View source for 8318 Averroes

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox planet
 | minorplanet     = yes
 | name            = 8318 Averroes
 | background      = #D6D6D6
 | image           = 
 | image_size      = 
 | caption         = 
 | discovery_ref   = &thinsp;<ref name="MPC-object" />
 | discoverer      = [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]]<br />[[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-G.]]<br />[[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]]
 | discovery_site  = [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar Obs.]]
 | discovered      = 29 September 1973
 | mpc_name        = (8318) Averroes
 | alt_names       = 1306 T-2{{·}}{{mp|1990 QC|7}}
 | pronounced      = {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|v|ɛr|oʊ|iː|z}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Averro%C3%ABs |title=Averroës |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
 | named_after     = [[Averroës]]&thinsp;<ref name="MPC-object" /><br />{{small|(medieval Muslim astronomer)}}
 | mp_category     = [[main-belt]]&thinsp;<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Themis family|Themis]]&thinsp;<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="AstDys-object" />{{·}}[[Background asteroid|background]]&thinsp;<ref name="Ferret-Nesvorny-HCM" />}}
 | orbit_ref       = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
 | epoch           = 23 March 2018 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458200.5)
 | uncertainty     = 0
 | observation_arc = 64.13 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (23,425 d)
 | aphelion        = 3.6928 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
 | perihelion      = 2.6721 AU
 | semimajor       = 3.1824 AU
 | eccentricity    = 0.1604
 | period          = 5.68 yr (2,074 d)
 | mean_anomaly    = 245.92[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.1736|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 0.5168°
 | asc_node        = 113.64°
 | arg_peri        = 297.35°
 | mean_diameter   = {{val|10.159|0.244|ul=km}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" />
 | rotation        = 
 | albedo          = {{val|0.075|0.008}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" />
 | spectral_type   = [[C-type asteroid|C]] {{small|(est. [[FIN tbl#602|Themis family]])}}
 | abs_magnitude   = 13.5<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />
}}

'''8318 Averroes''' {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|v|ɛr|oʊ|iː|z}} is a dark [[Themistian asteroid]] from the outer regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=1|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 1973, by Dutch astronomers [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|Ingrid]] and [[Cornelis van Houten]] at Leiden, and [[Tom Gehrels]] the [[Palomar Observatory]], and assigned the provisional designation ''{{mp|1306 T-2}}''.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The likely [[C-type asteroid]] was named after medieval Muslim astronomer [[Averroës]].<ref name="MPC-object" />

== Orbit and classification ==

''Averroes'' is a core member of the [[Themis family]] ({{small|[[FIN tbl#602|602]]}}),<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="AstDys-object" /> a prominent [[Asteroid family|family]]. Alternatively, a different HCM-analysis by Nesvorny found it to be a [[Background asteroid]].<ref name="Ferret-Nesvorny-HCM" />

It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|outer]] asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.7&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 8 months (2,074 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 3.18&nbsp;AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.16 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 1[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins with a [[precovery]] taken at Palomar in April 1953, more than 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.<ref name="MPC-object" />

=== Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey ===

The [[survey designation]] "T-2" stands for the second [[Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey]], named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and [[Leiden Observatory]] in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's [[Samuel Oschin telescope]] (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the [[photographic plate]]s to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where [[astrometry]] was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of [[:Category:Discoveries by the Palomar–Leiden survey|several thousand asteroid discoveries]].<ref name="MPC-Discoverers" />

== Physical characteristics ==

While no [[Asteroid spectral type|spectral type]] has been determined, ''Averroes'' is likely a carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid]], based on its membership to the Themis family and the most common type in the outer main-belt.<ref name="Ferret" /> The asteroid has an [[absolute magnitude]] of 13.5.<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" /> As of 2018, no rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Averroes'' has been obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations. The body's [[rotation period]], [[Poles of astronomical bodies|pole]] and shape remain unknown.<ref name="jpldata" />

=== Diameter and albedo ===

According to the survey carried out by the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Averroes'' measures 10.159 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.075.<ref name="Masiero-2011" />

== Naming ==

This [[minor planet]] was named after [[Muhammad ibn Rushd]] (1126–1198),<ref name="MPC-object" /> also known by his Latin name as [[Averroes]], a medieval Muslim [[polymath]] from [[Andalusia]],<ref name="Vibrant-Andalusia" /> whose many scientific accomplishments include a study of astronomy. The name "ibn Rushd" was [[Latin]]ized to "Averroes", as his commentaries on [[Aristotle]] were being translated into Latin, bringing knowledge of that famous philosopher back to Christendom, where it had been nearly forgotten. These kinds of [[Latin translations of the 12th century]] brought classical and Islamic knowledge into Europe, spurring the [[Renaissance]]. The official naming citation was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 5 October 1998 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 32792}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
  |type       = 2017-06-03 last obs.
  |title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 8318 Averroes (1306 T-2)
  |url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2008318
  |publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
  |access-date = 28 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
  |title      = 8318 Averroes (1306 T-2)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=8318
  |access-date = 28 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Vibrant-Andalusia">Ana Ruiz, ''Vibrant Andalusia: The Spice of Life in Southern Spain'', p. 42.</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
  |title      = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
  |access-date = 28 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Discoverers">{{cite web
  |title      = Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html
  |date       = 4 May 2018
  |access-date = 28 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroid 8318 Averroes
  |work       = Small Bodies Data Ferret
  |url        = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=8318+Averroes
  |access-date = 28 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroid (8318) Averroes
  |publisher  = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site
  |url        = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=8318&pc=1.1.6
  |access-date = 28 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Ferret-Nesvorny-HCM">{{cite web
  |title      = Small Bodies Data Ferret
  |work      = Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0
  |url      = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/PropertySearch/familyForm.action
  |access-date      = 28 May 2018
  |archive-url      = https://web.archive.org/web/20170802210005/http://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/PropertySearch/familyForm.action
  |archive-date      = 2 August 2017
  
  }}</ref>

<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
  |first2     = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
  |first3     = T. |last3 = Grav
  |first4     = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
  |first5     = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
  |first6     = J. |last6 = Dailey
  |first7     = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
  |first8     = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
  |first9     = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
  |first10    = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
  |first11    = D. |last11 = Tholen
  |first12    = R. G. |last12 = Walker
  |first13    = E. L. |last13 = Wright
  |first14    = E. |last14 = DeBaun
  |first15    = D. |last15 = Elsbury
  |first16    = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
  |first17    = S. |last17 = Gomillion
  |first18    = A. |last18 = Wilkins
  |date       = November 2011
  |title      = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...68M
  |journal    = The Astrophysical Journal
  |volume     = 741
  |issue      = 2
  |page       = 20
  |bibcode    = 2011ApJ...741...68M
  |doi        = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
  |arxiv      = 1109.4096
  |access-date= 28 May 2018}}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|8318}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |8317 Eurysaces |number=8318 |8319 Antiphanes}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Averroes}}
[[Category:Themis asteroids|008318]]
[[Category:Background asteroids|008318]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Cornelis Johannes van Houten]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Tom Gehrels]]
[[Category:Discoveries by the Palomar–Leiden Trojan-2 survey|1306]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1973|19730929]]