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{{short description|American anthropologist and archaeologist}}
=Samuel Kirkland Lothrop (1892-1965)=
{{for| the New England clergyman (1804–1886)|Samuel Kirkland Lothrop (clergyman)}}
'''Samuel Kirkland Lothrop''' (July 6, 1892 – January 10, 1965) was an American [[archaeologist]] and [[anthropologist]] who specialized in Central and South American Studies. His two-volume 1926 work ''Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua'' is regarded as a pioneering study. Lothrop was a longtime research associate of Harvard's [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]] and made many contributions based on fieldwork, laboratory analysis, and evaluations of private and public collections that focused on Central and South America. He is known for archaeological excavations in [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] as well as investigations of the archaeological contexts for the [[stone spheres of Costa Rica]]. Lothrop is also known for his research on goldwork and other artifacts from Costa Rica, the [[Veraguas Province]] of Panama, and the [[Sacred Cenote]] at [[Chichen Itza]], Mexico.<ref name="Lothrop">{{cite journal|last=Willey|first= Gordon R.|title= Samuel Kirkland Lothrop: July 6, 1892-January 10, 1965|journal=Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences|year= 1976|volume=48|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/lothrop-samuel-k-1.pdf|pages=252–272}}</ref>


⚫
==Early life==
Samuel Kirkland Lothrop was an [[archaeologist]] and [[anthropologist]] who specialized in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America|South American]] Studies. As a result of taking part in numerous excavations in the Central and South American areas, he made many written contributions to the field of study. He is also known for obtaining the unique privilege to perform excavations in Argentine Territory as well as his excavations of the [[Stone spheres of Costa Rica]]. Today his work, ''Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua'', is still considered the ultimate authority on such subjects.<ref name="Lothrop">[Willey, Gordon R. Samuel Kirkland Lothrop: July 6, 1892-January 10, 1965. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1976. Print.]</ref>
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Lothrop was a descendant of his namesake, prominent [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] minister [[Samuel Kirkland Lothrop (clergyman)|Samuel Kirkland Lothrop]].<ref name="minister">Lothrop, Thorton Kirkland. Some Reminiscences of the Life of Samuel Kirkland Lothrop. Cambridge: John Wilson and Son. UP, 1888. Print.</ref> He was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts]] on July 6, 1892, to William and Alice Lothrop. His childhood was split between Massachusetts and [[Puerto Rico]]. Lothrop's interest in Latin America may have been sparked in his childhood as a result of his having spent time in Puerto Rico, where his father was a banker with interests in the [[sugarcane]] industry.<ref name="sugar">Ayala, César J. American Sugar Kingdom: the Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898-1934. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1999. Print.</ref>


⚫
==Early Life==
⚫
A descendent of his namesake,Samuel Kirkland Lothrop, a prominent Unitarian Minister<ref name="minister">[Lothrop, Thorton Kirkland. Some Reminiscences of the Life of Samuel Kirkland Lothrop. Cambridge: John Wilson and Son. UP, 1888. Print.]</ref> , he was born in Milton [[Massachusetts]] on July 6, 1892 to William and Alice Lothrop. His childhood was split between Massachusetts and [[Puerto Rico]]. Little is known about the development of Lothrop’s interest South America only that it may have been sparked early on in his childhood when he spent time in Puerto Rico where his father was a banker with interests in the sugar industry .<ref name="sugar">[Ayala, César J. American Sugar Kingdom: the Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898-1934. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1999. Print.]</ref>
===Education===
===Education===
Lothrop began his education at [http://www.groton.org/ Groton School], a boarding school in Massachusetts. He entered [http://harvard.edu/ Harvard] in 1911, where he completed his undergraduate studies in 1915. The year before he graduated he married Rachel Warren of Boston. After completing his undergraduate studies he began graduate school at Harvard focusing on anthropology and archaeology.<ref name="Lothrop"/> He traveled extensively throughout Central America as an associate to the [http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/ Peabody Museum] of Harvard, excavating various areas and studying collections. His travels and excavations were interrupted by the eruption of[[ World War I]], where he served in Military Intelligence.<ref name="Military">[Harris, Charles H., and Louis R. Sadler. The Archaeologist Was a Spy: Sylvanus G. Morley and the Office of Naval Intelligence. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2003. Print.]</ref> After the war, he returned to his graduate work eventually earning his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] with his thesis work published in 1926 titled: ''Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua''.<ref name="Lothrop" />
Lothrop began his education at [[Groton School]], a private boarding school in Massachusetts. He entered [[Harvard University]] in 1911, where he completed his [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate studies]] in 1915. In 1914 he married Rachel Warren, daughter of [[Fiske Warren|Fiske]] and [[Gretchen Osgood Warren]].<ref name="Lothrop"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Seán|last= Murphy| title=The Childers and Barton families: Bordeaux, war and 'the first spy novel' |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wicklowpeople/lifestyle/the-childers-and-barton-families-bordeaux-war-and-the-first-spy-novel-37595195.html |work=[[Wicklow People]] |date=5 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> After completing his undergraduate studies he began [[graduate school]] at Harvard, focusing on anthropology and archaeology.<ref name="Lothrop"/> He traveled extensively throughout Central America as a research associate of the Peabody Museum, excavating various areas and studying collections. His travels and excavations were interrupted by the eruption of [[World War I]], where he served in [[military intelligence]].<ref name="Military">Harris, Charles H., and Louis R. Sadler. The Archaeologist Was a Spy: Sylvanus G. Morley and the Office of [[Naval intelligence]]. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2003. Print.</ref> After the war, he returned to his graduate work, eventually earning his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] with a doctoral dissertation, a version of which was [[Publishing|published]] in 1926 as ''Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua''.<ref name="Lothrop" />

⚫
<references />
==Military career==
Lothrop was engaged in [[espionage]] for the U.S. prior to and during [[World War I]] and for the [[Office of Strategic Services]] prior to and during [[World War II]]. Using anthropologists for gathering [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] was a common practice of the time. Given their ability to observe cultural practices as well as those useful to strategies of war, not to mention the fact that they could use their careers as a cover for their intelligence gathering, anthropologists are ideal choices for spies.<ref name="Spies">Price, David (2000) [http://www.thenation.com/article/anthropologists-spies#axzz2ZtSohJkw Anthropologists as Spies], ''The Nation''.</ref> During World War II, he was not excavating once again, because of the time spent working for the military. His position in the military did however give him the opportunity to travel while compositing notes on various sites.<ref name="Lothrop" />

==Career==
After completing his doctorate studies, Lothrop worked field excavations in the [[Yucatan]] and [[Guatemala]] under the employment of the Carnegie Institution's Historical Division.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=225127|title=Carnegie Institution of Washington. Division of Historical Research. Section of the History of Science|first1=George|last1=Sarton|first2=Alexander|last2=Pogo|first3=Mary Catherine|last3=Welborn|first4=Frances|last4=Siegel|date=1 January 1935|journal=Isis|volume=22|issue=2|pages=435–439|doi=10.1086/346917|s2cid=145802488}}</ref> His research resulted in the 1924 publishing of the monograph of his mapping of the Mayan Ruin of [[Tulum]]. From 1924 until the end of the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|stock market crash]] in 1929 Samuel Kirkland Lothrop was employed by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. It was during 1929 also that he married his second wife, Eleanor Bachman of [[Philadelphia]]. His work while he was on staff at the museum was also focused on [[Latin America]] and it was during this time that he established a relationship with Fernando Marquez Miranda. It was through this relationship that Lothrop was one of the few foreigners allowed to conduct excavations in Argentine Territory.

===Notable excavations===

====Sitio Conte====
In the 1930s after the closing of the museum, Lothrop returned to the Peabody Museum staff as field director of the [[Sitio Conte]] in Central Panama.<ref name="Lothrop" /> Before he returned, the Peabody museum had purchased a collection of jewelry excavated from a burial ground. After obtaining permission from the government and the landowner, the museum excavated the burial grounds during the dry seasons from 1930 to 1933.<ref name="Journal">{{cite journal|jstor=498075|title=Archaeological Investigation in the Province of Coclé, Panamá|first=S. K.|last=Lothrop|date=1 January 1934|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=207–211|doi=10.2307/498075}}</ref>

===Stone spheres of Costa Rica===
{{Main|Stone spheres of Costa Rica}}
In 1943 through a publication of ''[[American Antiquity]]'' by [[Doris Zemurray Stone|Doris Stone]], Lothrop first encountered the mysterious stone spheres. In 1948 he and his wife met up with Doris Stone and she collaborated with them, setting them up with a place to excavate. The stone spheres are a topic of discussion, concerning how these objects were formed and by whom. Lothrop's research resulted in the theory that the balls were placed in alignments significant astronomically.<ref name="Sphere">[Area, By Ufo. "Fortean Times Message Board :: View Topic - Stone Spheres." Fortean Times Magazine | Weird News | Strange Pictures | Videos. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <http://www.forteantimes.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29287&sid=7119a19227dfa87bd8c008e31420c464>.]</ref> During his research Lothrop recorded 186 balls as reported in his 1963 publication, ''Archaeology of the Diquís Delta''.<ref name="Stones">[Coppins, Phillip. "Rolling Stones." Philip Coppens.com. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <http://www.philipcoppens.com/spheres.html>.]</ref> Lothrop determined that the spheres were formed over many centuries, suggesting a cultural practice and continuity over an extended period of time. His conclusions were based on analyzing the pottery types.<ref name="StoneSpheres">[The Diquis Spheres - Costa Rican Stone Spheres - An Archaeological Mystery - By Dr. Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <{{cite web |url=http://www.mysteryspheres.com/history.htm |title=The Diquis Spheres - Costa Rican Stone Spheres - an Archaeological Mystery - by Dr. Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. |access-date=2010-03-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329102018/http://www.mysteryspheres.com/history.htm |archive-date=2010-03-29 }}>.]</ref>

==Notable accomplishments==
Lothrop continued to be a contributor to the field up until his death in 1965. Late in life he wrote a book titled ''The Treasures of Ancient America: The Arts of the Pre-Columbian Civilizations from Mexico to Peru'' (1964), Editions d'Art Albert [[Skira (publisher)|Skira]], Geneva, 230 pp. As a result of his numerous publications and contributions to the field he was the recipient of numerous honors, medals, and awards. Lothrop was cited by the American Society for American Archaeology in 1960. He also received the Loubat Prize awarded by Columbia University. The Alfred Kidder Vincent Medal given by the Society of American Archaeology. The Royal Anthropological Institute awarded Lothrop the Huxley Memorial Medal.<ref name="Awards">{{cite journal | year = 1961 | title = Viking Awards 1960 | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 63 | pages = 835–837 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1961.63.4.02a00560 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==References==
⚫
<references/>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lothrop, Samuel Kirkland}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Groton School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century American anthropologists]]

Latest revision as of 09:36, 7 August 2023

For the New England clergyman (1804–1886), see Samuel Kirkland Lothrop (clergyman).

Samuel Kirkland Lothrop (July 6, 1892 – January 10, 1965) was an American archaeologist and anthropologist who specialized in Central and South American Studies. His two-volume 1926 work Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua is regarded as a pioneering study. Lothrop was a longtime research associate of Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and made many contributions based on fieldwork, laboratory analysis, and evaluations of private and public collections that focused on Central and South America. He is known for archaeological excavations in Argentina and Chile as well as investigations of the archaeological contexts for the stone spheres of Costa Rica. Lothrop is also known for his research on goldwork and other artifacts from Costa Rica, the Veraguas Province of Panama, and the Sacred Cenote at Chichen Itza, Mexico.[1]

Early life

[edit]

Lothrop was a descendant of his namesake, prominent Unitarian minister Samuel Kirkland Lothrop.[2] He was born in Milton, Massachusetts on July 6, 1892, to William and Alice Lothrop. His childhood was split between Massachusetts and Puerto Rico. Lothrop's interest in Latin America may have been sparked in his childhood as a result of his having spent time in Puerto Rico, where his father was a banker with interests in the sugarcane industry.[3]

Education

[edit]

Lothrop began his education at Groton School, a private boarding school in Massachusetts. He entered Harvard University in 1911, where he completed his undergraduate studies in 1915. In 1914 he married Rachel Warren, daughter of Fiske and Gretchen Osgood Warren.[1][4] After completing his undergraduate studies he began graduate school at Harvard, focusing on anthropology and archaeology.[1] He traveled extensively throughout Central America as a research associate of the Peabody Museum, excavating various areas and studying collections. His travels and excavations were interrupted by the eruption of World War I, where he served in military intelligence.[5] After the war, he returned to his graduate work, eventually earning his Ph.D. with a doctoral dissertation, a version of which was published in 1926 as Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua.[1]

Military career

[edit]

Lothrop was engaged in espionage for the U.S. prior to and during World War I and for the Office of Strategic Services prior to and during World War II. Using anthropologists for gathering intelligence was a common practice of the time. Given their ability to observe cultural practices as well as those useful to strategies of war, not to mention the fact that they could use their careers as a cover for their intelligence gathering, anthropologists are ideal choices for spies.[6] During World War II, he was not excavating once again, because of the time spent working for the military. His position in the military did however give him the opportunity to travel while compositing notes on various sites.[1]

Career

[edit]

After completing his doctorate studies, Lothrop worked field excavations in the Yucatan and Guatemala under the employment of the Carnegie Institution's Historical Division.[7] His research resulted in the 1924 publishing of the monograph of his mapping of the Mayan Ruin of Tulum. From 1924 until the end of the stock market crash in 1929 Samuel Kirkland Lothrop was employed by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. It was during 1929 also that he married his second wife, Eleanor Bachman of Philadelphia. His work while he was on staff at the museum was also focused on Latin America and it was during this time that he established a relationship with Fernando Marquez Miranda. It was through this relationship that Lothrop was one of the few foreigners allowed to conduct excavations in Argentine Territory.

Notable excavations

[edit]

Sitio Conte

[edit]

In the 1930s after the closing of the museum, Lothrop returned to the Peabody Museum staff as field director of the Sitio Conte in Central Panama.[1] Before he returned, the Peabody museum had purchased a collection of jewelry excavated from a burial ground. After obtaining permission from the government and the landowner, the museum excavated the burial grounds during the dry seasons from 1930 to 1933.[8]

Stone spheres of Costa Rica

[edit]
Main article: Stone spheres of Costa Rica

In 1943 through a publication of American Antiquity by Doris Stone, Lothrop first encountered the mysterious stone spheres. In 1948 he and his wife met up with Doris Stone and she collaborated with them, setting them up with a place to excavate. The stone spheres are a topic of discussion, concerning how these objects were formed and by whom. Lothrop's research resulted in the theory that the balls were placed in alignments significant astronomically.[9] During his research Lothrop recorded 186 balls as reported in his 1963 publication, Archaeology of the Diquís Delta.[10] Lothrop determined that the spheres were formed over many centuries, suggesting a cultural practice and continuity over an extended period of time. His conclusions were based on analyzing the pottery types.[11]

Notable accomplishments

[edit]

Lothrop continued to be a contributor to the field up until his death in 1965. Late in life he wrote a book titled The Treasures of Ancient America: The Arts of the Pre-Columbian Civilizations from Mexico to Peru (1964), Editions d'Art Albert Skira, Geneva, 230 pp. As a result of his numerous publications and contributions to the field he was the recipient of numerous honors, medals, and awards. Lothrop was cited by the American Society for American Archaeology in 1960. He also received the Loubat Prize awarded by Columbia University. The Alfred Kidder Vincent Medal given by the Society of American Archaeology. The Royal Anthropological Institute awarded Lothrop the Huxley Memorial Medal.[12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Willey, Gordon R. (1976). "Samuel Kirkland Lothrop: July 6, 1892-January 10, 1965" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 48: 252–272.
  2. ^ Lothrop, Thorton Kirkland. Some Reminiscences of the Life of Samuel Kirkland Lothrop. Cambridge: John Wilson and Son. UP, 1888. Print.
  3. ^ Ayala, César J. American Sugar Kingdom: the Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898-1934. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1999. Print.
  4. ^ Murphy, Seán (5 December 2018). "The Childers and Barton families: Bordeaux, war and 'the first spy novel'". Wicklow People.
  5. ^ Harris, Charles H., and Louis R. Sadler. The Archaeologist Was a Spy: Sylvanus G. Morley and the Office of Naval intelligence. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2003. Print.
  6. ^ Price, David (2000) Anthropologists as Spies, The Nation.
  7. ^ Sarton, George; Pogo, Alexander; Welborn, Mary Catherine; Siegel, Frances (1 January 1935). "Carnegie Institution of Washington. Division of Historical Research. Section of the History of Science". Isis. 22 (2): 435–439. doi:10.1086/346917. JSTOR 225127. S2CID 145802488.
  8. ^ Lothrop, S. K. (1 January 1934). "Archaeological Investigation in the Province of Coclé, Panamá". American Journal of Archaeology. 38 (2): 207–211. doi:10.2307/498075. JSTOR 498075.
  9. ^ [Area, By Ufo. "Fortean Times Message Board :: View Topic - Stone Spheres." Fortean Times Magazine | Weird News | Strange Pictures | Videos. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <http://www.forteantimes.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29287&sid=7119a19227dfa87bd8c008e31420c464>.]
  10. ^ [Coppins, Phillip. "Rolling Stones." Philip Coppens.com. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <http://www.philipcoppens.com/spheres.html>.]
  11. ^ [The Diquis Spheres - Costa Rican Stone Spheres - An Archaeological Mystery - By Dr. Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <"The Diquis Spheres - Costa Rican Stone Spheres - an Archaeological Mystery - by Dr. Tim McGuinness, Ph.D." Archived from the original on 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2010-03-31.>.]
  12. ^ "Viking Awards 1960". American Anthropologist. 63: 835–837. 1961. doi:10.1525/aa.1961.63.4.02a00560.
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