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{{Short description|Prime Minister of Canada (1920&ndash;1921; 1926)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = Arthur Meighen
| honorific-suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|QC|size=100%}}
| image               = Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg
| office1             = 9th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]
| term_start1         = June 29, 1926
| term_end1           = September 25, 1926
| monarch1            = [[George V]]
| governor_general1   = [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy|The Lord Byng of Vimy]]
| predecessor1        = [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|W. L. Mackenzie King]]
| successor1          = W. L. Mackenzie King
| term_start2         = July 10, 1920
| term_end2           = December 29, 1921
| monarch2            = George V
| governor_general2   = {{plainlist|
* [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire|The Duke of Devonshire]]
* The Lord Byng of Vimy}}
| predecessor2        = [[Robert Borden]]
| successor2          = W. L. Mackenzie King
| office4             = Leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative Party]]
| term_start4         = November 12, 1941
| term_end4           = December 9, 1942
| predecessor4        = [[Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)|Richard Hanson]] (interim)
| successor4          = [[John Bracken]]
| term_start5         = July 10, 1920
| term_end5           = September 24, 1926
| predecessor5        = Robert Borden
| successor5          = [[Hugh Guthrie]] (interim)
| office6             = [[Representative of the Government in the Senate|Leader of the Government in the Senate]]<br>[[Minister Without Portfolio]]
| primeminister6      = [[R.B. Bennett]]
| term_start6         = February 3, 1932
| term_end6           = October 22, 1935
| predecessor6        = [[Wellington Bartley Willoughby]]
| successor6          = [[Raoul Dandurand]]
| order7              = [[Canadian Senator]]<br /> from [[Ontario]]
| term_start7         = February 3, 1932
| term_end7           = January 16, 1942
| appointed7          = [[Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough|Earl of Bessborough]]
| nominator7          = R.B. Bennett
| office8             = [[Minister of the Interior (Canada)|Minister of the Interior]]<br>[[Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs]]
| primeminister8      = Robert Borden
| term_start8         = October 12, 1917
| term_end8           = July 10, 1920
| predecessor8        = [[William James Roche]]
| successor8          = [[James Alexander Lougheed]]
| office9             = [[Solicitor General of Canada]]
| primeminister9      = Robert Borden
| term_start9         = June 26, 1913
| term_end9           = October 3, 1917
| predecessor9        = ''vacant''
| successor9          = Hugh Guthrie ''(acting)''
| order10             = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member]] of the [[House of Commons of Canada]]
| term_start10        = January 26, 1922
| term_end10          = September 14, 1926
| term_start11        = October 26, 1908
| term_end11          = December 6, 1921
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1874|6|16|df=}}
| birth_place         = [[St. Mary's, Ontario|Anderson]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1960|8|5|1874|6|16|df=}}
| death_place         = [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada
| nationality         = Canadian
| restingplace        = [[St. Marys Cemetery]], St. Marys, Ontario
| party               = [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservative]] (1908–1917, 1922–1942) <br />[[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] (1917–1922) <br />[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] (1942–1960)
| spouse              = {{marriage|Jessie Isabel Cox|1904}}
| children            = [[Theodore Meighen]]<br />[[Maxwell Meighen]]<br />[[Lillian Meighen Wright]]
| relatives           = [[Michael Meighen]] (grandson)
| education           = {{nowrap|[[University College, Toronto]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
| signature           = Arthur Meighen Signature 2.svg
| caption             = Meighen {{circa}} 1920s
| module              = {{Listen|embed=yes |filename = Arthur Meighen speech on Sir John A. Macdonald.wav |title = Arthur Meighen's voice |type = speech |description = Arthur Meighen delivering a speech about [[John A. Macdonald]] on the 50th anniversary of his death. }}
}}

'''Arthur Meighen''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|QC}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|ən}} {{respell|MEE-ən}}; June 16, 1874 – August 5, 1960) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the ninth [[prime minister of Canada]] from 1920 to 1921 and from June to September 1926. He led the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative Party]] from 1920 to 1926 and from 1941 to 1942.

Meighen was born in [[St. Marys, Ontario]]. His family came from [[County Londonderry]], Ireland. He studied mathematics at the [[University of Toronto]], and then trained to be a lawyer. After qualifying to practise law, he moved to [[Portage la Prairie]], Manitoba. Meighen entered the [[House of Commons of Canada]] in [[1908 Canadian federal election|1908]], and in 1913 was appointed to the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] of Prime Minister [[Robert Borden]]. Meighen prominently served as [[Solicitor General of Canada|solicitor general]], [[Minister of the Interior (Canada)|minister of the interior]], and [[Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations|superintendent-general of Indian affairs]].

In July 1920, Meighen succeeded Borden as Conservative leader and prime minister – the first born after [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]]. Meighen suffered a heavy defeat in the [[1921 Canadian federal election|1921 election]] to [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]] and the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]. Meighen lost his seat but re-entered Parliament through a 1922 by-election and remained [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Opposition leader]]. In the [[1925 Canadian federal election|1925 election]], the Conservatives won a plurality of seats, just eight short of a [[majority government]], but Mackenzie King decided to hold onto power with the support of the [[Progressive Party of Canada|Progressive Party]]. Meighen's brief second term as prime minister in 1926 came about as the result of the "[[King–Byng Affair]]," being invited to form a ministry after Mackenzie King was refused an election request and resigned. He soon lost a [[no-confidence motion]], however, and faced [[1926 Canadian federal election|another federal election]]. Meighen lost his own seat, and the Conservatives lost 24, as Mackenzie King's Liberals re-took power.

After losing the 1926 election, Meighen resigned as party leader and quit politics to return to his law practice. He was appointed to the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] in 1932, and under Prime Minister [[R. B. Bennett]] served as [[Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)|leader of the Government in the Senate]] and [[minister without portfolio]] until 1935. In 1941, Meighen became leader of the Conservatives for a second time, following [[Robert James Manion|Robert Manion]]'s resignation. Meighen unsuccessfully attempted to re-enter the House of Commons in a by-election for [[York South (federal electoral district)|York South]] and resigned as leader shortly thereafter. He returned to practising law afterwards.

==Early life==
[[File:Arthur Meighen's Birthplace.jpg|left|thumbnail|Arthur Meighen's Birthplace]]
Meighen was born on a farm near the hamlet of Anderson in Blanshard Township, Ontario, to Joseph Meighen and Mary Jane Bell.  He attended primary school at Blanshard public school in Anderson, where, in addition to being the grandson of the village's first schoolmaster, he was an exemplary student. 

In 1892, during his final high school year at St. Marys Collegiate Institute, which later became North Ward Public School in [[St. Marys, Ontario|St. Marys]] (now known as Arthur Meighen Public School) Meighen was elected secretary of the literary society and was an expert debater in the school debating society in an era when debating was in high repute. He took first class honours in mathematics, English, and Latin.<ref name=dcb />

Meighen then attended [[University College, University of Toronto|University College]] at the [[University of Toronto]], where he earned a B.A. in mathematics in 1896, with first-class standing.<ref name=dcb /> While there, he met and became a rival of [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]; the two men, both future prime ministers, did not get along especially well from the start. Meighen then earned his teaching qualifications from the Ontario Normal College.<ref name=dcb>{{cite DCB|last=Glassford|first=Larry A.|title=Meighen, Arthur|volume=18|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/meighen_arthur_18E.html|access-date=December 19, 2021}}</ref>

==Marriage==
Meighen married Jessie Isabel Cox (April 18, 1882 &ndash; September 6, 1985) in 1904. She was born in [[Granby, Quebec]], They had two sons and one daughter:
# [[Theodore Meighen|Theodore Roosevelt Meighen]] (1905–1979), whose son [[Michael Meighen]] is a Canadian former senator, lawyer and cultural patron
# [[Maxwell Meighen|Maxwell Charles Gordon Meighen]] (1908–1992)
# [[Lillian Meighen|Lillian Meighen Wright]] (1910–1993)

Isabel Meighen died at the age of 103 and was interred next to her husband in the [[St. Marys Cemetery]] in the town of [[St. Marys, Ontario]].

==Early professional career==
Meighen moved to Manitoba shortly after finishing his LLB at [[Osgoode Hall Law School]]. Early in his professional career, Meighen experimented with several professions, including those of teacher, lawyer, and businessman, before becoming involved in politics as a member of the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative Party]]. In public, Meighen was a first-class debater, said to have honed his oratory by delivering lectures to empty desks after class. He was renowned for his sharp wit.<ref name="autogenerated1952">''The Incredible Canadian'', by [[Bruce Hutchison]], Toronto 1952, Longmans Canada</ref>

Meighen established a law practice in [[Portage la Prairie]], and was briefly a partner with [[Toby Sexsmith]].<ref>{{cite news|title=W. R. Sexsmith, Portage M.L.A., Dies At 58|date=August 23, 1943|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=11|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-aug-23-1943-1764526/}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=More About Sexsmith (Continued from Page One)|date=August 23, 1943|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=7|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-aug-23-1943-1694046/}}{{free access}}</ref>

==Early political career (1908–1913)==

Meighen was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1908, at the age of 34,<ref>''Arthur Meighen'', Roger Graham, The Canadian Historical Association, Historical Booklet No.16, Ottawa, 1968, p. 3</ref> defeating incumbent [[John Crawford (Manitoba politician)|John Crawford]] when he captured the Manitoba riding of [[Portage la Prairie (federal electoral district)|Portage la Prairie]]. In 1911, Meighen won re-election, this time as a member of the new governing party. He won election again in 1913, after being appointed as [[Canadian Solicitor General|solicitor general]].

==Cabinet minister (1913–1920)==
[[File:Arthur Meighen ca. 1914-1919 (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Meighen during his early years as a cabinet minister.]]
Meighen served as solicitor general from June 26, 1913, until August 25, 1917, when he was appointed [[Minister of Mines (Canada)|minister of mines]] and [[Secretary of State for Canada|secretary of state for Canada]]. He was responsible for implementing mandatory military service during the [[Conscription Crisis of 1917]]. Meighen's portfolios were again shifted on October 12, 1917, this time to the positions of [[minister of the interior]] and [[Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)|superintendent of Indian affairs]].

Meighen was re-elected in the [[1917 Canadian federal election|December 1917 federal election]], in which Prime Minister [[Robert Borden]]'s [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] (wartime [[coalition government|coalition]]) government defeated the opposition [[Laurier Liberals]] over the conscription issue.

As minister of the interior, Meighen steered through Parliament the legislation to consolidate several insolvent railways into the [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National Railway Company]], which continues today.<ref name="Arthur Meighen">{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Roger |title=Arthur Meighen |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/arthur-meighen |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=February 23, 2022 |date=May 27, 2007}}</ref>

In 1919, as acting [[Minister of Justice (Canada)|minister of justice]] and senior Manitoban in Borden's government, Meighen helped to subdue the [[Winnipeg General Strike of 1919|Winnipeg General Strike]].<ref name="Arthur Meighen"/> Shortly after the strike ended, he enacted the [[Section 98]] amendments to the Criminal Code to ban association with organizations deemed seditious.<ref name=dcb/><ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|1970|p=160}}</ref> Though Meighen has often been credited by historians with instigating the prosecution of the Winnipeg strike leaders, in fact he rejected demands from the Citizens' Committee that Ottawa step in when the provincial government of Manitoba refused to prosecute. It took the return to Ottawa in late July 1919 of [[Charles Doherty]], Minister of Justice, for the Citizens' Committee to get federal money to carry forward their campaign against labour.<ref name=dcb/>

Meighen was re-appointed [[Minister of Mines (Canada)|Minister of Mines]] on the last day of 1920.

==Prime Minister (1920–1921)==

Meighen became leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] and the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] Party, and [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] on July 10, 1920, when Borden resigned and [[William Thomas White]] declined the Governor General's invitation to be appointed prime minister.<ref name="biographi.ca">{{cite web |last1=Glassford |first1=Larry |title=Arthur Meighen |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/meighen_arthur_18E.html |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography |access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref> During this first term, Meighen was prime minister for about a year and a half.

===Economy===

Meighen's government combatted the [[Depression of 1920–1921]]. His government cut spending, resisted regulation, and minimally intervened in the economy and employers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Peter |title=Peter Shawn Taylor: Remember the right 1920s depression! The government response to that economic disaster actually worked |url=https://financialpost.com/opinion/peter-shawn-taylor-remember-the-right-1920s-depression-the-government-response-to-that-economic-disaster-actually-worked |website=Financial Post |access-date=March 18, 2022 |date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Belshaw|first1= John Douglas|title=Chapter 8. The Economy since 1920 |url=https://opentextbc.ca/postconfederation/chapter/8-4-economic-cycles/ |website=Open Text BC |date= May 17, 2016|access-date=March 18, 2022}}</ref>

In April 1921, Meighen's government established a [[royal commission]] to investigate the [[grain trade]], partially responding to calls from farmers to restore the [[Canadian Wheat Board]] that was dissolved the year previously.<ref name="biographi.ca"/>

===Foreign policy===

Believing that the economic power of the United States was the main threat to Canada's existence as a nation, Meighen advocated for [[protective tariff]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Arthur Meighen |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Meighen |website=Britannica |access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref>

At the [[1921 Imperial Conference]], Meighen successfully campaigned against the renewal of the [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] by citing that the alliance would alienate the United States and negatively affect Canada's relationship with the United States, which Canada depended upon for its security.<ref>{{harvnb|Brebner|1935|pp=48–50}}</ref><ref name="biographi.ca"/> Although the subject of unrest in Ireland was avoided at the conference, Meighen urged the British  representatives to make sincere efforts to achieve  peace in Ireland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macardle |first=Dorothy |author-link= |date=1965 |title=The Irish Republic |url= |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |page=476 |isbn=}}</ref>

===1921 election===

Meighen fought the [[1921 Canadian federal election|1921 election]] under the banner of the [[National Liberal and Conservative Party]] in an attempt to keep the allegiance of Liberals who had supported the [[World War I|wartime]] Unionist government. However, his actions in implementing conscription hurt his party's already-weak support in Quebec, while the [[Winnipeg General Strike of 1919|Winnipeg General Strike]] and farm [[tariff]]s made him unpopular among labour and farmers alike. The party was defeated by the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberals]], led by [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]. Meighen was personally defeated in [[Portage la Prairie (federal electoral district)|Portage la Prairie]], with his party nationally falling to third place behind the newly formed [[agrarianism|agrarian]] [[Progressive Party of Canada|Progressive Party]].

==Opposition (1921–1926)==
Meighen continued to lead the Conservative Party (which reverted to its traditional name), and was returned to Parliament in 1922, after winning a by-election in the eastern [[Ontario]] riding of [[Grenville (electoral district)|Grenville]].

Despite his party finishing in third place, Meighen became [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition]] after the Progressives declined the opportunity to become the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]]. Unlike the situation with Laurier and Borden, who had a generally respectful personal relationship despite their clear ideological differences, there existed between Meighen and King a very deep personal distrust and animosity. Meighen looked down upon King, whom he called "Rex" (King's old University nickname), and considered him unprincipled. King viewed Meighen as an unreconstructed [[High Tory]] who would destroy the nation's social peace after the traumatic domestic events of World War I. The bitter and unrelenting rivalry between the two party leaders was probably the nastiest in the history of Canadian politics.<ref name="autogenerated1952"/>

Meighen's term as opposition leader was most marked by his response to the [[Chanak Affair|crisis at Chanak]], in which British Colonial Secretary [[Winston Churchill]], then serving in the cabinet of [[David Lloyd George]], leaked to the press that the Dominions might be called upon to help British forces in the Chanak, [[Turkey]]. With Parliament not in session, King refused to commit the country to military action without Parliamentary approval, and announced that the matter was not important enough to recall Parliament.  Meighen strongly condemned King's statement, and quoted Laurier's remark made on an earlier occasion: "When Britain's message came, then Canada should have said, 'Ready, aye ready, we stand by you.'" The crisis subsided within days before any formal request for Canadian help could be made, and Lloyd George's government was a casualty of the whole affair.<ref>Robert Macgregor Dawson, ''William Lyon Mackenzie King: 1874–1923'' (1958) pp 401–16</ref> Meighen was left with a reputation as being blindly in favour of Britain's interests.{{According to whom|date=February 2020}}

The Liberal government of Mackenzie King was soon beset with scandal.  While the uneven performance of the government and disorganization of the Progressive movement created some opportunity for the Conservatives, Meighen generally refused to change from his general philosophy of restoring the pre-war social order and returning to [[National Policy]] level tariffs.  His strategy in Quebec consisted of granting [[Esioff-Léon Patenaude]] general autonomy to run a full campaign without any interference from Conservative headquarters.

Meighen and the [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Tories]] won a plurality of seats in the [[1925 Canadian federal election|inconclusive election of 1925]].  King, as the already sitting prime minister, opted to retain confidence in the house through an informal alliance with the Progressives. Meighen denounced King as holding onto office like a "lobster with lockjaw."

==Prime Minister (June–September 1926)==
After a scandal was revealed in the Customs Department, King was on the verge of losing a vote in the Commons on a motion censuring the government. King, before the vote, asked the Governor General, [[Julian H.G. Byng, Viscount Byng of Vimy|Lord Byng]], to dissolve parliament and call an election.

Byng, believing that the request was inappropriate considering the length of time since the election, Meighen's larger seat count, and King's uncertain control of confidence of the chamber, used his [[reserve power]] to refuse the request. King duly resigned as prime minister.  Meighen, having secured a measure of support from the opposition Progressives, was invited by Byng to form a government, which Meighen accepted.

Because of the possibility of losing a vote in the Commons, Meighen advised Byng to appoint the [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] in an "acting" capacity only, to avoid triggering the automatic by-elections Ministers faced when accepting their appointments at the time. King used the technique to mock the government and further his accusation that Meighen had acted irresponsibly by accepting Byng's appointment, attracting Progressive support to take down the fledgling government. The government lost a motion regarding the "acting" Ministers by one vote three days after Meighen's appointment. With no other parliamentary leader to call upon, Byng called the [[1926 Canadian federal election]].

Byng's actions became known as the "[[King-Byng Affair]]." Debate continues today about whether King was attacking the Governor General's constitutional prerogative to refuse an election request by a prime minister, or whether Byng had intruded into Canadian Parliamentary affairs as an unelected figurehead, in violation of the principle of responsible government and the longstanding tradition of non-interference.<ref>J. E. Esberey, "Personality and Politics: A New Look at the King–Byng Dispute," ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' 1973 6(1): 37–55 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3231890 in JSTOR]</ref>

While Meighen's appointment as prime minister gave the Conservatives control of the country's electoral machinery, the Conservatives' weakness in Quebec and the West continued, and Meighen faced rousing attacks from Mackenzie King and the Liberals for accepting Byng's appointment.  Although the Conservatives won the popular vote, they were swept from office as the Liberals won a clear plurality of seats and were able to form a stable minority government with the support of the Progressives. Meighen himself was again defeated in [[Portage la Prairie (federal electoral district)|Portage la Prairie]]. His second term lasted three months.

Meighen announced his resignation as Conservative Party leader shortly thereafter, though during his speech at the [[Progressive Conservative leadership elections#1927 Conservative leadership convention|subsequent leadership convention]] it became clear he was attempting to rouse the floor to gain a new term.  Rejected, he moved to Toronto to practise law.

==Senator==
Meighen was appointed to the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] in 1932 on the recommendation of Conservative Prime Minister [[R. B. Bennett]]. He served as [[Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)|Leader of the Government in the Senate]] and [[Minister without Portfolio]] from February 3, 1932, to October 22, 1935. He served as [[Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition in the Senate]] from 1935 until he resigned from the [[upper house]] in January 1942.

==Second Conservative leadership==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
In late 1941, Meighen was prevailed upon by a unanimous vote in a national conference of the party to become leader of the Conservative Party for the duration of the war. He accepted the party leadership on November 13, 1941, foregoing a [[leadership convention]], and campaigned in favour of [[conscription|overseas conscription]], a measure which his predecessor, [[Robert Manion]], had opposed. As leader, Meighen continued to champion a [[National Government (Canada)|National Government]] including all parties, which the party had advocated in the [[1940 Canadian federal election|1940 federal election]].

Meighen, lacking a Commons seat, resigned from the Senate on January 16, 1942, and campaigned in a by-election for the [[Toronto]] riding of [[York South (federal electoral district)|York South]]. His candidacy received the improbable support of the Liberal [[Premier of Ontario]] [[Mitchell Hepburn]]; this act effectively hastened the end of Hepburn's Liberal Premiership, and did not in any case grant Meighen durable electoral support. The Liberals did not run a candidate in the riding due to a prevailing convention of allowing the Opposition leader a seat. Still harbouring a deep hatred for the Conservative leader and thinking that the return to the Commons of the ardently conscriptionist Meighen would further inflame the smouldering conscription issue, King arranged for campaign resources to be sent to the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]]'s [[Joseph Noseworthy]]. Federal Liberal support and rising CCF fortunes ensured that Meighen was defeated in the February 9, 1942, vote.

With its leader excluded from the Commons, the Conservative Party was further weakened. Meighen continued to campaign for immediate conscription as part of a "[[total war]]" effort through the spring and summer, but did not again seek a seat in the House of Commons. In September, Meighen called for a national party convention to "broaden out" the party's appeal. It remained unclear whether Meighen sought to have his leadership confirmed or to have his successor chosen. As the convention neared, news sources reported that Meighen had approached Manitoba's Liberal-Progressive Premier [[John Bracken]] about seeking the leadership, and that the convention would adopt a platform that would move the party toward acceptance of the [[welfare state]]. Meighen announced in his keynote address to the party on December 9, 1942, that he was not a candidate for the leadership and the [[Progressive Conservative leadership conventions#1942 (Progressive) Conservative leadership convention|party subsequently chose Bracken as leader]], and renamed itself the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]].

==Retirement and death==
Following his second political retirement, Meighen returned to the practice of law in Toronto. He died from heart failure in Toronto, aged 86, on August 5, 1960, and was buried in [[St. Marys Cemetery]], [[St. Marys, Ontario]], near his birthplace.<ref name=Parks_Grave>{{cite web | url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/Sepulture-gravesiteindx/listesepulture-listgravesite/meighen.aspx | title=Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada – Former Prime Ministers and Their Grave Sites – The Right Honourable Arthur Meighen | author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | date=December 20, 2010 | website=Parks Canada | publisher=Government of Canada | access-date=February 27, 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208235739/http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/Sepulture-gravesiteindx/listesepulture-listgravesite/meighen.aspx | archive-date=February 8, 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He had the second longest retirement of any Canadian Prime Minister, at 33 years, 315 days; [[Joe Clark]] surpassed him on January 12, 2014.

==Honorary degrees==
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2018}}
'''Honorary degrees'''
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:20%;"| Location
! style="width:20%;"| Date
! style="width:40%;"| School
! style="width:20%;"| Degree
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''1921''' || [[University of Toronto]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/system/files/import-files/degreerecipients1850tillnow3709.pdf | title=University of Toronto Honorary Degree Recipients 1850 - 2016 | page=5 | publisher=University of Toronto | accessdate=March 21, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Manitoba}} || '''1932''' || [[University of Manitoba]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)  <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://umanitoba.ca/admin/governance/senate/hdr/835.html|title = Honorary Degree recipients &#124; Governance &#124; University of Manitoba}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Legacy==
The [[Canada Post|Post Office Department]] issued a memorial stamp featuring Meighen on April 19, 1961.<ref>[http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=(Meighen.ANYP.+And+%22y%22.I340.)&l=20&d=POST&p=1&u=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/archivianet/02011702_e.html&r=1&f=G&Sect1=STMP National Postal Archives Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729182542/http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=%28Meighen.ANYP.+And+%22y%22.I340.%29&l=20&d=POST&p=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Farchivianet%2F02011702_e.html&r=1&f=G&Sect1=STMP |date=July 29, 2017 }}, Library and Archives Canada, with details from a news release of 1961</ref> In the same year, Meighen was designated a [[Persons of National Historic Significance|National Historic Person]] by the [[National Historic Sites of Canada#Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada|Historic Sites and Monuments Board]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170729183228/http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=958 Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen National Historic Person], Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, Parks Canada, 2012</ref> Landmarks named after Meighen include:

* École Arthur Meighen School, in [[Portage la Prairie, Manitoba]].
* Arthur Meighen Public School in [[St. Marys, Ontario]]. This was Meighen's former high school, reopened as North Ward Public School in 1962 and renamed in his honour in 1984. The school closed permanently in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marshall |first=Rita |url=http://www.mitchelladvocate.com/2011/10/12/board-puts-former-mitchell-public-school-on-auction-block |title=Board puts former Mitchell Public School on auction block |work=Mitchell Advocate |location=Mitchell, Ontario |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=November 28, 2014 |quote=Mitchell Public was closed in June of 2010. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219115206/http://www.mitchelladvocate.com/2011/10/12/board-puts-former-mitchell-public-school-on-auction-block |archive-date=December 19, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Mount Arthur Meighen {{coord|52|48|12|N|119|33|12|W|type:mountain|name=Mount Arthur Meighen}}, a 3205&nbsp;m (10515&nbsp;ft) peak located in the Premier Range of the [[Cariboo Mountains]] in the east-central interior of British Columbia. The mountain is south of the head of the [[McClennan River]] and immediately west of the town of [[Valemount]].
* [[Meighen Island]] in northwestern [[Nunavut]]
* The Arthur Meighen Library at Toronto's [[Albany Club]].
* The Arthur Meighen Gardens, a landscape feature at the entrance to the [[Stratford Festival|Festival Theatre]] in [[Stratford, Ontario]].
* The Arthur Meighen Building, 25 St. Clair Ave. East, Toronto, Ontario. Government of Canada Building built in 1950s.

===Criticisms===

Larry A. Glassford, a professor of education at the [[University of Windsor]], concluded, "On any list of Canadian prime ministers ranked according to their achievements while in office, Arthur Meighen would not place very high."<ref name=dcb />

Meighen ranks as #14 out of the 20 Prime Ministers through [[Jean Chrétien]], in the survey of Canadian historians included in ''Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders'' by [[J.L. Granatstein]] and [[Norman Hillmer]].

==Electoral record==
{{Main|Electoral history of Arthur Meighen}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Politics}}
* [[List of prime ministers of Canada]]
* [[Mitchell Hepburn#Supports Meighen in by-election]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Further|List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Brebner |first=J. Bartlet |author-link=John Bartlet Brebner |title=Canada, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Washington Conference |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=50 |issue=1 |date=March 1935 |pages=45–58 |publisher=The Academy of Political Science |issn=0032-3195 |jstor=2143412 |doi=10.2307/2143412}}
* Brown, R. C. and Ramsay Cook. ''Canada, 1896–1921: a nation transformed'' (Toronto, 1974)
* {{cite book |title=Canada's First Century |url=https://archive.org/details/canadasfirstcent0000crei |url-access=registration |first=Donald |last=Creighton |date=1970 |publisher=MacMillan of Canada}}
* {{cite book |title=Arthur Meighen: a biography, 3 volumes |first=Roger |last=Graham |publisher=Clarke, Irwin |year=1960–1965}}; the standard scholarly biography
* Graham, Roger. "Some political ideas of Arthur Meighen," in ''The political ideas of the prime ministers of Canada,'' ed. Marcel Hamelin (Ottawa, 1969), 107–20.
* Granatstein, J.L. and Hillmer, Norman. ''Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders''. HarperCollinsPublishersLtd., 1999. P. 75-82. {{ISBN|0-00-200027-X}}.
* Thompson, J. H. and Allen Seager. ''Canada, 1922–1939: decades of discord'' (Toronto, 1985);
{{refend}}

====Primary sources====
{{refbegin|}}
* Meighen, Arthur. ''Unrevised and Unrepented II: Debating Speeches and Others by the Right Honourable Arthur Meighen'' (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2011), Edited by Arthur Milnes.
* Meighen, Arthur. ''Unrevised and Unrepented: Debating Speeches and Others by the Right Honourable Arthur Meighen'' (1949)
* [https://archive.org/details/overseaaddresses00meiguoft ''Oversea Addresses, June – July 1921 '' by Arthur Meighen at archive.org]
*[http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=105115&lang=eng Arthur Meighen fonds at Library and Archives Canada]{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Arthur Meighen}}
{{wikisource author}}
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=11779}}
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/prime_ministers/clips/13536/ CBC archives: Radio Clip of Arthur Meighen's obituary]
* [http://images.ourontario.ca/stmarys Picture St. Marys]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-3225-e.html Libraries and Archives Canada: Arthur Meighen Biography]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Meighen, Arthur}}
[[Category:Arthur Meighen| ]]
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[[Category:1960 deaths]]
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[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in the Senate of Canada]]
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[[Category:People of the Winnipeg general strike]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portage la Prairie]]
[[Category:Lawyers in Manitoba]]
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[[Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]