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{{Short description|Colossal sculpture in New York Harbor}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = {{unbulleted list|Statue of Liberty|'''''Liberty Enlightening the World'''''}}
| image = Front view of Statue of Liberty with pedestal and base 2024.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt = The Statue of Liberty as seen on a partly sunny day in June 2024.
| location = [[Liberty Island]]<br />[[New York City]]
| coordinates = {{coord|40|41|21|N|74|2|40|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark_scale:5000|display=inline,title}}
| height = {{plainlist|
* Height of copper statue (to torch): {{convert|151|ft|1|in|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}
* From ground level to torch: {{convert|305|ft|1|in|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}
}}
| beginning_label = Dedicated
| beginning_date = {{Start date and age|October 28, 1886}}
| restored = 1938, 1984–1986, 2011–2012
| sculptor = [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]]
| visitation_num = 3.2&nbsp;million
| visitation_year = 2009
| visitation_ref = <ref name=Schneiderman/>
| governing_body = [[National Park Service]]
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#1984 (8th session)|1984]] <small>(8th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, vi
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307 307]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Europe and North America]]
| designation2 = NMON
| designation2_date = October 15, 1924
| designation2_free1name = Designated by
| designation2_free1value = President [[Calvin Coolidge]]<ref name=monuments/>
| designation3 = NRHP
| designation3_offname = The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World<ref name=NPS>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm|title=Liberty Enlightening the World|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=February 12, 2020|archive-date=January 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101091139/https://www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm}}</ref><ref name=WkLst2017>{{citation|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|date=September 14, 2017|title=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/08/2017 through 9/14/2017|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20170915.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229123428/https://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20170915.htm|archive-date=December 29, 2018|access-date=July 13, 2019}}.</ref>
| designation3_date = September 14, 2017
| designation3_number = 100000829
| designation4 = New Jersey Register of Historic Places
| designation4_offname = Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island
| designation4_date = May 27, 1971
| designation4_number = 1535<ref name=NJRHP>{{Cite web |title=New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Hudson County |url=https://www.nj.gov/dep/hpo/1identify/nrsr_lists.htm |publisher=[[New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection]] – Historic Preservation Office |access-date=August 2, 2014 |archive-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009221342/https://www.nj.gov/dep/hpo/1identify/nrsr_lists.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| designation5 = New York State Register of Historic Places
| designation5_number = 06101.003324
| designation5_date = June 23, 1980<ref name="Cultural Resource Information System">{{cite web | title=Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) | publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] | date=November 7, 2014 | url=https://cris.parks.ny.gov/ | access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref>
| designation6 = New York City Landmark
| designation6_date = September 14, 1976<ref name=neighbor/>
| designation6_type = Individual
| designation6_number = 0931
| website = {{URL|https://nps.gov/stli}}
}}

The '''Statue of Liberty''' ('''''Liberty Enlightening the World'''''; {{Langx|fr|La Liberté éclairant le monde}}) is a colossal [[Neoclassicism#Sculpture|neoclassical sculpture]] on [[Liberty Island]] in [[New York Harbor]], within [[New York City]]. The [[copper]]-clad statue, a gift to the United States from the people of [[French Third Republic|France]], was designed by French sculptor [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]] and its metal framework was built by [[Gustave Eiffel]]. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.

The statue is a figure of a classically draped woman,{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=45}} likely inspired by the Roman [[Liberty (personification)|goddess of liberty]] [[Libertas]].{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|p=19}} In a [[contrapposto]] pose,{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=45}}{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=113}} she holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a ''[[tabula ansata]]'' inscribed <small>JULY IV MDCCLXXVI</small> (July 4, 1776, in [[Roman numerals]]), the date of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]]. With her left foot she steps on a broken chain and [[shackle]],{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=45}} commemorating the [[End of slavery in the United States|national abolition of slavery]] following the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Julia |date=2019-05-15 |title=New Statue of Liberty Museum Illuminates a Forgotten History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/arts/design/statue-of-liberty-museum.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621055727/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/arts/design/statue-of-liberty-museum.html |archive-date=2024-06-21 |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=Celebrate Lady Liberty |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/liberty135/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The Statue of Liberty—Ellis Island Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/abolition.htm|title=Abolition|date=February 26, 2015|website=Statue of Liberty National Monument|publisher=National Park Service|language=en|access-date=November 18, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108202033/https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/abolition.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> After its dedication the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, being subsequently seen as a symbol of welcome to [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants arriving]] by sea.

The idea for the statue was conceived in 1865, when the French historian and abolitionist [[Édouard de Laboulaye]] proposed a monument to commemorate the upcoming [[U.S. Centennial|centennial of U.S. independence]] (1876), the perseverance of American democracy and the liberation of the nation's slaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/the-french-connection.htm|title=The French Connection|work=[[National Park Service]]|date=May 19, 2019|access-date=June 10, 2023}}</ref> The [[Franco-Prussian War]] delayed progress until 1875, when Laboulaye proposed that the people of France finance the statue and the United States provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions.

The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the [[Centennial Exposition]] in [[Philadelphia]] in 1876, and in [[Madison Square Park]] in [[Manhattan]] from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher [[Joseph Pulitzer]], of the ''[[New York World]]'', started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000&nbsp;contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar ({{Inflation|US|1|1885|r=0|fmt=eq}}). The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first [[ticker-tape parade]] and a dedication ceremony presided over by President [[Grover Cleveland]].

The statue was administered by the [[United States Lighthouse Board]] until 1901 and then by the [[United States Department of War|Department of War]]; since 1933, it has been maintained by the [[National Park Service]] as part of the [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]], and is a major tourist attraction. Limited numbers of visitors can access the rim of the pedestal and the interior of the statue's crown from within; public access to the torch has been barred since 1916.

==Development==
===Origin===
[[File:Disc Sol BM GR1899.12-1.2.jpg|thumb|Both the Roman goddess [[Libertas]] and Sun god [[Sol Invictus]] ("The Unconquered Sun", pictured) influenced the design of ''Liberty Enlightening the World''.]]

According to the [[National Park Service]], the idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States was first proposed by [[Édouard René de Laboulaye]], president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between Laboulaye, a staunch [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]], and [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]], a sculptor. In after-dinner conversation at his home near [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] in the [[American Civil War]], is supposed to have said: "If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations."{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=7–9}} The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870.<ref name=Africa/> In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, "With the abolition of slavery and the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/abolition.htm |title=Abolition |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=July 7, 2014 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131717/https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/abolition.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to sculptor Bartholdi, who later recounted the story, Laboulaye's alleged comment was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired Bartholdi.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=7–9}} Given the repressive nature of the regime of [[Napoleon III]], Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=7–9}} Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects. In 1856, he traveled to Egypt to study ancient works.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=24}} In the late 1860s, he approached [[Isma'il Pasha]], [[Khedive]] of [[Egypt#Modern history|Egypt]], with a plan to build ''Progress'' or ''[[Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia]]'',<ref name="UOC">{{Cite web|title=The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East|url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/danh_vo_labels.pdf|publisher=University of Chicago|access-date=February 8, 2017|archive-date=April 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420224510/https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/danh_vo_labels.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> a huge [[lighthouse]] in the form of an ancient Egyptian female ''[[fellah]]'' or peasant, robed and holding a torch aloft, at the northern entrance to the [[Suez Canal]] in [[Port Said]].{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=7–9}} Sketches and models were made of the proposed work, though it was never erected. There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal, the [[Colossus of Rhodes]]: an ancient [[bronze]] statue of the Greek god of the sun, [[Helios]].{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=7–8}} This statue is believed to have been over {{convert|100|ft}} high, and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=7–8}} Both the khedive and [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]], developer of the Suez Canal, declined the proposed statue from Bartholdi, citing the high cost.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Zachary|last=Karabell|title=Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|date=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/243 243]|isbn=0-375-40883-5|url=https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/243}}</ref> The [[Port Said Lighthouse]] was built instead, by François Coignet in 1869.

Upon his return from Egypt, Bartholdi visited a 76-foot [[Giovanni Battista Crespi]]'s sculpture in [[repoussé and chasing|repoussé]] copper covering an iron armature at [[Lago Maggiore]] in Italy, and was familiar with the similar construction of the [[Vercingétorix monument]] by [[Aimé Millet]]; the restoration of Millet's statue a century later called international attention to the Statue of Liberty's poor state. Copper was chosen over bronze or stone due to its lower cost, weight, and ease of transportation.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=24}}

Any large project was further delayed by the [[Franco-Prussian War]], in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia. In the war, Napoleon III was captured and deposed. Bartholdi's home province of [[Alsace]] was [[Franco-Prussian War|lost]] to the [[Prussia]]ns, and a [[French Third Republic|more liberal republic]] was installed in France.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=7–9}} As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States, he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=60–61}} In June 1871, Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic, with [[letter of introduction|letters of introduction]] signed by Laboulaye.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=39–40}}

Arriving at [[New York Harbor]], Bartholdi focused on Bedloe's Island (now named [[Liberty Island]]) as a site for the statue, struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government—it had been ceded by the [[New York State Legislature]] in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye: "land common to all the states."{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=12–13}} As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers, Bartholdi visited President [[Ulysses S. Grant]], who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=102–103}} Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail, and met many Americans whom he thought would be sympathetic to the project.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=39–40}} But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal, and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=16–17}}
[[File:2014-09-15 16-14-55 lion-belfort.jpg|thumb|Bartholdi's 1880 sculpture, ''[[Lion of Belfort]]'']]

Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=85}} The son of a friend of Bartholdi's, artist [[John LaFarge]], later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his visit to La Farge's [[Rhode Island]] studio. Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=85}} He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians. One of these was the ''[[Lion of Belfort]]'', a [[monumental sculpture]] carved in sandstone below the fortress of [[Belfort]], which during the war had resisted a [[Siege of Belfort|Prussian siege]] for over three months. The defiant lion, {{convert|73|ft}} long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of [[Romanticism]], which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=10–11}}

===Design, style, and symbolism===
[[File:Indian princess and Columbia.jpg|thumb|Detail from a 1855–56 [[fresco]] by [[Constantino Brumidi]] in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] in Washington, D.C., showing two early symbols of America: [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]] (left) and the Indian princess]]

Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty.{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|pp=17–19}} In early American history, two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation.<ref name=dela/> One of these symbols, the personified [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]], was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that [[Britannia]] was identified with the United Kingdom, and [[Marianne]] came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the traditional European [[Personification of the Americas]] as an "Indian princess", which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans.<ref name=dela/> The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of [[Liberty (goddess)|Liberty]], derived from [[Libertas]], the [[Religion in ancient Rome#Roman deities|goddess of freedom]] widely worshipped in [[ancient Rome]], especially among [[emancipated slaves]]. A Liberty figure adorned most [[Coins of the United States dollar|American coins]] of the time,{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|pp=17–19}} and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art, including [[Thomas Crawford (sculptor)|Thomas Crawford]]'s ''[[Statue of Freedom]]'' (1863) atop the dome of the [[United States Capitol Building]].{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|pp=17–19}}

The statue's design evokes iconography evident in ancient history including the Egyptian goddess [[Isis]], the ancient Greek deity of the same name, the Roman Columbia and the Christian iconography of the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History|date=2013|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|editor-last=Bagnall |editor-first=Roger S.|isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5|location=Malden, Massachusetts |oclc=230191195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roberts |first=J. M. |title=History of the World|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-521043-3|location=New York|oclc=28378422}}</ref>

[[File:Freedom 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Thomas Crawford (sculptor)|Thomas Crawford]]'s ''[[Statue of Freedom]]'' (1854–1857) tops the [[United States Capitol dome|dome]] of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] building in Washington]]

Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke [[Classical republicanism|republican ideals]] commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol.{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|pp=17–19}} A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the [[Great Seal of France]].{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|pp=17–19}} However, Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in [[Eugène Delacroix]]'s famed ''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1830). In this painting, which commemorates France's [[July Revolution]], a half-clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen.<ref name=dela/> Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution, and so Bartholdi's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes.<ref name=dela/> Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work, Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch, representing progress, for the figure to hold.<ref name=Turner/> Its second toe on both feet is longer than its big toe, a condition known as [[Morton's toe]] or 'Greek foot'. This was an aesthetic staple of ancient Greek art and reflects the classical influences on the statue.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Marissa A. |title=An exploratory study of the relationship between second toe length and androgen-linked behaviors|journal=[[Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology]] |date=2010 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=241–253|doi=10.1037/h0099286  | issn=1933-5377 }}</ref>

Crawford's statue was designed in the early 1850s. It was originally to be crowned with a ''[[pileus (hat)|pileus]]'' or "[[Phrygian cap|liberty cap]]", the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome. [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Jefferson Davis]], a Southerner who would later serve as President of the [[Confederate States of America]], was concerned that the ''pileus'' would be taken as an [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] symbol. He ordered that it be changed to a helmet.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=96–97}} Delacroix's figure wears a ''pileus'',<ref name=dela/> and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well. Instead, he used a [[radiate crown|radiate halo]], [[Halo (religious iconography)|nimbus]],<ref name=":0" /> to top its head.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=105–108}} In so doing, he avoided a reference to Marianne, who invariably wears a ''pileus''.<ref name=Blume/> Many believed they evoke the sun, the seven seas, and the seven continents,<ref name=mint/>{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=45}} and represent another means, besides the torch, whereby Liberty enlightens the world,<ref name=Turner/> but research has not confirmed this.<ref name=":0" />

Bartholdi's early models were all similar in concept: a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty, wearing a ''[[stola]]'' and ''pella'' (gown and cloak, common in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. According to popular accounts, the face was modeled after that of Augusta Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother,{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=52–53, 55, 87}} but Regis Huber, the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this, as well as other similar speculations, have no basis in fact.<ref name=TV>Interviewed for Watson, Corin. ''Statue of Liberty: Building a Colossus'' (TV documentary, 2001)</ref> He designed the figure with  austere face{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=45}} and a strong, uncomplicated silhouette, which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering [[New York Bay]] to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling, reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose.<ref name=Turner/> Bartholdi wrote of his technique:

{{Blockquote|The surfaces should be broad and simple, defined by a bold and clear design, accentuated in the important places. The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared. By exaggerating the forms, in order to render them more clearly visible, or by enriching them with details, we would destroy the proportion of the work. Finally, the model, like the design, should have a summarized character, such as one would give to a rapid sketch. Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study, and that the artist, concentrating his knowledge, should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity.<ref name=Bartholdi42/>}}
[[File:Liberty-from-behind-2024.jpg|alt=Statue of Liberty from the back|thumb|Liberty is depicted in a [[contrapposto]] pose, with a raised right foot amidst a broken shackle and chain.]]
Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved. Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain, but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War. The erected statue does stride over a broken chain, half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=105–108}} Her right foot is raised and set back, in a classical [[contrapposto]] pose that looks stationary when viewed from the front, but dynamic when viewed from the side,{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=45}} signifying a solid footing and a posture more relaxed than that of two feet set side by side, and introducing a sense of tension between standing and moving forward, both physically and mentally.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=113}} The upright form and outstretched leg may have also helped to stabilize the statue.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=113}} Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty's left hand; he settled on a ''[[tabula ansata]]'',{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=108–111}} used to evoke the concept of law.<ref name=faq2/> Though Bartholdi greatly admired the [[United States Constitution]], he chose to inscribe <small>JULY IV MDCCLXXVI</small> on the tablet, thus associating the date of the country's [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] with the concept of liberty.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=108–111}}

Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor, architect [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]], in the project.<ref name=TV /> As chief engineer,<ref name=TV /> Viollet-le-Duc proposed designing a brick [[pier (architecture)|pier]] filled with sand within the statue up to the hips, with iron bars like veins of a leaf to which the skin would be anchored.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=24}}
After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet-le-Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, [[Repoussé and chasing|repoussé]], in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers.<ref name=TV />{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=118, 125}} An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume, as the copper need be only {{convert|0.094|in}} thick. Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over {{convert|151|ft}} for the statue, double that of Italy's [[Sancarlone]] and [[Hermannsdenkmal|the German statue]] of [[Arminius]], both made with the same method.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=26}}

===Announcement and early work===
By 1875, France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming [[Centennial Exposition]] to be held in [[Philadelphia]] led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=121}} In September 1875, he announced the project and the formation of the Franco-American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement, the statue was given a name, ''Liberty Enlightening the World''.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=123–125}} The French people were to finance the statue (contrary to the common misconception of it being funded by the French national government);<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=November 20, 2015 |title=The Middle Eastern origins of the Statue of Liberty |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/11/20/the-middle-eastern-origins-of-the-statue-of-liberty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121174550/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/11/20/the-middle-eastern-origins-of-the-statue-of-liberty/ |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> and Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=44–45}} The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France, though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during [[Franco-Prussian War|the war with Prussia]].{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=123–125}} [[Orléanist|French monarchists]] opposed the statue, if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected a [[senator for life#France|senator for life]].{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=44–45}} Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful, including a special performance at the [[Paris Opera]] on April 25, 1876, that featured a new [[cantata]] by the composer [[Charles Gounod]]. The piece was titled ''La Liberté éclairant le monde'', the French version of the statue's announced name.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=123–125}}
[[File:Collossal hand and torch. Bartholdi's statue of "Liberty.", from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|[[Stereoscope|Stereoscopic image]] of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty, [[Centennial Exposition|1876 Centennial Exposition]]]]

Initially focused on the elites, the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave, as did 181&nbsp;French municipalities. Laboulaye's political allies supported the call, as did descendants of the [[Franco-American alliance|French contingent]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Less idealistically, contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the [[Panama Canal]]. The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in [[Visnes, Rogaland|Visnes]], Norway,<ref name=Norway/> though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples.<ref name=NYT2009b/> According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the [[Museum of the City of New York]], {{convert|200,000|lb|kg}} was needed to build the statue, and the French copper industrialist [[Eugène Secrétan]] donated {{convert|128,000|lb|kg}} of copper.{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|p=36}}

Although plans for the statue had not been finalized, Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm, bearing the torch, and the head. Work began at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=126–128}} In May 1876, Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition,{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|p=25}} and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities.{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|p=26}} The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival, it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue, and while some reports correctly identified the work, others called it the "Colossal Arm" or "Bartholdi Electric Light". The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers' interest, including [[Bartholdi Fountain|an outsized fountain]] designed by Bartholdi.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=130}} Nevertheless, the arm proved popular in the exhibition's waning days, and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=49}} After the exhibition closed, the arm was transported to New York City, where it remained on display in [[Madison Square Park]] for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=49}}

During his second trip to the United States, Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project, and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco-American Union.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=134}} Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|p=30}} The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the "American Committee".{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=94}} One of its members was 19-year-old [[Theodore Roosevelt]], the future governor of New York and president of the United States.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=134}} On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], who took office the following day, selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=135}}

===Construction in France===
[[File:Head of the Statue of Liberty on display in a park in Paris.jpg|thumb|The statue's head on exhibit at the [[Exposition Universelle (1878)|Paris World's Fair]], 1878]]

On his return to Paris in 1877, Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head, which was exhibited at the 1878 [[Exposition Universelle (1878)|Paris World's Fair]]. Fundraising continued, with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=137}} The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a [[terracotta]] model of the statue. By the end of 1879, about 250,000&nbsp;francs had been raised.{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|p=32}}

The head and arm had been built with assistance from [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc|Viollet-le-Duc]], who fell ill in 1879. He soon died, leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=136–137}}{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=25}} The following year, Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder [[Gustave Eiffel]].{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=137}} Eiffel and his structural engineer, [[Maurice Koechlin]], decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron [[truss]] tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon, then, to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor, and, since the metal would expand on hot summer days, he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars<ref name=TV /> or springs,{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=26}} which culminated in a mesh of metal straps, known as "saddles", that were riveted to the skin, providing firm support. In a labor-intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=22}}{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=139–143}} To prevent [[galvanic corrosion]] between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with [[asbestos]] impregnated with [[shellac]].{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=30}}

Eiffel's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of [[curtain wall (architecture)|curtain wall]] construction, in which the exterior of the structure is not [[wikt:load bearing|load bearing]], but is instead supported by an interior framework. He included two interior [[Spiral stairs|spiral staircases]], to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=33}} Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided, but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder, {{convert|40|ft}} long.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=32}} As the pylon tower arose, Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=34}} The components of the pylon tower were built in the [[Eiffel (company)|Eiffel]] factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of [[Levallois-Perret]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/hauts-de-seine/la-tour-a-vu-le-jour-a-levallois-30-04-2004-2004947854.php |title=La tour a vu le jour à Levallois |date=April 30, 2004 |work=Le Parisien |access-date=December 8, 2012 |language=fr |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203339/https://www.leparisien.fr/hauts-de-seine/la-tour-a-vu-le-jour-a-levallois-30-04-2004-2004947854.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue's assembly. He had originally expected to assemble the skin on-site as the masonry pier was built; instead, he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe's Island.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=144}}

In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe, was driven by [[United States Ambassador to France]] [[Levi P. Morton]].<ref name=PBS/> The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=36–38}} Some work was performed by contractors—one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of [[Montauban]].{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=39}} By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Bartholdi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=38}} Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Lesseps. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York.{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|p=37}} The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage.{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|p=38}}
[[File:Pedestal for Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Morris Hunt]]'s pedestal under construction in June 1885]]

The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal. The [[Panic of 1873]] had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the [[Washington Monument]] sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three-and-a-half decades to complete.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=159–160}} There was criticism both of Bartholdi's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War, most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation's history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=159–160}} There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works—the selection of Italian-born [[Constantino Brumidi]] to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism, even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=163}} ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' declared its wish that "M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had 'gone the whole figure' while they were about it, and given us statue and pedestal at once."{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=161}} ''The New York Times'' stated that "no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances."{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=160}} Faced with these criticisms, the American committees took little action for several years.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=160}}

====Design====
[[File:Leslie Liberty.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper]]'', June 1885, showing (clockwise from left) [[woodcut]]s of the completed statue in Paris, Bartholdi, and the statue's interior structure]]

The foundation of Bartholdi's statue was to be laid inside [[Fort Wood (New York)|Fort Wood]], a disused army base on Bedloe's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811. Since 1823, it had rarely been used, though during the Civil War, it had served as a recruiting station.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=91}} The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven-point star. The statue's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast, greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=stats/>
In 1881, the New York committee commissioned [[Richard Morris Hunt]] to design the pedestal. Within months, Hunt submitted a detailed plan, indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=169}} He proposed a pedestal {{convert|114|ft}} in height; faced with money problems, the committee reduced that to {{convert|89|ft}}.<ref name=stal/>

Hunt's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture, including [[Doric order|Doric]] portals, as well as some elements influenced by [[Aztec architecture]].<ref name=TV /> The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail, in order to focus attention on the statue.<ref name=stal/> In form, it is a truncated pyramid, {{convert|62|ft}} square at the base and {{convert|39.4|ft}} at the top. The four sides are identical in appearance. Above the door on each side, there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states (between 1876 and 1889, there were 38 of them), although this was not done. Above that, a balcony was placed on each side, framed by pillars. Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal, above which the statue itself rises.<ref name=Bartholdi62/> According to author [[Louis Auchincloss]], the pedestal "craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty".<ref name=stal/> The committee hired former army General [[Charles Pomeroy Stone]] to oversee the construction work.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=71–72}} Construction on the {{convert|15|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} foundation began in 1883, and the pedestal's cornerstone was laid in 1884.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=169}} In Hunt's original conception, the pedestal was to have been made of solid [[granite]]. Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans; the final design called for poured concrete walls, up to {{convert|20|ft}} thick, faced with granite blocks.{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|pp=49–50}}{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=184–186}} This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in [[Branford, Connecticut]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Branford's History Is Set in Stone |url=https://connecticuthistory.org/branfords-history-is-set-in-stone/ |publisher=Connecticut Humanities |access-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=November 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129175802/https://connecticuthistory.org/branfords-history-is-set-in-stone/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=184–186}}

[[Norwegians|Norwegian]] immigrant [[Civil engineering|civil engineer]] [[Joachim Goschen Giæver]] designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty. His work involved design computations, detailed fabrication and construction drawings, and oversight of construction. In completing his engineering for the statue's frame, Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1484|title=STRUCTUREmag – Structural Engineering Magazine, Tradeshow: Joachim Gotsche Giaver|date=November 27, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127045537/https://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1484|archive-date=November 27, 2012}}</ref>

====Fundraising====
Fundraising in the U.S. for the pedestal had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money-raising events.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=163–164}} As part of one such effort, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet [[Emma Lazarus]] was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined, stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time, she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire#1881–1884|antisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe]]. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=165–166}} The resulting [[sonnet]], "[[The New Colossus]]", including the lines "Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty in American culture and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=172–175}} Lazarus's poem contrasted the classical Colossus of Rhodes as a frightening symbol, with the new "American colossus" as a "beacon to the lost and hopeless".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bruinius |first=Harry |date=May 16, 2019 |title=What Does Lady Liberty Stand for? A Look at Changing Attitudes. |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2019/0516/What-does-Lady-Liberty-stand-for-A-look-at-changing-attitudes |access-date= |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |issn=0882-7729}}</ref>
[[File:PulitzerGlass.jpg|thumb|''Liberty Enlightening the World, or The Statue of Liberty'', a stained glass window commissioned by [[Joseph Pulitzer]] to commemorate fundraising for the pedestal. Originally installed in the [[New York World Building]], it is currently located in Pulitzer Hall at [[Columbia University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2023 |title=A World Room Welcome |url=https://blogs.cul.columbia.edu/rbml/2023/01/23/a-world-room-welcome/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=blogs.cul.columbia.edu}}</ref>]]
Even with these efforts, fundraising lagged. [[Grover Cleveland]], the [[governor of New York]], vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884. An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000, sufficient to complete the project, also failed. The New York committee, with only $3,000 in the bank, suspended work on the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy, groups from other American cities, including Boston and Philadelphia, offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it.<ref name=Levine/>

[[Joseph Pulitzer]], publisher of the ''[[New York World]]'', a New York newspaper, announced a drive to raise $100,000 ({{inflation|US|100000|1885|r=-3|fmt=eq}}). Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor, no matter how small the amount given.{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|pp=40–41}} The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers, especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors. "A young girl alone in the world" donated "60&nbsp;cents, the result of self denial."{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=105}} One donor gave "five cents as a poor office boy's [[Lesson of the widow's mite|mite]] toward the Pedestal Fund." A group of children sent a dollar as "the money we saved to go to the circus with."{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|p=51}} Another dollar was given by a "lonely and very aged woman."{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=105}} Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York's rival city of Brooklyn—the cities would not merge until 1898—donated $15; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=107}} A kindergarten class in [[Davenport, Iowa]], mailed the ''World'' a gift of $1.35.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=105}} As the donations flooded in, the committee resumed work on the pedestal.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=110–111}} France raised about $250,000 to build the statue,<ref name="Mitchell 2014 p.">{{cite book | last=Mitchell | first=Elizabeth | title=Liberty's Torch: The Great Adventure to Build the Statue of Liberty | publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-8021-2257-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KioFBAAAQBAJ | page=221}}</ref> while the United States had to raise up to $300,000 to build the pedestal.<ref name="Andrews 1896 p. 133">{{cite book | last=Andrews | first=Elisha Benjamin | title=The History of the Last Quarter-century in the United States, 1870-1895 | publisher=Scribner | issue=v. 2 | year=1896 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAlFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA133 | page=133}}</ref><ref name="Facts on File 1927 p. 543">{{cite book | title=The World Almanac & Book of Facts | publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Association | year=1927 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGU3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA543 | page=543}}</ref>

====Construction====
On June 17, 1885, the French steamer ''{{ill|Isère|fr|Isère (frégate)|lt=Isère}}'' arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. New Yorkers displayed their newfound enthusiasm for the statue. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=112}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%206/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Telegram/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Telegram%201885%20Jun%20-%201885%20Oct%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Telegram%201885%20Jun%20-%201885%20Oct%20Grayscale%20-%200140.pdf#xml=https://www.fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=ffffffffc423758c&DocId=5727280&Index=Z%3a%5cIndex%20I%2dE&HitCount=4&hits=4f+179+197+198+&SearchForm=C%3a%5cinetpub%5cwwwroot%5cFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf |title=The Isere-Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horseshoe Safely |work=The Evening Post |date=June 17, 1885 |access-date=February 11, 2013 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112020029/https://www.fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%206/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Telegram/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Telegram%201885%20Jun%20-%201885%20Oct%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Telegram%201885%20Jun%20-%201885%20Oct%20Grayscale%20-%200140.pdf#xml=https://www.fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=ffffffffc423758c&DocId=5727280&Index=Z%3a%5cIndex%20I%2dE&HitCount=4&hits=4f+179+197+198+&SearchForm=C%3a%5cinetpub%5cwwwroot%5cFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After five months' daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the ''World'' announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000&nbsp;donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar ({{Inflation|US|1|1885|r=0|fmt=eq}}).{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=114}}

Even with the success of the fund drive, the pedestal was not completed until April 1886. Immediately thereafter, reassembly of the statue began. Eiffel's iron framework was anchored to steel [[I-beam]]s within the concrete pedestal and assembled.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=19}} Once this was done, the sections of skin were carefully attached.{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|p=49}} Due to the width of the pedestal, it was not possible to erect [[scaffolding]], and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=64}} Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch's balcony to illuminate it; a week before the dedication, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch—which was covered with [[gold leaf]]—and placed the lights inside them.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=36}} A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=133–134}} After the skin was completed, landscape architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]], co-designer of Manhattan's [[Central Park]] and Brooklyn's [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=65}} General Charles Stone claimed on the day of dedication that no man had died during the construction of the statue; this was not true, as Francis Longo, a thirty-nine-year-old Italian laborer, had been killed when an old wall fell on him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Elizabeth|title=Liberty's Torch: The Great Adventure to Build the Statue of Liberty|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8021-9255-4|pages=259}}</ref> When built, the statue was reddish-brown and shiny, but within twenty years it had oxidized to its current green color through reactions with air, water and acidic pollution, forming a layer of [[verdigris]] which protects the copper from further corrosion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zmescience.com/feature-post/natural-sciences/chemistry-articles/applied-chemistry/why-is-the-statue-of-liberty-so-green-theres-more-to-it-than-just-a-pretty-color/|title=Why is the Statue of Liberty so green? There's more to it than just a pretty color|work=ZME Science |date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2024}}</ref>

===Dedication===
[[File:EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg|thumb|''Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World'' (1886) by [[Edward Moran]]. Oil on canvas. The J. Clarence Davies Collection, [[Museum of the City of New York]].]]

A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New York governor, presided over the event.{{sfn|Khan|2010|p=176}} On the morning of the dedication, a parade was held in New York City; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million. President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America. General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade. The route began at [[Madison Square]], once the venue for the arm, and proceeded to [[the Battery (Manhattan)|the Battery]] at the southern tip of [[Manhattan]] by way of [[Fifth Avenue]] and [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the ''World'' building on [[Park Row (Manhattan)|Park Row]]. As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange, traders threw [[ticker tape]] from the windows, beginning the New York tradition of the [[ticker-tape parade]].{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=177–178}}

A nautical parade began at 12:45&nbsp;p.m., and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe's Island for the dedication.{{sfn|Bell|Abrams|1984|p=52}} Lesseps made the first speech, on behalf of the French committee, followed by the chairman of the New York committee, Senator [[William M. Evarts]]. A [[Flag of France|French flag]] draped across the statue's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts's speech, but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely. The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts's address.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=177–178}} President Cleveland spoke next, stating that the statue's "stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world".{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=127}} Bartholdi, observed near the dais, was called upon to speak, but he declined. Orator [[Chauncey M. Depew]] concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=71}}

No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies, which were reserved entirely for dignitaries. The only women granted access were Bartholdi's wife and Lesseps's granddaughter; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people. The restriction offended area [[suffragist]]s, who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island. The group's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women's right to vote.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=127}} A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=128}}

Shortly after the dedication, ''[[The Cleveland Gazette]]'', an African American newspaper, suggested that the statue's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation "in reality":

{{Blockquote|"Liberty enlightening the world," indeed! The expression makes us sick. This government is a howling farce. It can not or rather ''does not'' protect its citizens within its ''own'' borders. Shove the Bartholdi statue, torch and all, into the ocean until the "liberty" of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being [[Ku Klux Klan|ku-kluxed]], perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed. The idea of the "liberty" of this country "enlightening the world," or even [[Patagonia]], is ridiculous in the extreme.<ref name=Cleveland/>}}

==After dedication==
===Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886–1933) ===
[[File:Statue of Liberty 1917 poster.jpg|thumb|Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of [[Liberty Bond]]s]]

When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The ''World'' characterized it as "more like a glowworm than a beacon."{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=133–134}} Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The [[United States Lighthouse Board]] took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893, he made additional suggestions, all of which proved ineffective. He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue, allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel's design.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=133–134}} In 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt, once a member of the New York committee, ordered the statue's transfer to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]], as it had proved useless as a lighthouse.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=41}} A unit of the [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|Army Signal Corps]] was stationed on Bedloe's Island until 1923, after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=24}}

Wars and other upheavals in Europe prompted large-scale emigration to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century; many entered through New York and saw the statue not as a symbol of enlightenment, as Bartholdi had intended, but as a sign of welcome to their new home. The association with immigration only became stronger when an immigrant processing station was opened on nearby Ellis Island. This view was consistent with Lazarus's vision in her sonnet—she described the statue as "Mother of Exiles"—but her work had become obscure. In 1903, the sonnet was engraved on a plaque that was affixed to the base of the statue.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=April 8, 2020|date=February 26, 2015|title=The immigrants' statue|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/the-immigrants-statue.htm|archive-date=February 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081108/https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/the-immigrants-statue.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty. One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled:

{{Blockquote|I saw the Statue of Liberty. And I said to myself, "Lady, you're such a beautiful!{{sic}} You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here. Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it, to do something, to be someone in America." And always that statue was on my mind.{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|p=78}}}}

The statue rapidly became a landmark.{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|p=78}} Originally, it was a dull copper color, but shortly after 1900 a green [[patina]], also called [[verdigris]], caused by the oxidation of the copper skin, began to spread. As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue.<ref name=NYT2009a/> Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion, Congress authorized {{US$|62800|1906|round=-3}} for various repairs, and to paint the statue both inside and out.<ref name=NYTpaint/> There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting.<ref name=NYTtoilet/> The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin, "softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful."{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=168}} The statue was painted only on the inside. The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=168}}
[[File:Black Tom Island from Liberty Island June 2024.jpg|alt=Black Tom Island as seen from Liberty Island in June 2024.|thumb|Black Tom Island as seen from Liberty Island in June 2024]]
On July 30, 1916, during World War I, German saboteurs set off [[Black Tom explosion|a disastrous explosion]] on the Black Tom peninsula in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], in what is now part of [[Liberty State Park]], close to Bedloe's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Russia<ref name="Rielage">{{Cite book |last=Rielage |first=Dale C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XauRj69-gsC&pg=PA71 |title=Russian Supply Efforts in America During the First World War |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1337-9 |pages=71 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-21 |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104235143/https://books.google.com/books?id=0XauRj69-gsC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> for its war efforts were detonated. The statue sustained minor damage, mostly to the torch-bearing right arm, and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about {{US$|100000|1916|round=-4|about=yes|long=no}}. The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public-safety reasons, and it has remained closed ever since.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=71}}

That same year, [[Ralph Pulitzer]], who had succeeded his father [[Joseph Pulitzer|Joseph]] as publisher of the ''World'', began a drive to raise {{US$|30000|1916|round=-3|long=no}} for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80,000 contributors, but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor—a fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. [[Gutzon Borglum]], who later sculpted [[Mount Rushmore]], redesigned the torch, replacing much of the original copper with [[stained glass]]. On December 2, 1916, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights, successfully illuminating the statue.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=136–139}}

After the United States entered World War I in 1917, images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the [[Liberty bond]] drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war's stated purpose—to secure liberty—and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=148–151}}

In 1924, President [[Calvin Coolidge]] used his authority under the [[Antiquities Act]] to declare the statue a [[national monument (United States)|national monument]].{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=41}} A suicide occurred five years later when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=147}}

===Early National Park Service years (1933–1982)===
[[File:Liberty 1927.gif|thumb|left|Bedloe's Island in 1927, showing the statue and army buildings. The eleven-pointed walls of [[Fort Wood (New York)|Fort Wood]], which still form the statue's base, are visible.]]In 1933, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service (NPS). In 1937, the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe's Island.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=41}} With the Army's departure, the NPS began to transform the island into a park.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=136}} The [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA) demolished most of the old buildings, regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island, and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear. The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue, temporarily removing the rays from the statue's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced. Rusted cast-iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete;{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=202}} the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced, as well. [[Copper sheathing]] was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=169}} The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=202}}

During World War II, the statue remained open to visitors, although it was not illuminated at night due to [[Blackout (wartime)|wartime blackouts]]. It was lit briefly on December 31, 1943, and on [[D-Day]], June 6, 1944, when its lights flashed "dot-dot-dot-dash", the [[Morse code]] for [[V sign#The V campaign and the victory/freedom sign|V, for victory]]. New, powerful lighting was installed in 1944–1945, and beginning on [[V-E Day]], the statue was once again illuminated after sunset. The lighting was for only a few hours each evening, and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night, all night.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=141–143}} In 1946, the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=169}}

In 1956, an [[Act of Congress]] officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an [[American Museum of Immigration]] on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=147–148}} Nearby [[Ellis Island]] was made part of the [[Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island|Statue of Liberty National Monument]] by the proclamation of President [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Baines Johnson]] in 1965.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=41}} In 1972, the immigration museum in the statue's base was finally opened in a ceremony led by President [[Richard Nixon]]. The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an [[Ellis Island Immigration Museum|immigration museum]] on Ellis Island.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=19}}

In 1970, [[Ivy Bottini]] led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the [[National Organization for Women]]'s New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read "<small>WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE!</small>"<ref name=bare>{{Cite web |url= https://lapride.org/pages07/honorees07.htm |title=Honorees |publisher=Lapride.org |date=January 4, 2007 |access-date=November 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906063337/https://lapride.org/pages07/honorees07.htm |archive-date=September 6, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://feminist.org/research/chronicles/fc1970.html |title=The Feminist Chronicles, 1953–1993 – 1970 – Feminist Majority Foundation |publisher=Feminist.org |access-date=November 6, 2012 |archive-date=October 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012024420/https://www.feminist.org/research/chronicles/fc1970.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning December 26, 1971, 15 [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War]] veterans occupied the statue, flying a US flag upside down from her crown. They left on December 28 following a federal court order.<ref>''1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts'', p. 996.</ref> The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators who were publicizing causes such as [[Independence movement in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican independence]], [[United States pro-life movement|opposition to abortion]], and opposition to [[Invasion of Grenada|US intervention in Grenada]]. Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a [[Gay Pride Parade]] rally and the annual [[Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–91)|Captive Baltic Nations]] rally.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=72–73}}

A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the [[American Bicentennial]] in 1976. The statue was the focal point for [[Operation Sail]], a regatta of [[tall ship]]s from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4, 1976, and sailed around Liberty Island.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=143}} The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=20}}

===Renovation and rededication (1982–2000)===
{{Main|Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty}}
{{See also|Liberty Weekend}}
[[File:Nancy Reagan reopens Statue of Liberty 1986.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Liberty Weekend|July 4, 1986]]: First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] (in red) reopens the statue to the public.]]

The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=165}} In 1982, it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=169–171}} The engineers were faced with a lack of detailed drawings and documentation, as well as major structural changes in prior decades.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=22|ps=: ''the statue had been changed—and sections even mutilated'')}} A careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of [[structural failure]]. In addition, the head had been installed {{convert|2|ft}} off center, and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind. The [[Armature (sculpture)|armature]] structure was badly corroded, and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=169–171}} Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936, when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed, much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=38}}

In May 1982, President [[Ronald Reagan]] announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Centennial Commission, led by [[Chrysler Corporation]] chair [[Lee Iacocca]], to raise the funds needed to complete the work.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32502432/|title=Repairs due for Miss Liberty|agency=Associated Press|date=June 20, 1982|work=Asbury Park Press|access-date=June 5, 2019|pages=3|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=October 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010070242/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32502432/repairs-due-for-miss-liberty/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/19/nyregion/notes-on-people-iacocca-to-head-drive-to-restore-landmarks.html|title=NOTES ON PEOPLE; Iacocca to Head Drive to Restore Landmarks|last1=Krebs|first1=Albin|date=May 19, 1982|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 8, 2019|last2=Thomas|first2=Robert McG. Jr.|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608200935/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/19/nyregion/notes-on-people-iacocca-to-head-drive-to-restore-landmarks.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=204–205}} Through its fundraising arm, the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., the group raised more than $350&nbsp;million in donations for the renovations of both the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=216–218}} The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a [[cause marketing]] campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an [[American Express]] card, the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7&nbsp;million to the restoration project.<ref name=Daw/>

In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world's largest free-standing [[scaffolding|scaffold]],<ref name=TV /> which obscured the statue from view. [[Liquid nitrogen]] was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of [[coal tar]], originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. [[Sodablasting|Blasting]] with [[sodium bicarbonate|baking soda]] powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=81}} The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used—ineffectively, as inspections showed—to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear [[hazmat suit|protective gear]], dubbed "Moon suits", with self-contained breathing circuits.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=76}} Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=55}} The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at [[Bell Labs]], which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's; in exchange, the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=172}} The torch, found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi's unaltered torch.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=153}} Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=75}} The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one, whose flame is covered in 24-[[karat]] gold.<ref name=faq2/> The torch reflects the Sun's rays in daytime and is lighted by [[floodlight]]s at night.<ref name=faq2/>

The entire [[Puddling (metallurgy)|puddled iron]] armature designed by [[Gustave Eiffel]] was replaced. Low-carbon corrosion-resistant [[stainless steel]] bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of [[Duplex Stainless Steel|Ferralium]], an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|pp=74–76}} To prevent the ray and arm making contact, the ray was realigned by several degrees.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=57}} The lighting was again replaced—night-time illumination subsequently came from [[metal-halide lamp]]s that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue, showing off various details.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|p=153}} Access to the pedestal, which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s, was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=71}} A modern elevator was installed, allowing disability access to the observation area of the pedestal.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=84}} An emergency elevator was installed within the statue, reaching up to the level of the shoulder.{{sfn|Hayden|Despont|1986|p=88}}

July 3–6, 1986, was designated "[[Liberty Weekend]]", marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication, with French President [[François Mitterrand]] in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail,{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|p=106}} and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5.<ref name=histcult/> In Reagan's dedication speech, he stated, "We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see."{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|p=106}}

===Closures and reopenings (2001–present)===
[[File:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|The Statue of Liberty on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], as the Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] burn in the background]]
[[File:Liberty crown-stairs-resize-4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|alt=The new staircase to the crown|The new staircase to the crown]]

Immediately following the [[September 11 attacks]], the statue and Liberty Island were closed to the public. The island reopened at the end of 2001, while the pedestal and statue remained off-limits. The pedestal reopened in August 2004,<ref name=histcult/> but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency. The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration.<ref name=reopen/> New York Congressman [[Anthony Weiner]] made the statue's reopening a personal crusade.<ref name=Neuman/> On May 17, 2009, President [[Barack Obama]]'s [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]], [[Ken Salazar]], announced that as a "special gift" to America, the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4, but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day.<ref name=reopen/>

[[File:Liberty Island Jul 2019 27.jpg|thumb|upright|The Statue of Liberty's original torch (1886–1984) displayed in the [[Statue of Liberty Museum]] on [[Liberty Island]]]]

The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011, for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code. The statue was reopened on October 28, 2012,<ref name=StLi/><ref name=Raja/><ref name=SacBee/> but then closed again a day later in advance of [[Hurricane Sandy]].<ref name=NBCNews/> Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty and [[Ellis Island]]s, including the dock used by the ferries that ran to Liberty and Ellis Islands. On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done.<ref name=NYTstorm/> Since Liberty Island had no electricity, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night. The superintendent of [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]], David Luchsinger—whose home on the island was severely damaged—stated that it would be "optimistically&nbsp;... months" before the island was reopened to the public.<ref name=NYTbeat/> The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Long |first=Colleen |title=Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth |url=https://news.yahoo.com/statue-liberty-reopens-us-marks-july-fourth-154837229.html |work=Yahoo! News |date=July 4, 2013 |access-date=July 4, 2013 |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707000055/https://news.yahoo.com/statue-liberty-reopens-us-marks-july-fourth-154837229.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foderaro |first1=Lisa |title=Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again, but Repairs Continue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/nyregion/ellis-island-welcoming-visitors-once-again-but-repairs-continue.html |access-date=October 19, 2014 |work=The New York Times |date=October 28, 2013 |archive-date=July 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708122925/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/nyregion/ellis-island-welcoming-visitors-once-again-but-repairs-continue.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Statue of Liberty Torch seen from Easterly View June 2024.jpg|alt=Statue of Liberty Torch seen from Easterly View June 2024|thumb|upright|The Statue of Liberty's torch seen from Easterly View in June 2024]]
The Statue of Liberty has also been closed due to government shutdowns and protests, as well as for disease pandemics. During the October [[2013 United States federal government shutdown]], Liberty Island and other federally funded sites were closed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Armaghan |first=Sarah |title=Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2013/10/01/statue-of-liberty-closed-in-shutdown/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=August 4, 2017 |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818200155/https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2013/10/01/statue-of-liberty-closed-in-shutdown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Liberty Island was briefly closed on July 4, 2018, after a woman protesting against American immigration policy climbed onto the statue.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shannon, James |title=Woman Climbs Base of the Statue of Liberty After ICE Protest |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/07/04/woman-climbs-statue-liberty-after-abolish-ice-protest/758184002/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=July 5, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704231945/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/07/04/woman-climbs-statue-liberty-after-abolish-ice-protest/758184002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the island remained open during the [[2018–19 United States federal government shutdown]] because the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation had donated funds.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Additional funds will keep Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island open during federal shutdown | website=NorthJersey.com | date=January 15, 2019 | url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2019/01/15/statue-liberty-ellis-island-remain-open-despite-federal-shutdown/2584159002/ | access-date=February 28, 2019 | archive-date=March 1, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301093003/https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2019/01/15/statue-liberty-ellis-island-remain-open-despite-federal-shutdown/2584159002/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It closed beginning on March 16, 2020, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island close due to coronavirus outbreak|first=Allen|last=Kim|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/16/us/statue-liberty-ellis-island-coronavirus-trnd/index.html|date=March 16, 2020|access-date=March 17, 2020|archive-date=March 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317050151/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/16/us/statue-liberty-ellis-island-coronavirus-trnd/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 20, 2020, the Statue of Liberty reopened partially under [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|New York City's Phase IV guidelines]], with Ellis Island remaining closed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 13, 2020|title=Statue of Liberty to Open Early Next Week, Ellis Island Kept Closed|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/statue-of-liberty-ellis-island-expected-to-open-early-next-week/2513523/|access-date=August 3, 2020|website=NBC New York|language=en-US|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808062716/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/statue-of-liberty-ellis-island-expected-to-open-early-next-week/2513523/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 17, 2020|title=Reopen News: Liberty Island to only partially reopen Monday, Ellis Islands will remain closed|url=https://abc7ny.com/6318303/|access-date=August 3, 2020|website=ABC7 New York|language=en|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716231046/https://abc7ny.com/6318303/|url-status=live}}</ref> The crown did not reopen until October 2022.<ref>{{cite web | last=Delaney | first=Jillian | title=Statue of Liberty's crown to open for first time since COVID-19 pandemic | website=[[Staten Island Advance]] | date=October 10, 2022 | url=https://www.silive.com/news/2022/10/statue-of-libertys-crown-to-open-for-first-time-since-covid-19-pandemic.html | access-date=October 10, 2022}}</ref>

On October 7, 2016, construction started on the new [[Statue of Liberty Museum]] on Liberty Island.<ref name=nydn/> The new $70&nbsp;million, {{Convert|26,000|ft2|m2|adj=on}} museum may be visited by all who come to the island,<ref>{{Cite magazine | title=See Behind the Scenes as the Statue of Liberty's Original Torch Moves to Its New Home | magazine=Time | date=February 18, 2019 | url=https://time.com/5531547/statue-liberty-torch/ | access-date=April 7, 2019 | archive-date=April 7, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407043128/https://time.com/5531547/statue-liberty-torch/ | url-status=live }}</ref> as opposed to the museum in the pedestal, which only 20% of the island's visitors had access to.<ref name=nydn/> The new museum, designed by [[FXFOWLE Architects]], is integrated with the surrounding parkland.<ref name=dnainfo/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amny.com/news/statue-of-liberty-museum-to-open-on-liberty-island-in-2019-1.12416472|title=Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019|last=Pereira|first=Ivan|date=October 6, 2016|newspaper=am New York|access-date=October 7, 2016|archive-date=October 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008162203/https://www.amny.com/news/statue-of-liberty-museum-to-open-on-liberty-island-in-2019-1.12416472|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Diane von Fürstenberg]] headed the fundraising for the museum, and the project received over $40&nbsp;million in fundraising by groundbreaking.<ref name=dnainfo/> The museum opened on May 16, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | last=Rosenberg | first=Zoe | title=Statue of Liberty will ban tour guides from some of its most popular areas | website=Curbed NY | date=May 1, 2019 | url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/5/1/18525338/statue-of-liberty-ellis-island-tours-ban | access-date=May 2, 2019 | archive-date=May 1, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501204257/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/5/1/18525338/statue-of-liberty-ellis-island-tours-ban | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Everyone's Welcome at the Statue of Liberty. Except Tour Guides. | website=The New York Times | date=April 1, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/nyregion/statue-of-liberty-tour-guides.html | access-date=May 2, 2019 | archive-date=May 1, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501232833/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/nyregion/statue-of-liberty-tour-guides.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Access and attributes==
===Location and access===
[[File:Libertyferry.png|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Tourists aboard a [[Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises|Circle Line]] ferry arriving at [[Liberty Island]], June 1973]]

The statue is situated in [[Upper New York Bay]] on [[Liberty Island]] south of [[Ellis Island]], which together comprise the [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]]. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800.<ref name=Bedloe/> As agreed in an 1834 [[interstate compact|compact]] between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory though located on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is [[List of smaller islands in New York City#Manhattan|one of the islands that are part]] of the [[Borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Manhattan]] in New York. Land created by [[Land reclamation|reclamation]] added to the {{convert|2.3|acre|ha|adj=on}} original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory.<ref name=NJvsNY1998/>

No charge is made for entrance to the national monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use,<ref name=Fees>{{Cite web |title= Fees & Passes |date= May 20, 2019 |website= Statue Of Liberty National Monument (U.S. National Park Service) |url= https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/fees.htm |access-date= June 16, 2019 |archive-date= October 4, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191004115929/https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/fees.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> as private boats may not dock at the island. A concession was granted in 2007 to [[Statue Cruises]] to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing [[Circle Line Downtown|Circle Line]], which had operated the service since 1953.<ref name=Ramirez/> The ferries, which depart from [[Liberty State Park]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] and [[The Battery (Manhattan)|the Battery]] in [[Lower Manhattan]], also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public, making a combined trip possible.<ref name=ferry/> All ferry riders are subject to security screening, similar to airport procedures, prior to boarding.<ref name=SandS/>

Visitors intending to enter the statue's base and pedestal must obtain pedestal access for a nominal fee when purchasing their ferry ticket.<ref name=Fees/><ref name=faq3/> Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown must purchase a special ticket, which may be reserved up to a year in advance. A total of 240 people per day can ascend: ten per group, three groups per hour. Climbers may bring only medication and cameras—lockers are provided for other items—and must undergo a second security screening.<ref name=faq4/> The balcony around the torch was closed to the public following the [[Black Tom explosion|munitions explosion]] on Black Tom Island in 1916.{{sfn |Moreno | 2000 |p=71}} The balcony can however be seen live via [[webcam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live from the Golden Torch |url=https://www.earthcam.com/usa/newyork/statueofliberty/ |website=EarthCam |publisher=[[EarthCam]] |access-date=December 20, 2021}}</ref>

===Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications===
[[File:Liberty Island photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|The Statue of Liberty stands on [[Liberty Island]].]]
There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty.
* A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie (''Cie'' is the French abbreviation analogous to ''Co.'').{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=222–223}}
* A presentation tablet, also bearing Bartholdi's name, declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors "the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship."{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=222–223}}
* A tablet placed by the American Committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=222–223}}
* The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the [[Freemason]]s.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=222–223}}
* In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of [[Emma Lazarus]]'s sonnet, "[[The New Colossus]]" (1883), was presented by friends of the poet. Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; later, it resided in the Statue of Liberty Museum, in the base.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=222–223}}
* "The New Colossus" tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=222–223}}

A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty. Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Eiffel, and Laboulaye—are depicted. They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=163}}

==Historical designations==
President [[Calvin Coolidge]] officially designated the Statue of Liberty as part of the [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]] in 1924.<ref name=monuments/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/12/10/archives/liberty-statue-made-a-national-monument-its-base-a-park-by-coolidge.html|title=Liberty Statue Made a National Monument, Its Base a Park, by Coolidge Proclamation|date=December 10, 1924|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 4, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704150352/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/12/10/archives/liberty-statue-made-a-national-monument-its-base-a-park-by-coolidge.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The monument was expanded to also include [[Ellis Island]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32471127/|title=Ellis Island Finds Shelter With Miss Liberty|last=Healy|first=Paul|date=May 12, 1965|work=New York Daily News|access-date=June 5, 2019|pages=3|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=October 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010070116/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32471127/ellis-island-to-become-national/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=75266|title=Proclamation 3656 – Adding Ellis Island to the Statue of Liberty National Monument|date=April 5, 2010|access-date=July 4, 2019|archive-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926235818/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=75266|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island were jointly added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]],<ref name=NPS1994/> and the statue individually in 2017.<ref name=WkLst2017/> On the sub-national level, the Statue of Liberty National Monument was added to the [[New Jersey Register of Historic Places]] in 1971,<ref name=NJRHP /> and was made a [[New York City designated landmark]] in 1976.<ref name=neighbor/>

In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The UNESCO "Statement of Significance" describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit" that "endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity."<ref name=unesco/>

==Measurements==
[[File:Statue of Liberty frontal 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Feature<ref name=stats/>
! Imperial !! Metric
|-
| Height of copper statue || 151&nbsp;ft 1 in || 46 m
|-
| Foundation of pedestal (ground level) to tip of torch || 305&nbsp;ft 1 in || 93 m
|-
| Heel to top of head || 111&nbsp;ft 1 in || 34 m
|-
| Height of hand || 16&nbsp;ft 5 in || 5 m
|-
| Index finger || 8&nbsp;ft 1 in || 2.44 m
|-
| Circumference at second joint || 3&nbsp;ft 6 in || 1.07 m
|-
| Head from chin to cranium || 17&nbsp;ft 3 in || 5.26 m
|-
| Head thickness from ear to ear || 10&nbsp;ft 0 in || 3.05 m
|-
| Distance across the eye || 2&nbsp;ft 6 in || 0.76 m
|-
| Length of nose || 4&nbsp;ft 6 in || 1.48 m
|-
| Right arm length || 42&nbsp;ft 0 in || 12.8 m
|-
| Right arm greatest thickness || 12&nbsp;ft 0 in || 3.66 m
|-
| Thickness of waist || 35&nbsp;ft 0 in || 10.67 m
|-
| Width of mouth || 3&nbsp;ft 0 in || 0.91 m
|-
| Tablet, length || 23&nbsp;ft 7 in || 7.19 m
|-
| Tablet, width || 13&nbsp;ft 7 in || 4.14 m
|-
| Tablet, thickness || 2&nbsp;ft 0 in || 0.61 m
|-
| Height of pedestal || 89&nbsp;ft 0 in || 27.13 m
|-
| Height of foundation || 65&nbsp;ft 0 in || 19.81 m
|-
| Weight of copper used in statue|| 60,000 pounds || 27.22&nbsp;tonnes
|-
| Weight of steel used in statue || 250,000 pounds || 113.4&nbsp;tonnes
|-
| Total weight of statue || 450,000 pounds || 204.1&nbsp;tonnes
|-
| Thickness of copper sheeting || 3/32 of an inch || 2.4&nbsp;mm
|}
{{clear}}

== Depictions ==
{{See also|Replicas of the Statue of Liberty|Statue of Liberty in popular culture}}
[[File:Odaiba Statue of Liberty.jpg|thumb|Replica on [[Odaiba]] in [[Tokyo Bay]], Japan, with the [[Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)|Rainbow Bridge]] in the background]]
[[File:La statue de la Liberté du pont de Grenelle à Paris.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Replica on [[Pont de Grenelle]], [[Paris]]]]
Hundreds of [[replicas of the Statue of Liberty]] are displayed worldwide.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=200–201}} A smaller version of the statue, one-fourth the height of the original, was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the [[Île aux Cygnes]], facing west toward her larger sister.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=200–201}} A replica {{convert|30|ft}} tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th&nbsp;Street in Manhattan for many years;{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=200–201}} it now resides at the [[Brooklyn Museum]].<ref name=BMuseum/> In a patriotic tribute, the [[Boy Scouts of America]], as part of their [[Strengthen the Arm of Liberty]] campaign in 1949–1952, donated about two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper and {{convert|100|in|m}} in height, to states and municipalities across the United States.<ref name=Attoun/> Though not a true replica, the statue known as the [[Goddess of Democracy]] temporarily erected during the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions—the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty.{{sfn|Moreno|2000|pp=103–104}} Among other recreations of New York City structures, a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the [[New York-New York Hotel and Casino]] in Las Vegas.<ref name=Goldberger/>

As an American icon, the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country's coinage and stamps. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial, and on New York's 2001 entry in the [[state quarters]] series.<ref name=stamps/> An image of the statue was chosen for the [[American Platinum Eagle|American Eagle platinum bullion coins]] in 1997, and it was placed on the [[reverse (coin)|reverse]], or tails, side of the [[Presidential $1 Coin Program|Presidential Dollar series]] of circulating coins.<ref name=mint/> Two images of the statue's torch appear on the current [[United States ten-dollar bill|ten-dollar bill]].<ref name=note/> The statue's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 [[forever stamp]] proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino.<ref name=Severson/>

Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions. Between 1986<ref name=NYT86/> and 2000,<ref name=NYT2000/> New York State issued [[vehicle registration plates of New York|license plates]] with an outline of the statue.<ref name=NYT86/><ref name=NYT2000/> The [[Women's National Basketball Association]]'s [[New York Liberty]] use both the statue's name and its image in their logo, in which the torch's flame doubles as a basketball.<ref name=NYTclub/> The [[New York Rangers]] of the [[National Hockey League]] depicted the statue's head on their [[third jersey]], beginning in 1997.<ref name=NYTlace/> The [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'s [[1996 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1996 Men's Basketball Final Four]], played at New Jersey's [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]], featured the statue in its logo.<ref name=Sandomir/> The [[Libertarian Party of the United States]] uses the statue in its emblem.<ref name=Libertarian/>

The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture. In music, it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies, as in [[Toby Keith]]'s 2002 song "[[Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American)]]", and in opposition, appearing on the cover of the [[Dead Kennedys]]' album ''[[Bedtime for Democracy]]'', which protested the Reagan administration.<ref name=popcult/> In film, the torch is the setting for the climax of director [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s 1942 movie ''[[Saboteur (film)|Saboteur]]''.<ref name=Spoto/> The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'', in which it is seen half-buried in sand.<ref name=popcult/><ref name=Greene/> It is knocked over in the science-fiction film ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' and in ''[[Cloverfield]]'' the head is ripped off.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18028350 |title='Cloverfield' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype |website=NPR.org |access-date=June 8, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414143708/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18028350 |archive-date=April 14, 2008 }}</ref> In [[Jack Finney]]'s 1970 time-travel novel ''[[Time and Again (Finney novel)|Time and Again]]'', the right arm of the statue, on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park, plays a crucial role.<ref name=Darrach/> [[Robert Holdstock]], consulting editor of ''[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]]'', wondered in 1979:

{{Blockquote|Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted Earth—giants have uprooted it, aliens have found it curious&nbsp;... the symbol of Liberty, of optimism, has become a symbol of science fiction's pessimistic view of the future.<ref name=Nicholls/>}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Liberty issue 17c 1971.JPG|Head of Liberty, U.S. [[airmail stamp]], 1971
File:PR USA gold medal.svg|[[Reverse (coin)|Reverse]] side of a [[Presidential $1 Coin Program|Presidential Dollar coin]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* ''[[Goddess of Liberty (Texas State Capitol)|Goddess of Liberty]]'', 1888 statue by [[Elijah E. Myers]] atop the [[Texas State Capitol]] dome in [[Austin, Texas]] 
* [[List of tallest statues]]
* ''[[Miss Freedom]]'', 1889 statue on the dome of the Georgia State Capitol (US)
* [[Place des États-Unis]], in Paris, France
* [[The Statue of Liberty (film)|''The Statue of Liberty'' (film)]], a 1985 [[Ken Burns]] documentary film
* [[Statues and sculptures in New York City]]
* [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan on smaller islands]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan on islands]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=20em|refs=

<ref name=Attoun>{{Cite magazine |last=Attoun |first=Marti |date=October 2007 |title=Little Sisters of Liberty |magazine=Scouting |url=https://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0710/d-wwas.html |access-date=August 1, 2010 |archive-date=July 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712012738/https://scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0710/d-wwas.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Bartholdi62>{{Cite book |last=Bartholdi |first=Frédéric |author-link=Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi |year=1885 |page=[https://archive.org/details/statuelibertyen00bartgoog/page/n69 62] |title=The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World |publisher=North American Review |url=https://archive.org/details/statuelibertyen00bartgoog }}</ref>

<ref name=Bartholdi42>{{Cite book |last=Bartholdi |first=Frédéric |author-link=Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi |year=1885 |page=[https://archive.org/details/statuelibertyen00bartgoog/page/n49 42] |title=The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World |publisher=North American Review |url=https://archive.org/details/statuelibertyen00bartgoog }}</ref>

<ref name=Blume>{{Cite news |last=Blume |first=Mary |date=July 16, 2004 |title=The French icon Marianne à la mode |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/16/style/16iht-blume_ed3_.html |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517000905/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/16/style/16iht-blume_ed3_.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=BMuseum>{{Cite web |title=Collections: American Art: Replica of the Statue of Liberty, from Liberty Storage & Warehouse, 43–47 West 64th Street, NYC |publisher=Brooklyn Museum |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/163578/Replica_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty_from_Liberty_Storage__and__Warehouse_43-47_West_64th_Street_NYC |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624013637/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/163578/Replica_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty_from_Liberty_Storage__and__Warehouse_43-47_West_64th_Street_NYC |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Cleveland>{{Cite news |title=Postponing Bartholdi's statue until there is liberty for colored as well |page=2 |newspaper=The Cleveland Gazette |location=Cleveland, Ohio |date=November 27, 1886}}</ref>

<ref name=Darrach>{{Cite news |last=Darrach |first=Brad |date=June 26, 1970 |title=The spy who came in from 1882 |page=16 |newspaper=Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1UEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=January 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107150116/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1UEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Daw>{{Cite book |last=Daw |first=Jocelyne |title=Cause Marketing for Nonprofits: Partner for Purpose, Passion, and Profits |page=4 |date=March 2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-471-71750-8}}</ref>

<ref name=dela>{{Cite book |last=Bodnar |first=John |year=2006 |pages=212–214 |contribution=Monuments and Morals: The Nationalization of Civic Instruction |editor1-last=Warren |editor1-first=Donald R. |editor2-last=Patrick |editor2-first=John J. |title=Civic and Moral Learning in America |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Drhn7XY1WrYC&pg=PA213 |isbn=978-1-4039-7396-2 |access-date=October 3, 2020 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204065603/https://books.google.com/books?id=Drhn7XY1WrYC&pg=PA213 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=dnainfo>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20161006/financial-district/statue-of-liberty-museum-designs|title=See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum|last=Plagianos|first=Irene|date=October 6, 2016|website=DNAinfo New York|access-date=October 7, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009174101/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20161006/financial-district/statue-of-liberty-museum-designs|archive-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref>

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<ref name=faq2>{{Cite web |publisher=National Park Service |title=Frequently asked questions |work=Statue of Liberty National Monument |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/faqs.htm |access-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-date=August 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807205159/https://www.nps.gov/stli/faqs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=faq3>{{Cite web |publisher=National Park Service |title=Frequently Asked Questions |work=Statue of Liberty |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/index.htm |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713101821/https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=faq4>{{Cite web |publisher=National Park Service |title=Frequently asked questions: Reserving tickets to visit the crown |work=Statue of Liberty |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/frequently-asked-questions-about-reserving-tickets-to-visit-the-crown.htm |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=July 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701141353/https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/frequently-asked-questions-about-reserving-tickets-to-visit-the-crown.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ferry>{{Cite web |publisher=National Park Service |title=NPS: Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map |work=Ferry Map |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/ferry-system-map.htm |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629071103/https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/ferry-system-map.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Goldberger>{{Cite news |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |date=January 15, 1997 |title=New York-New York, it's a Las Vegas town |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/nyregion/new-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=June 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609231254/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/nyregion/new-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Greene>{{Cite book |last1=Greene |first1=Eric |last2=Slotkin |first2=Richard |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/planetofapesasam00gree/page/52 52] |title=Planet of the Apes as American myth: race, politics, and popular culture |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |location=Middletown, Connecticut |url=https://archive.org/details/planetofapesasam00gree |url-access=registration |quote=statue of liberty planet of the apes. |access-date=October 20, 2011 |isbn=978-0-8195-6329-3}}</ref>

<ref name=histcult>{{Cite web |title=History and Culture |work=Statue of Liberty |publisher=National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/index.htm |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713101821/https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Levine>{{Cite web |url=https://www.libertystatepark.org/statueofliberty/sol3.shtml |title=Statue of Liberty |first1=Benjamin |last1=Levine |last2=Story |first2=Isabelle F. |year=1961 |access-date=October 19, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201173340/https://www.libertystatepark.org/statueofliberty/sol3.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Libertarian>{{Cite web |last=Axinn |first=Mark |publisher=[[Libertarian Party of the United States]] |title=The Statue of Liberty after 125 years – by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn |date=October 28, 2011 |url=https://www.lp.org/blogs/wes-benedict/the-statue-of-liberty-after-125-years-by-lpny-chair-mark-axinn |access-date=November 19, 2012 |archive-date=June 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630155643/https://www.lp.org/blogs/wes-benedict/the-statue-of-liberty-after-125-years-by-lpny-chair-mark-axinn |url-status=live }}</ref>

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<ref name=meas>{{Cite web |publisher=MeasuringWorth |title=Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present/ |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/result.php?use%5B%5D=DOLLAR&use%5B%5D=GDPDEFLATION&use%5B%5D=VCB&use%5B%5D=UNSKILLED&use%5B%5D=MANCOMP&use%5B%5D=NOMGDPCP&use%5B%5D=NOMINALGDP&year_source=1875&amount=16000&year_result=2009/ |access-date=October 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110410/https://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/result.php?use%255B%255D=DOLLAR&use%255B%255D=GDPDEFLATION&use%255B%255D=VCB&use%255B%255D=UNSKILLED&use%255B%255D=MANCOMP&use%255B%255D=NOMGDPCP&use%255B%255D=NOMINALGDP&year_source=1875&amount=16000&year_result=2009%2F |archive-date=March 14, 2016 }} (Consumer price index)</ref>
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<ref name=mint>{{Cite web |publisher=United States Mint |title=Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty (1886) |work=Presidential $1 coin |url=https://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/?flash=yes&action=reverse |access-date=July 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211170107/https://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/?flash=yes&action=reverse|archive-date=December 11, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=neighbor>{{Cite web |title=Statue of Liberty National Monument |date=September 14, 1976 |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission |url=https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0931.pdf |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-date=December 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226202731/https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0931.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Neuman>{{Cite news |last=Neuman |first=William |title=Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors |work=The New York Times |date=July 5, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/05/nyregion/05liberty.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517005716/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/05/nyregion/05liberty.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=note>{{Cite web |title=The redesigned $10 note |work=newmoney.gov |publisher=Bureau of Engraving and Printing |url=https://www.newmoney.gov/currency/10.htm |access-date=October 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703063411/https://newmoney.gov/currency/10.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=Norway>{{Cite web |title=News of Norway |issue=4 |url=https://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/News/archive/1999/199904copper/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916162327/https://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/News/archive/1999/199904copper/ |archive-date=September 16, 2011 |year=1999 |access-date=July 29, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=Nicholls>{{Cite book |last=Nicholls |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Nicholls (writer) |year=1979 |page=14 |title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |publisher=Granada Publishing Ltd. |location=St Albans, Herts, UK |isbn=978-0-586-05380-5}}</ref>

<ref name=NJvsNY1998>{{Cite web |publisher=Supreme Court of the United States |title=New Jersey v. New York 523 U.S. 767 |year=1998 |url=https://supreme.justia.com/us/523/767/index.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=December 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208055419/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/523/767/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NPS1994>{{Cite book |author=National Park Service |title=National Register of Historic Places, 1966–1994: Cumulative List Through January 1, 1994 |publisher=National Park Service |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nationalregister00amer/page/502 502] |isbn=978-0-89133-254-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalregister00amer/page/502 }}</ref>

<ref name=Africa>{{Cite web |last1=Joseph |first1=Rebecca M. |first2=Brooke |last2=Rosenblatt |first3=Carolyn |last3=Kinebrew |title=The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor |publisher=National Park Service |date=September 2000 |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/black-statue-of-liberty.htm |access-date=July 31, 2012 |archive-date=July 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701124157/https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/black-statue-of-liberty.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Bedloe>{{Cite web |title=Early History of Bedloe's Island |work=Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook |publisher=National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hh/11/hh11m.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021120332/https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hh/11/hh11m.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2011 |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=monuments>{{Cite web |publisher=National Park Service |title=National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act |date=January 16, 2003 |url=https://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSHistory/monuments.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025111325/https://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSHistory/monuments.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2011 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=SandS>{{Cite web |publisher=National Park Service |title=For Your Safety and Security |work=Statue of Liberty |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/safety-and-security.htm |access-date=August 30, 2011 |archive-date=July 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701151006/https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/safety-and-security.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=StLi>{{Cite web |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |title=Statue of Liberty National Monument |date=December 31, 2007 |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-date=July 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731104817/https://www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=nydn>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/statue-liberty-new-70m-museum-set-open-2019-article-1.2820741|title=Statue of Liberty getting new $70M museum set to open in 2019|last=Durkin|first=Erin|date=October 6, 2016|newspaper=NY Daily News|access-date=October 7, 2016|archive-date=October 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008152618/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/statue-liberty-new-70m-museum-set-open-2019-article-1.2820741|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=NYTpaint>{{Cite news |title=To paint Miss Liberty |newspaper=The New York Times |page=1 |date=July 19, 1906 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1906/07/19/archives/to-paint-miss-liberty-bronze-plates-are-corroding-underinfluence-of.html |access-date=October 19, 2011 |archive-date=September 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928230043/https://www.nytimes.com/1906/07/19/archives/to-paint-miss-liberty-bronze-plates-are-corroding-underinfluence-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYTtoilet>{{Cite news |title=How shall "Miss Liberty"'s toilet be made? |newspaper=The New York Times |pages=SM2 |date=July 29, 1906 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1906/07/29/archives/how-shall-miss-libertys-toilet-be-made-suggestion-that-the-statue.html |access-date=October 19, 2011 |archive-date=September 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928202344/https://www.nytimes.com/1906/07/29/archives/how-shall-miss-libertys-toilet-be-made-suggestion-that-the-statue.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYT86>{{Cite news |title=State to start issuing new license plates July 1 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 24, 1986 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/24/nyregion/new-york-to-start-issuing-new-license-plates-july-1.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304151020/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/24/nyregion/new-york-to-start-issuing-new-license-plates-july-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYTlace>{{Cite news |last=Lapointe |first=Joe |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/sports/lady-liberty-laces-up-at-the-garden.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=June 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609112906/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/sports/lady-liberty-laces-up-at-the-garden.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYTclub>{{Cite news |title='Liberty' for New York club |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 14, 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/14/sports/liberty-for-new-york-club.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=December 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204074048/https://nytimes.com/1997/02/14/sports/liberty-for-new-york-club.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYT2000>{{Cite news |title=State license plates to get new look |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 11, 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/11/nyregion/state-license-plates-to-get-new-look.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304151437/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/11/nyregion/state-license-plates-to-get-new-look.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYT2009a>{{Cite news |title=Answers about the Statue of Liberty |url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/01/answers-about-the-statue-of-liberty/ |date=July 1, 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=October 19, 2011 |archive-date=September 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922002008/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/01/answers-about-the-statue-of-liberty/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYT2009b>{{Cite news |title=Answers about the Statue of Liberty, Part 2 |url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/answers-about-the-statue-of-liberty-part-2/ |date=July 2, 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-date=March 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315225922/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/answers-about-the-statue-of-liberty-part-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYTstorm>{{Cite news |title=Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 8, 2012 |url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/08/storm-leaves-lady-liberty-and-ellis-island-cut-off-from-visitors/ |access-date=November 9, 2012 |first=Patrick |last=McGeehan |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110183833/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/08/storm-leaves-lady-liberty-and-ellis-island-cut-off-from-visitors/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NYTbeat>{{Cite news |title=Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane, but its home took a beating |last=Barron |first=James |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 30, 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/nyregion/statue-of-liberty-is-fine-after-storm-but-its-home-isnt.html |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201014905/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/nyregion/statue-of-liberty-is-fine-after-storm-but-its-home-isnt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NBCNews>{{Cite news |last=Powlowski |first=A. |date=November 2, 2012 |title=Statue of Liberty closed for 'foreseeable future' |publisher=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/travel/itineraries/statue-liberty-closed-foreseeable-future-1C6830530 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102162233/https://www.nbcnews.com/travel/itineraries/statue-liberty-closed-foreseeable-future-1C6830530 |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=PBS>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/statueofliberty/timeline/ |title=Statue of Liberty |access-date=October 19, 2011 |publisher=PBS |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027235944/https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/statueofliberty/timeline/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=popcult>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Tracy S. |title=The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture |work=USA Today |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/statue-liberty-popular-culture-3615.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202115117/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/statue-liberty-popular-culture-3615.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Raja>{{Cite news |last=Raja |first=Nina |date=August 10, 2010 |title=Liberty Island to remain open during statue's renovation |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/US/08/10/new.york.liberty.renovation/ |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703193234/https://www.cnn.com/2011/US/08/10/new.york.liberty.renovation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Ramirez>{{Cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Anthony |title=Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island |newspaper=New York Times |date=June 29, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/nyregion/29ferry.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=June 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616152059/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/nyregion/29ferry.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=reopen>{{Cite news |last=Chan |first=Sewell |date=May 8, 2009 |title=Statue of Liberty's Crown Will Reopen July 4 |work=The New York Times |url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/statue-of-libertys-crown-will-reopen-july-4/ |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106002730/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/statue-of-libertys-crown-will-reopen-july-4/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=SacBee>{{Cite news |title=Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/09/11/statue-liberty-interior-to-re-open-next-month.html |date=September 11, 2012 |work=AP via Fox News |access-date=May 6, 2016 |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603172139/https://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/09/11/statue-liberty-interior-to-re-open-next-month.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Sandomir>{{Cite news |last=Sandomir |first=Richard |date=March 29, 1996 |title=Final Four: States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/29/sports/final-four-states-put-aside-their-rivalry-and-try-a-little-cooperation.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517000624/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/29/sports/final-four-states-put-aside-their-rivalry-and-try-a-little-cooperation.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Schneiderman>{{Cite news |last=Schneiderman |first=R.M. |date=June 28, 2010 |title=For tourists, Statue of Liberty is nice, but no Forever 21 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2010/06/28/for-tourists-statue-of-liberty-is-no-forever-21/ |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124061410/https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2010/06/28/for-tourists-statue-of-liberty-is-no-forever-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Severson>{{Cite news |last1=Severson |first1=Kim |last2=Healey |first2=Matthew |date=April 14, 2011 |title=This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/us/15stamp.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051427/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/us/15stamp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Spoto>{{Cite book |last=Spoto |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Spoto |title=The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock |year=1983 |pages=262–263 |publisher=Ballantine |isbn=978-0-345-31462-8}}</ref>

<ref name=stats>{{Cite web |publisher=National Park Service |title=Statistics |work=Statue of Liberty |date=August 16, 2006 |url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/statue-statistics.htm |access-date=October 19, 2011 |archive-date=July 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701153713/https://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/statue-statistics.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=stal>{{Cite magazine |last=Auchincloss |first=Louis |author-link=Louis Auchincloss |title=Liberty: Building on the Past |magazine=New York |page=87 |date=May 12, 1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87 |access-date=October 19, 2011 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203232254/https://books.google.com/books?id=uuYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=stamps>{{Cite web |title=Statue of Liberty postage stamps |publisher=Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation, Inc. |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/Statue_of_Liberty_Postage_Stamps.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707202313/https://www.statueofliberty.org/Statue_of_Liberty_Postage_Stamps.html |archive-date=July 7, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Turner>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Jane |year=2000 |page=10 |title=The Grove Dictionary of Art: From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th-century French Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press US |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExiJFPrNrKkC |isbn=978-0-312-22971-9 |access-date=October 3, 2020 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204133447/https://books.google.com/books?id=ExiJFPrNrKkC |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=unesco>{{Cite web |publisher=UNESCO |title=Statue of Liberty |work=World Heritage |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307 |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828142117/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

=== General and cited references ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bell |first1=James B. |last2=Abrams |first2=Richard L. |year=1984 |title=In Search of Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchoflibert00bell |url-access=registration |publisher=Doubleday & Co |location=Garden City, New York |isbn=978-0-385-19624-6 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Jonathan |year=1985 |title=A Statue for America: The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty |publisher=Four Winds Press (a division of Macmillan Publishing Company) |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-02-742730-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/statueforamerica0000harr }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hayden |first1=Richard Seth |last2=Despont |first2=Thierry W. |year=1986 |title=Restoring the Statue of Liberty |url=https://archive.org/details/restoringstatueo0000hayd |url-access=registration |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-07-027326-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin Sabina |year=2010 |title=Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0-8014-4851-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/enlighteningworl00khan }}
* {{Cite book |last=Moreno |first=Barry |year=2000 |title=The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/statueoflibertye00more |url-access=registration |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-7385-3689-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Cara A. |year=2003 |title=The Statue of Liberty |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-7607-3890-0 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|1= |auto= |collapsible= |display= |position= |style= |b=n |c= |n=n |q= |s=n |v=n |wikt= |d= |m= |mw= |species= |species_author= |voy=Manhattan/Financial District|author= |commonscat=}}
* [https://www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm Statue of Liberty National Monument]
* [https://statueofliberty.org/ Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307/ Statue of Liberty – UNESCO World Heritage]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=4-EDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA203 "A Giant's Task&nbsp;– Cleaning Statue of Liberty", ''Popular Mechanics'' (February 1932)]
* [https://www.earthcam.com/usa/newyork/statueofliberty/?cam=liberty_hd Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty]
* [https://www.messynessychic.com/2012/06/22/made-in-paris-the-statue-of-liberty-1877-1885/?fb_comment_id=fbc_10150968235258286_24897548_10151323059968286#f1babebb28 Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877–1885] – many historical photographs
* [[:File:18861028 Liberty's Statue (Bartholdi) - New York Evening Post (full page).jpg|Front page of ''The Evening Post'']] (New York) extensively describing October 28, 1886, dedication 
* {{structurae |id=20000068 |title=Statue of Liberty}}
* {{HAER |survey=NY-138 |id=ny1251 |title=Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, Manhattan, New York City County, NY |photos=404 |color=59 |dwgs=41 |data=10 |cap=33}}
* {{HAER |survey=NY-138-A |id=ny2026 |title=Statue of Liberty, Administration Building |photos=6 |dwgs=6 |cap=1 |link=no}}
* {{HAER |survey=NY-138-B |id=ny2027 |title=Statue of Liberty, Concessions Building |photos=12 |dwgs=6 |cap=1 |link=no}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008xh3x The Statue of Liberty], [[BBC Radio 4]] discussion with Robert Gildea, [[Kathleen Burk]] & John Keane (''[[In Our Time (radio series)|In Our Time]]'', February 14, 2008)

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