbabwe. These notes replaced the circulating banknotes of the Rhodesian Dollar at par. The first series of banknotes ranged from $2 to $20, and carried the signature of Dr. Desmond Krogh, then the last Governor of the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia from 1973.[2][10] From 1994 to 1997 the Reserve Bank issued a new series of notes ranging from $2 to $100, although the $2 banknote was withdrawn and replaced by a coin in 1997.[11] As rising inflation started to affect the purchasing power of the Zimbabwean Dollar, the $500 and $1000 banknotes were issued from 2001 to 2005 with enhanced anti-counterfeiting measures.[12]

In May 2003, the Reserve Bank allowed the Cargill Cotton Group to issue emergency bearer cheques to cotton farmers, via a Standard Chartered Zimbabwe branch in Harare: Cargill issued these cheques due to a shortage of money caused by high annual inflation, which according to The Herald, was around 269.2% in June 2003.[13] The Reserve Bank later issued special traveller's cheques on 8 August 2003, with six denominations ranging from $1000 to $100000: the traveller's cheques were short-lived and unpopular, because they could only be used once, the user needed to present proof of identification when using the cheques, and the banks levied a commission fee on the use of the cheques.[14]

The Reserve Bank eventually issued their own Bearer cheques on 26 September 2003, with denominations ranging from $5000 to $20000.[15][13] These, and subsequent issues of the first and second dollars were time limited and lacked sophisticated anti-counterfeiting measures which were heavily used in many modern banknotes such as those of the Swiss Franc. In the first half of 2006 new denominations of $50000 and $100000 were issued, with the $1 million denomination being planned for September 2006; it was subsequently never issued.

The time limits were either ignored or extended by multiple decrees, meaning that all notes of these issues remained legal tender in practice until 21 August 2006.[16]

On 1 August 2006 the banknotes of the second dollar (ZWN), with less elaborate designs, replaced those of the first dollar at the ratio of 1 000 to 1.[17] The redenomination (codenamed Operation Sunrise) was heavily publicised under the banner Zero to Hero, but was also rapid and disorganised which resulted in many people being unable to convert their old Bearer cheques to new issues before the lapse date,[16] The Reserve Bank Governor Dr. Gideon Gono said that "10 trillion (first dollars) were still out there and it had become manure".[18]

Further denominations ranging from $5000 to $500 million were issued in the period between August 2006 and May 2008 as cent cheques quickly became outmoded. In the second quarter of 2008, special agro-cheques (agricultural cheques) were issued in denominations ranging from $5 billion to $100 billion as the currency exchange rate was floated.[19] Since the functions were similar to Bearer cheques, it was in regular use as prices continue to rise. These cheques also carried time limits and limited security features. In the final months of the second dollar, the $200000 cheque was the lowest legal tender denomination by decree, despite having its expiry date extended twice.[5][20] The $100000 000 Bearer Cheque would have been the lowest legal tender denomination in circulation had the expiry dates of currency cheques been enforced without extension, with the $100 billion agro-cheque being the highest whether or not the $200000 note was legal tender.[19]

Munich-based security printers Giesecke & Devrient ceased providing banknote paper to the Reserve Bank on 1 July 2008 in response to an official request from the German government and widespread calls for sanctions;[21] The Jura JSP software end-user licence, issued to the state-owned Fidelity Printers & Refiners was also terminated on 24 July 2008 for similar reasons although the official press statement quoted that it was de facto impossible to prevent the printers from using the software.[22][23]

On 1 August 2008 the banknotes of the third dollar (ZWR), which were printed for the abandoned second phase of the 2006 redenomination, replaced the cheques of the second dollar at the ratio of 10 billion (1010) to 1.[4][24] The bearer and agro-cheques of the second dollar were phased out along with the smaller denominations of the third dollar on 1 January 2009. Despite the reform, the Reserve Bank issued several high-value denominations up to $100 trillion ($1014) in the period between September 2008 to January 2009,[b] which merely kept in similar pace with the cash rate instead of the black market rates.[25]

On 2 February 2009, banknotes of the fourth dollar (ZWL) were introduced to replace those of the third dollar at the ratio of one trillion (1012) to 1. It was originally envisaged that banknotes of the third dollar would remain legal tender until 30 June 2009 but all banknotes were withdrawn from circulation following the suspension of the Zimbabwe dollar on 12 April 2009.[c][7]

Banknotes of the first dollar (ZWD)

[edit]

The obverse of the first two series of banknotes featured a dominant motif of the Domboremari, surrounded by trees: the notes also featured major landmarks and landscapes on either side, such as the Kariba Dam and fauna. When high inflation escalated into hyperinflation at the end of the 20th century, the quality of the notes deteriorated as printing plates from previous issues were reconstituted for printing emergency notes. Although hyperinflation forced regular banknotes ($2 to $1000) out of practical use, all banknotes and bearer cheques of the first dollar remained legal tender until the Reserve Bank demonetised them on 21 August 2006.[16][27]

1980 banknote series

[edit]

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe prepared the first series of banknotes for the newly-independent country in 1980, and released them into circulation in stages, from 15 April 1981 to 14 April 1982.[28] The 1980 series consisted of four denominations: $2, $5, $10 and $20 – and made extensive use of the Guilloché technique, a security feature common on many banknotes from the 1980s. The watermark consisted of a profile view of the Zimbabwe Bird, but the final batches of $2 and $5 notes, both dated 1994, had a ¾ view of the bird with a longer neck.[29] The colour scheme also changed from the Rhodesian notes: the $2 note changed from red to blue, $5 from brown to green, $10 from grey to red, and the $20 note that debuted with this series was navy blue.[30]

Banknotes dated 1980 bore Salisbury as the name of Zimbabwe's capital, which renamed itself to Harare on 18 April 1982: $5, $10 and $20 notes dated 1982 and later bore the updated name, but early batches of $10 notes dated 1982 erroneously bore the capital's old name. There were no $2 notes dated 1982: those dated 1983 and later had the updated name of the capital. Notes dated 1980 and 1982 carried the signature of Desmond Krogh, the last governor of the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia, and governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe until 1983: notes dated 1983 had the signature of Kombo James Moyana (governor from 1983 to August 1993), and notes dated 1994 had the signature of Leonard Tsumba (August 1993 to 31 July 2003).[31][32]

1980 series (Signatures: Dr. D.C. Krogh (1980 and 1982), K. Moyana (1983), L.L. Tsumba (1994); Capital: Salisbury, later Harare)
Pick
No. 		Image Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of[28]
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal
1a $2 134 × 69 mm Blue Domboremari with trees, Cape buffalo, Salisbury as capital, Krogh as signature Tigerfish, Kariba Dam Zimbabwe Bird (profile angle, short neck) 1980 15 July 1981 21 August 2006
1b Domboremari with trees, Cape buffalo, Harare as capital, Moyana as signature 1983
1c Domboremari with trees, Cape buffalo, Harare as capital, Tsumba as signature 1994
1d Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, medium neck)
2a $5 140 × 73 mm Green Domboremari with trees, zebra, Salisbury as capital, Krogh as signature Farm workers in a village Zimbabwe Bird (profile angle, short neck) 1980 14 October 1981 21 August 2006
2b Domboremari with trees, zebra, Harare as capital, Krogh as signature 1982
2c Domboremari with trees, zebra, Harare as capital, Moyana as signature 1983
2d Domboremari with trees, zebra, Harare as capital, Tsumba as signature 1994
2e Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, medium neck)
3a $10 146 × 77 mm Red Domboremari with trees, sable antelope, Salisbury as capital, Krogh as signature Harare, Eternal Flame at the National Heroes' Acre Zimbabwe Bird (profile angle, short neck) 1980 15 April 1981 21 August 2006
3b Domboremari with trees, sable antelope, Salisbury as capital (error), Krogh as signature 1982
3c Domboremari with trees, sable antelope, Harare as capital, Krogh as signature
3d Domboremari with trees, sable antelope, Harare as capital, Moyana as signature 1983
3e Domboremari with trees, sable antelope, Harare as capital, Tsumba as signature 1994
4a $20 152 × 81 mm Navy blue Domboremari with trees, giraffe, Salisbury as capital, Krogh as signature African elephant, Victoria Falls Zimbabwe Bird (profile angle, short neck) 1980 14 April 1982 21 August 2006
4b Domboremari with trees, giraffe, Harare as capital, Krogh as signature 1982
4c Domboremari with trees, giraffe, Harare as capital, Moyana as signature 1983
4d Domboremari with trees, giraffe, Harare as capital, Tsumba as signature 1994
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

1994 banknote series

[edit]

From 1994 to 1997, the Reserve Bank introduced the second series of Zimbabwe banknotes into circulation. Due to high inflation, which at the time peaked at 42.1% in 1992,[33] the rollout began with two new denominations, $50 and $100. Other denominations followed in 1997, while the $2 note was replaced by a coin.[34] Worsening high inflation, which reached 140.1% in 2002,[33] caused the Reserve Bank to introduce the $500 note on 31 August 2001, and the $1000 note on 1 October 2003.[35][15]

The overall layout of the 1994 series was similar to the 1980 series, but the Domboremari moved to the left, and the animals moved to the other side, acting as a see-through register. The obverse also had a flower at centre, a solid element with a latent image of the letters "RBZ", and tactile marks for the visually impaired. The watermark of the Zimbabwe Bird had a long neck, while the security thread was demetalised with the letters "RBZ" and the denomination. The $500 and $1000 note also had a holographic stripe, but the $500 note dropped the feature when the main colour changed from red to brown.[36]

Almost all banknotes in the 1994 series had the signature of Leonard Tsumba: the signature of his successor, Gideon Gono, appeared on $500 notes dated 2004. Giesecke+Devrient also printed some of the $1000 notes: the serial number prefixes were "WA" to "WM" for the G+D notes, and "WN" to "WU" for the Fidelity notes.[36]

1994 series (Signatures: L.L. Tsumba, Dr. G. Gono ($500 notes from 2004 only); Capital: Harare)
Pick
No. 		Image Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of[36]
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal
5a $5 139 × 68 mm Pink Domboremari with trees, royal dissotis (Dissotis princeps), greater kudus Mount Nyangani (lithography), greater kudus (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) 1997 1997 21 August 2006
5b Mount Nyangani (intaglio), greater kudus (mirrored)
6 $10 142 × 70 mm Teal Domboremari with trees, Sabi star (Adenium obesum), sable antelopes Chilojo Cliffs with birds, sable antelopes (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) 1997 1997 21 August 2006
7 $20 145 × 71 mm Blue Domboremari with trees, roadside pimpernel (Tricliceras longepedunculatum), Cape buffaloes Victoria Falls, Cape buffaloes (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) 1997 1997 21 August 2006
8 $50 148 × 75 mm Olive green Domboremari with trees, flame lily (Gloriosa superba), rhinoceros Great Zimbabwe ruins, Zimbabwe Bird, rhinoceros (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) 1994 March 1994 21 August 2006
9 $100 151 × 76 mm Purple Domboremari with trees, Protea, African elephants Kariba Dam, African elephants (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) 1995 January 1995 21 August 2006
10 $500 154 × 78 mm Red Domboremari with trees, holographic stripe, bitter apple (Solanum campylacanthum), zebras Hwange Power Station, zebras (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) and "500" 2001 31 August 2001 21 August 2006
11 $500 154 × 78 mm Brown Domboremari with trees, bitter apple (Solanum campylacanthum), zebras Hwange Power Station, zebras (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) and "500"
  • 2003
  • 2004
 26 September 2003 21 August 2006
12 $1000 154 × 78 mm Navy blue Domboremari with trees, holographic stripe, Bauhinia, giraffes Three African elephants, giraffes (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) and "1000" 2003 1 October 2003 21 August 2006
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Cargill bearer cheques

[edit]

In May 2003, the Reserve Bank allowed the Cargill Cotton Group to issue emergency bearer cheques to cotton farmers, via a Standard Chartered Zimbabwe branch in Harare: Cargill issued these cheques due to a shortage of money caused by high annual inflation, which according to The Herald, was around 269.2% in June 2003.[13][37]

The Cargill bearer cheques had the same legal status as regular banknotes, and were valid for six months from the date of issue, making them the first Zimbabwean currency notes with an expiry date. Typocrafters (a Zimpapers subsidiary) printed these bearer cheques, which carried the signature of Cargill's finance director Priscilla Mutenbwa, and operations director Stephen Newton-Howes.[38][39]

Cargill bearer cheques (Signatures: P.P. Mutenbwa and S.J. Newton-Howes; 85 Robert Mugabe Road Branch, Harare)
Pick
No. 		Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Watermark issue expiry
13a $5000 220 × 92 mm Green Patterned background None Cotton plant (Gossypium) 1 June 2003 30 November 2003
13b 1 September 2003 31 March 2004
14a $10000 220 × 92 mm Blue Patterned background None Cotton plant (Gossypium) 1 May 2003 31 October 2003
14b 1 September 2003 31 March 2004
24 $10000 205 × 92 mm Blue Patterned background, Cargill Cotton logo None "Citation" 1 April 2004 30 September 2004
25 $20000 205 × 92 mm Green Patterned background, Cargill Cotton logo None "Citation" 1 April 2004 30 September 2004
26 $50000 205 × 92 mm Orange Patterned background, Cargill Cotton logo None "Citation" 1 April 2004 30 September 2004
27 $100000 205 × 92 mm Red Patterned background, Cargill Cotton logo None "Citation" 1 April 2004 30 September 2004
For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

2003 bearer cheque series

[edit]

The Reserve Bank eventually issued their own bearer cheques: the $5000, $10000 and $20000 cheques entered circulation on 26 September 2003, and the $50000 and $100000 cheques on 1 October 2005.[15] The cheques also had an expiry date, and circulated until the demonetisation of the first dollar, on 21 August 2006.[17]

The bearer cheques used watermarked security paper meant for the $50 banknote from 1994: the $5000, $10000 and $20000 cheques also reused most of the underprint from that denomination. The $50000 and $100000 cheques used a modified underprint on the obverse, and a single-colour view of Victoria Falls on the reverse. Cheques dated 15 September 2003 bear the signature of the acting governor Charles Chikaura, and the remainder bear the signature of Dr. Gideon Gono, who became governor on 1 December 2003.[40][41]

2003 bearer cheque series (Signatures: C. Chikaura (acting, to December 2003), Dr. G. Gono (from December 2003); Capital: Harare)[42]
Pick
No. 		Image Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of[36]
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue expiry withdrawal
21a $5000 148 × 75 mm Blue Reserve Bank seal, flame lily (Gloriosa superba), guilloché border Underprint from the $50 note, guilloché border Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) 15 September 2003 26 September 2003 31 January 2004 21 August 2006
21b 30 June 2004
21c
21d 		Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) and "RBZ" 1 December 2003 31 December 2004
21e 31 December 2005
22a $10000 148 × 75 mm Red Reserve Bank seal, flame lily (Gloriosa superba), guilloché border Underprint from the $50 note, guilloché border Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) 15 September 2003 26 September 2003 31 January 2004 21 August 2006
22b 30 June 2004
22c
22d 		Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) and "RBZ" 1 December 2003 31 December 2004
22e 31 December 2005
23a $20000 148 × 75 mm Brown Reserve Bank seal, flame lily (Gloriosa superba), guilloché border Underprint from the $50 note, guilloché border Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) 15 September 2003 26 September 2003 31 January 2004 21 August 2006
23b 30 June 2004
23c 1 December 2003 31 December 2004
23d Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) and "RBZ"
23e 31 December 2005
28 $50000 148 × 74 mm Purple Reserve Bank seal, flame lily (Gloriosa superba), guilloché border Victoria Falls, guilloché border Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) and "RBZ" 1 October 2005 1 October 2005 31 December 2006 21 August 2006
29
30 		1 February 2006
31 $100000 148 × 74 mm Green Reserve Bank seal, flame lily (Gloriosa superba), guilloché border Victoria Falls, guilloché border Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile, long neck) and "RBZ" 1 October 2005 1 October 2005 31 December 2006 21 August 2006
32 1 June 2006
For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Banknotes of the second dollar (ZWN)

[edit]

The Zimbabwean dollar was first redenominated on 1 August 2006 under a currency reform campaign codenamed Operation Sunrise and involving the motto Zero to Hero.[17] New-style bearer cheques of the second dollar (ISO 4217:ZWN) was introduced and replaced those of the first dollar (ZWD) at the ratio of 1 000 to 1.

The change over process was given at short notice and was also rapid because all issues prior to the August 2006 series were to be demonetised and rendered worthless on 21 August 2006. Poor communications meant that many civilians of Zimbabwe were unable to convert old bearer cheques to new ones before the deadline.[16]

2006, 2007 and 2008 Bearer cheque series

[edit]

The 2006 bearer cheque series was put into circulation on 1 August 2006 and initially consisted of 14 denominations, ranging from 1¢ to $100000. The cheques were signed by Dr. Gideon Gono and were set to expire on 31 July 2007, except for the $100 and $500 cheques, which were initially due to expire on 31 December 2007, but later extended to 31 July 2008.[43] The $5 denomination was also issued, despite not being widely publicised in the changeover campaign.[44]

Two variations that were issued for the $10000 and $100000 denominations are recognised in the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: the difference between them was the use of digit grouping. Cheques with the denomination expressed as '10000' or '100000' bear serial numbers with the (scarce) prefix AA, while notes with prefixes AB onwards is expressed as '10000' or '100000'.[45]

2006 bearer cheque series (Signature: Dr. G. Gono, Capital: Harare)
Pick
No.		 Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark issue withdrawal
33 1¢ 78 × 154 mm   Red Reserve Bank emblem and value Value within ring Zimbabwe Bird (long neck, ¾ profile) and "500" 1 August 2006 31 July 2007
34 5¢   Green
35 10¢   Brown
36 50¢   Grey
37 $1 74 × 148 mm   Blue Farm workers in a village Zimbabwe Bird (long neck, ¾ profile) and "RBZ"
38 $5   Green (brown background) View of Harare with the Freedom Flame
39 $10   Red Farm workers in a village
40 $20   Orange Victoria Falls
41 $50   Violet
42 $100   Green Mountain formation 31 July 2008
(originally 31 December 2007)[43]
43 $500   Olive Tigerfish and Kariba Dam
44 $1 000   Brown Mountain formation 31 July 2007
46a $10 000   Violet Reserve Bank emblem and value without digit separation Great Zimbabwe ruins and value expressed as obverse
46b Reserve Bank emblem and value with digit separation
48a $100 000   Teal Reserve Bank emblem and value without digit separation
48b Reserve Bank emblem and value with digit separation
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

The 2007 bearer cheque series was first issued on 2 March 2007 with the introduction of $5000 and $50000 cheques to act as intermediary denominations between the $1000, $10000 and $100000 cheques respectively.[46] As inflation intensified, the $200000 bearer cheque was also introduced on 1 August 2007, followed by the joint introduction of the $250000, $500000, and $750000 denominations on 20 December 2007.[47] The $200000 bearer cheque had its date of lapse extended twice up to 31 December 2008.

The $50000 denomination was the first denomination to use the Optically Variable Ink technique, on the value positioned at the top right of the obverse. The $750000 denomination of the December 2007 series was the only note out of all cheques of the second dollar to bear a holographic strip, as the cheque was printed on paper that was prepared for the 1 000 ZWD notes (Pick No. 12).[48]

2007 bearer cheque series (Signature: Dr. G. Gono, Capital: Harare)
Pick
No.		 Image Value
($)		 Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark issue withdrawal
45 5 000 74 × 148 mm   Blue Reserve Bank emblem and value Kariba Dam Zimbabwe Bird (long neck, ¾ profile) and "RBZ" 1 February 2007 31 July 2008
(originally 31 July 2007)[49]
47 50 000   Red Reserve Bank emblem and value in OVI ink Elephant with Victoria Falls 1 March 2007
49 200 000   Pink Reserve Bank emblem and value Hwange Power Station 1 August 2007 31 December 2008
(originally 30 June 2008)[5][20]
50 250 000   Olive Great Zimbabwe ruins 20 December 2007 30 June 2008
51 500 000   Green Elephants
52 750 000 78 × 154 mm   Indigo Reserve Bank emblem, value and hologram Elephant with Victoria Falls Zimbabwe Bird (long neck, ¾ profile) and "1000" 31 December 2007
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

The circulation of the 2008 bearer cheque series commenced on 18 January 2008 with three denominations ranging from $1 million to $10 million,[50] and concluded with the issue of the $500 million bearer cheque on 15 May 2008. Three denominations of the 2008 series remained legal tender at the ratio of 1010 to 1 until being demonetised on 31 December 2008.[4]

There are two variants of the $10 million denomination, the primary difference being the typeface and size of the serial number. Those with slightly larger serial numbers bear the prefix DA. The $25 million banknote is larger in dimension out of the rest of the 2008 series.[48]

2008 bearer cheque series (Signature: Dr. G. Gono, Capital: Harare)
Pick
No.		 Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark issue withdrawal
53 1 000 000 74 × 148 mm   Brown Reserve Bank emblem and value Farm workers in a village Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile) and "RBZ" 18 January 2008 30 June 2008
54 5 000 000   Blue Mountain formation
55a/55b 10 000 000   Red Tigerfish with the Kariba Dam
56 25 000 000 78 × 154 mm   Teal View of Harare with the Freedom Flame Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile) and "500" 4 April 2008
57 50 000 000 74 × 148 mm   Violet Elephants Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile) and "RBZ"
58 100 000 000   Green Farm workers in a village 6 May 2008 31 December 2008[4]
59 250 000 000   Blue Elephant with Victoria Falls
60 500 000 000   Red Tigerfish with the Kariba Dam 15 May 2008
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Special agro-cheques

[edit]

The Reserve Bank circulated special agro-cheques ("agro" being an abbreviation of "agricultural"),[19][51] from 15 May to 31 July 2008. They had a different design, and they were intended for use only by farmers: however, Zimbabweans treated them as regular money, because of the continued hyperinflation, and their similar function to bearer cheques. The Reserve Bank demonetised both agro- and bearer cheques on 31 December 2009, following the introduction of the third dollar.[4]

The four denominations in this series are not the same by dimensions as the $25 billion note used different paper from the 500 ZWD banknote of 2001. Until the release of the $100 trillion in January 2009, the $100 billion agro-cheque was the second highest denominated banknote to enter circulation after the Cold War, after the 500 billion dinar note of the Yugoslav dinar.

Special agro-cheques, 2008 (Signature: Dr. G. Gono, Capital: Harare)
Pick
No. 		Image Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark issue withdrawal
61 $5 billion
($5×109) 		148 × 74 mm Purple Reserve Bank seal, value (in billions), giraffe Grain silos, giraffe (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile) and "RBZ" 15 May 2008 31 December 2008[4]
62 $25 billion
($2.5×1010) 		154 × 78 mm Green Reserve Bank seal, value (in billions), giraffe Grain silos, giraffe (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile) and "500" 15 May 2008 31 December 2008[4]
63 $50 billion
($5×1010) 		148 × 74 mm Brown Reserve Bank seal, value (in billions), giraffe Grain silos, giraffe (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile) and "RBZ" 15 May 2008 31 December 2008[4]
64 $100 billion
($1011) 		148 × 74 mm Blue Reserve Bank seal, value (in billions), giraffe Grain silos, giraffe (mirrored) Zimbabwe Bird (¾ profile) and "RBZ" 1 July 2008 31 December 2008[4]
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Banknotes of the third dollar (ZWR)

[edit]

2007 banknote issues

[edit]

The 2007 banknote series was prepared by the Reserve Bank in October 2006 for the abandoned second phase of Operation Sunrise.[52] The banknotes featured the Domboremari on the obverse, two scenes on the reverse, and the Zimbabwe Bird as the watermark. There were additional security features as opposed to previous issues, which included security threads, see-through register marks and recognition marks for the partially sighted. Holographic security threads and Optically Variable Ink were used on the $100, $500 and $1000 notes. When the redenomination of 1 August 2008 occurred these notes were put into circulation as banknotes of the third dollar between 1 August 2008 to 31 December 2008.[53]

Banknotes of the third dollar, 2007 (Signature: Dr. G. Gono, Capital: Harare)
Pick
No. 		Image Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal
65 $1 134 × 68 mm Claret Domboremari with trees Victoria Falls, Cape buffalo Zimbabwe Bird and "1" 2007 1 August 2008 30 September 2015
66 $5 138 × 68 mm Brown Domboremari with trees Kariba Dam, African elephant Zimbabwe Bird and "5" 2007 1 August 2008 30 September 2015
67 $10 142 × 70 mm Green Domboremari with trees Farm tractor, grain silos Zimbabwe Bird and "10" 2007 1 August 2008 30 September 2015
68 $20 145 × 72 mm Red Domboremari with trees Tailings, miner with jackhammer Zimbabwe Bird and "20" 2007 1 August 2008 30 September 2015
69 $100 149 × 74 mm Blue Domboremari with trees Zimbabwe Aloe, Great Zimbabwe ruins Zimbabwe Bird and "100" 2007 1 August 2008 30 September 2015
70 $500 150 × 75 mm Purple Domboremari with trees Milking farm, cattle Zimbabwe Bird and "500" 2007 1 August 2008 30 September 2015
71 $1000 153 × 76 mm Orange Domboremari with trees Parliament House and St Mary's Cathedral, New Reserve Bank Tower Zimbabwe Bird and "1000" 2007 17 September 2008 30 September 2015
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

2008 banknote issues

[edit]

The 2008 banknote series circulated from 29 September 2008 to 12 April 2009. The series demonstrated the intensity of hyperinflation during the period as the highest denomination increased from $1000 to $100 trillion ($1014) by January 2009, the latter being the largest denomination issued by the Reserve Bank.[d] The first issues of the series were the $10000 and $20000 denominations.[55] These were followed by the following denominations:

  • $50000 (13 October 2008)[56]
  • $100000, $500000 and $1 million (3 November 2008)[57]
  • $10 million, $50 million and $100 million (4 December 2008)[58]
  • $200 million and $500 million (12 December 2008)[59]
  • $1 billion, $5 billion and $10 billion notes (19 December 2008)[60]
  • $20 billion and $50 billion notes (12 January 2009)[61]
  • $10 trillion, $20 trillion, $50 trillion and $100 trillion (16 January 2009)[62]

The large number of denominations issued in late-2008 as well as the suspension of paper supply by Giesecke & Devrient affected the Reserve Bank's ability to maintain the quality of the banknotes. Later denominations copied design features from the original 2007 banknote series and lacked many modern security features that banknotes of major currencies (such as the Canadian Dollar) relied on. The notes denominated from $20000 to $500000 and then from $10 million onwards used non-watermarked paper, whilst the $500 million notes were printed on pure cotton.[63] A silhouette of the Zimbabwe Bird in Optically Variable Ink was used in such notes to compensate for this, but the iridescent strip was dropped for higher denominations. The $10000 and $1000000 notes reused paper for the $1000 notes (Pick no. 71), thereby carrying the embedded holographic thread and watermark. Two types of paper (regular and lined) were used on $20000, $50000 and $500000 banknotes.[64][65]

Banknotes of the third dollar, 2008 (Signature: Dr. G. Gono, Capital: Harare)
Pick
No. 		Image Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal
72 $10000 153 × 76 mm Brown Domboremari with trees Combine harvester, tractor Zimbabwe Bird and "1000" 2008 29 September 2008 30 September 2015
73a $20000 148 × 74 mm Brown Domboremari with trees Victoria Falls, Kariba Dam None 2008 29 September 2008 30 September 2015
73b Horizontal lines
74a $50000 148 × 74 mm Green Domboremari with trees Farm tractor, miner with jackhammer None 2008 13 October 2008 30 September 2015
74b Horizontal lines
75 $100000 148 × 74 mm Indigo Domboremari with trees Cape buffalo, African elephant None 2008 5 November 2008 30 September 2015
76a $500000 148 × 74 mm Olive green Domboremari with trees Zimbabwe Aloe, milking farm None 2008 5 November 2008 30 September 2015
76b Horizontal lines[64]
77 $1 million 153 × 76 mm Blue Domboremari with trees Great Zimbabwe ruins, cattle Zimbabwe Bird and "1000" 2008 5 November 2008 30 September 2015
78 $10 million 148 × 74 mm Blue Domboremari with trees Parliament House and St Mary's Cathedral, Great Zimbabwe ruins None 2008 4 December 2008 30 September 2015
79 $50 million 148 × 74 mm Teal Domboremari with trees Cape buffalo, Great Zimbabwe ruins None 2008 4 December 2008 30 September 2015
80 $100 million 148 × 74 mm Red Domboremari with trees Tailings, grain silos None 2008 4 December 2008 30 September 2015
81 $200 million 148 × 74 mm Brown Domboremari with trees Parliament House and St Mary's Cathedral, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National Heroes' Acre None 2008 12 December 2008 30 September 2015
82 $500 million 148 × 74 mm Purple Domboremari with trees Milking farm, miner with jackhammer None 2008 12 December 2008 30 September 2015
83 $1 billion
($109) 		148 × 74 mm Green Domboremari with trees Zimbabwe Aloe, African elephant None 2008 19 December 2008 30 September 2015
84 $5 billion
($5×109) 		148 × 74 mm Pink Domboremari with trees Farm tractor, milking farm None 2008 19 December 2008 30 September 2015
85 $10 billion
($1010) 		148 × 74 mm Indigo Domboremari with trees Kariba Dam, miner with jackhammer None 2008 19 December 2008 30 September 2015
86 $20 billion
($2×1010) 		148 × 74 mm Olive Domboremari with trees Great Zimbabwe ruins, Zimbabwe Aloe None 2008 12 January 2009 30 September 2015
87 $50 billion
($5×1010) 		148 × 74 mm Orange Domboremari with trees Great Zimbabwe ruins, New Reserve Bank Tower None 2008 12 January 2009 30 September 2015
88 $10 trillion
($1013) 		148 × 74 mm Lime green Domboremari with trees New Reserve Bank Tower, Great Zimbabwe ruins None 2008 16 January 2009 30 September 2015
89 $20 trillion
($2×1013) 		148 × 74 mm Red Domboremari with trees Miner with jackhammer, grain silos None 2008 16 January 2009 30 September 2015
90 $50 trillion
($5×1013) 		148 × 74 mm Green Domboremari with trees Kariba Dam, African elephant None 2008 16 January 2009 30 September 2015
91 $100 trillion
($1014) 		148 × 74 mm Blue Domboremari with trees Victoria Falls, Cape buffalo None 2008 16 January 2009 30 September 2015
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Banknotes of the fourth dollar (ZWL)

[edit]

On 2 February 2009, the Reserve Bank introduced banknotes of the fourth dollar, equal to one trillion (1000000000000 or 1012) third dollars: the banknotes of the third dollar were supposed to lose legal tender status by 1 July 2009, but the power-sharing government of Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai instead suspended the Zimbabwean dollar entirely on 12 April 2009.[6][7] The banknotes, along with those of the third dollar, were eventually demonetised on 30 September 2015, after 6 years and 171 days of disuse.[8]

The banknotes of the fourth dollar consisted of seven denominations from $1 to $500, reusing elements from earlier issues. Security features were similar to the emergency issues of the third dollar, which replaced the watermark and the windowed security thread with an iridescent strip and the Zimbabwe Bird in optically variable ink: a series of triangles on the right edge acted as a registration device.

Banknotes of the fourth dollar (Signature: Dr. G. Gono, Capital: Harare)
Pick
No. 		Image Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of[66]
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal
92 $1 148 × 74 mm Blue Domboremari with trees Farm workers in a village None 2009 2 February 2009 30 September 2015
93 $5 148 × 74 mm Green on tan Domboremari with trees Tigerfish, Kariba Dam None 2009 2 February 2009 30 September 2015
94 $10 148 × 74 mm Red Domboremari with trees Great Zimbabwe ruins None 2009 2 February 2009 30 September 2015
95 $20 148 × 74 mm Indigo Domboremari with trees Hwange Power Station None 2009 2 February 2009 30 September 2015
96 $50 148 × 74 mm Purple Domboremari with trees Hwange Power Station None 2009 2 February 2009 30 September 2015
97 $100 148 × 74 mm Brown Domboremari with trees Harare, Eternal Flame at the National Heroes' Acre None 2009 2 February 2009 30 September 2015
98 $500 148 × 74 mm Green Domboremari with trees Three elephants None 2009 2 February 2009 30 September 2015
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Zimbabwean Bond Notes (from 2016)

[edit]
Main article: Zimbabwean bonds

US$10 million worth of Zimbabwean Bond Notes were introduced in November 2016 and are denominated in U.S. dollars.[67] They circulate along with eight other currencies, but could not be used outside of Zimbabwe. Withdrawals from Zimbabwean bank accounts were issued in Bond Notes. On 20 February 2019, during the Monetary Policy Statement, the Governor Dr Mangundya announced that physical bond notes, RTGS, Ecocash or OneWallet balances would all now be known as "RTGS dollars". These bear the signature of John Mangudya, the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe.

Bond notes, 2016 (Signature: John Mangudya, Capital: Harare)
Pick
No. 		Image Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of[66]
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal
99 $2 155 × 62 mm Green Domboremari with trees Eternal Flame at the National Heroes' Acre, and the Old Parliament House Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" 2016 28 November 2016 11 November 2019
100 $5 155 × 66 mm Purple Domboremari with trees Three giraffes and the Zimbabwe Aloe (Aloe excelsa) Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" 2016 3 February 2017 11 November 2019
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

2019 and 2020 issues

[edit]
Main article: Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024)

On 11 November 2019, new banknotes of $2 and $5 were issued without the words "Bond Note".

On 15 May 2020, the RBZ announced the introduction of $10 and $20 notes into circulation. The $10 entered circulation on 19 May, and the $20 entered circulation in the first week of June.[68]

On 6 July 2021 the $50 entered circulation.

On 5 April 2022 the $100 entered circulation.

The Zimbabwe dollar is replaced by Zimbabwe Gold from 8 April 2024.[69]

2019 banknote series (Signature: John Mangudya, Capital: Harare)
Value Dimensions Main colour Description Date of Ref.
Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal
$2 155 × 62 mm Green Domboremari with trees Eternal Flame at the National Heroes' Acre, and the Old Parliament House Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" 2019 11 November 2019 2024 [70]
$5 155 × 66 mm Purple Domboremari with trees Three giraffes and the Zimbabwe Aloe (Aloe excelsa) Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" 2019 11 November 2019 2024 [71]
$10 155 × 66 mm Red Domboremari with trees New Reserve Bank Tower and four African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" 2020 19 May 2020 2024 [72]
$20 155 × 66 mm Blue Domboremari with trees African elephant and Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa Tunya) Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" 2020 1 June 2020 2024 [72]
$50 155 × 66 mm Brown Domboremari with trees Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National Heroes' Acre, and Mbuya Nehanda Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" 2020 6 July 2021 2024 [73]
$100 155 × 66 mm Yellow Domboremari with trees African baobab (Adansonia digitata) and the ruins of Great Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" 2020 5 April 2022 2024 [74]
For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Replacement banknotes

[edit]

The Reserve Bank allocated special prefixes for replacement banknotes: prefixes for replacement Zimbabwean dollar banknotes varied until the introduction of the second dollar in August 2006, when it largely settled on "ZA".

Pick number(s) Ref.
Prefixes AB AC AD AE AF AP AW BW CW CZ DW TA–TB ZA ZB ZA–ZD ZE ZE–ZH ZJ–ZM
ZWD 5 6 7 8 9 10 1, 12 2 3 30 4 11 28, 31 29, 32 21 — 22 23 [75][76][77][78]
ZWN — 33–45, 46a, 47–54, 55a, 56–64 46b — 55b — [79][80]
ZWR — 65–91 — [81]
ZWL — 92–98 — [82]

As collectibles

[edit]
The obverse of the Zimbabwean $100 trillion banknote

Hyperinflationary Zimbabwean banknotes (such as the $100 trillion denomination) have gained considerable interest from the numismatic community and buyers in general for their absurdity rather than for their designs. Some examples of such notes sold in 2008 for more than their true face value at the time.[83] In 2011, House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan and Stanford University economist John B. Taylor were said to keep Z$100 trillion notes in their wallets as a physical reminder of the perils of hyperinflation.[84]

The price and value of a Zimbabwean banknote depend on various factors: the rarity, based on factors such as the name of capital city, how long it was printed, or the type of watermark; its condition, and the national situation at the time of issue, such as shortages or hyperinflation.[85] Common designs and variants such as the $100 note of 1995 (Pick no. 9) are usually valued at about $1 apiece, while rare varieties such as the $10 Salisbury error note (Pick no. 3b) and the Standard Chartered issues are valued at around $100 or more. Zimbabwean banknotes are usually sold by banknote dealers over the counter or on the internet, although the most valued types theoretically qualify for inclusion in auction.[86]

Similar to the Iraqi dinar scam, some promoters are claiming that a future "revalue" (RV) event will cause Zimbabwe dollar notes to regain some nonzero fraction of their original value.[87]

Other circulating banknotes

[edit]

As in every fiscal emergency, hard currency, particularly the United States dollar, has long served as a parallel currency on the black market, and many prices in shops would be posted in US dollars, even during periods when it was illegal to possess foreign currency or to transact business in US dollars.

A unique form of circulating specie is the fuel ration coupon, which has been issued in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Known denominations include 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, & 50 litres of petrol (gasoline), kerosene and/or diesel, and translate roughly into the local petrol price (about 1 UK pound sterling per litre or US$1.50 in late 2008).[88] Businesses, including Western Union, have been reported paying employees with these coupons, and even auctions have been transacted in this currency.[89] As with much Zimbabwe currency, printing standards are crude and counterfeiting is rampant; the RBZ has been dissuading this widespread use.[90]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The current Zimbabwean dollar reuses the ISO 4217 code ZWL, which was assigned on 6 February 2009.[1]
  2. ^ The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe issued 21 additional denominations between 1 September 2008 and 2 February 2009, ranging from $1000 to $100 trillion. For details about those banknotes, see § Banknotes of the third dollar (ZWR).
  3. ^ Currency exchange websites monitored the Interbank, black market and official exchange rates for a short time after the suspension of the dollar: for example, XE.com's mid-market rate for one US dollar was Z$363.07 on 2 August 2009.[26]
  4. ^ The $100 trillion (1014) banknote (Pick No. 91) is the largest denomination ever issued by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe and is accepted by most numismatists as a banknote with the most zeroes ever shown in the design. Before 16 January 2009 the 500 billion dinar (5×1011) banknote of Yugoslavia (Pick No. 137) held such status.

    However, the Guinness World Records recognises the Hungarian 1 billion b.-pengő (1021) banknote (Pick No. 137) as the world's largest denomination, although the 100 million b.-pengő (1020) (Pick No. 136) was the largest denomination to be issued.[54]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ ISO 4217 MA Secretariat (6 February 2009). "ISO 4217 Amendment Number 144" (PDF). SIX Interbank Clearing. London: British Standards Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe 1983
  3. ^ Vumbunu, Tonderai; Offat Manyanhaire, Itai (2010). "Tourisits [sic] arrivals at Chiremba Balancing Rocks in Epworth, Zimbabwe". Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. 12 (8). Clarion: Clarion University of Pennsylvania: 245. ISSN 1520-5509.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Zimbabwe to revalue its currency", BBC News, 30 July 2008, retrieved 30 July 2008
  5. ^ a b c Gono, Gideon (30 July 2008), Half-year Monetary Policy Statement (PDF), Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, pp. 9–10, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008, retrieved 7 August 2008
  6. ^ a b "Zimbabwe dollar sheds 12 zeros", BBC News, 2 February 2009, retrieved 2 February 2008
  7. ^ a b c "Zimbabwe dollar 'not back soon'". BBC News. London: BBC. 12 April 2009. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  8. ^ a b Mangudya, John (11 June 2015). "Press Statement: Demonetisation of the Zimbabwe Dollar" (PDF). Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Harare. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  9. ^ Musvanhiri, Privilege (28 November 2016). "Zimbabwe introduces 'bond notes'". DW.com. Bonn: Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  10. ^ Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 340. ISBN 9780521402682.
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  27. ^ Linzmayer 2019, pp. 2–9
  28. ^ a b Linzmayer 2019, pp. 2–3
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  40. ^ Cuhaj 2007, pp. 1032
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  83. ^ Moore, Matthew (31 July 2008), "Zimbabwe's 'worthless' $100bn notes sell for huge profit on eBay", The Telegraph, retrieved 17 November 2008
  84. ^ McGroarty, Patrick; Mutsaka, Farai (11 May 2011). "How to Turn 100 Trillion Dollars Into Five and Feel Good About It". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
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  87. ^ Rothschild, Mike (14 July 2015). "The Next Great Currency Scam". Skeptoid Blog. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  88. ^ A Fuel Ration coupon for 25 litres of Kerosene Flickr (www.flickr.com) Retrieved on 2014-12-06.
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  90. ^ Zimbabwe: Fuel Coupons Warning, The Herald (Harare), retrieved from allAfrica.com, 1 January 2009, retrieved 10 June 2009

References

[edit]
[edit]
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