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'''If Day''' ('''Si un jour ...''' in French<ref name=burch/>) was a simulated [[Nazi]] invasion of the Canadian city of [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], and surrounding areas on February 19, 1942, during the [[Second World War]]. It was conceived and organized by the Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan organization, which was led by prominent Winnipeg businessman [[J. D. Perrin]]. It was the largest military exercise in Winnipeg to that point. |
'''If Day''' ('''Si un jour ...''' in French<ref name=burch/>) was a simulated [[Nazi]] invasion of the Canadian city of [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], and surrounding areas on February 19, 1942, during the [[Second World War]]. It was conceived and organized by the Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan organization, which was led by prominent Winnipeg businessman [[J. D. Perrin]]. It was the largest military exercise in Winnipeg to that point. |
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If Day included a staged firefight between Canadian troops and volunteers dressed as Nazi soldiers, the internment of prominent politicians, the imposition of Nazi rule, and a parade. The event was intended to raise money for the war effort: over [[C$]]3 million was raised in Winnipeg on that day. |
If Day included a staged firefight between Canadian troops and volunteers dressed as Nazi soldiers, the internment of prominent politicians, the imposition of Nazi rule, and a parade. The event was intended to raise money for the war effort: over [[C$]]3 million was raised in Winnipeg on that day. It was later the feature of a 2006 documentary, and was included in [[Guy Maddin]]'s ''[[My Winnipeg]]''. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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[[File:GiveUsTheTools.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[A. J. Casson]]'s Canadian Victory Bonds poster ''Give Us The Tools'' 1941]] |
[[File:GiveUsTheTools.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[A. J. Casson]]'s Canadian Victory Bonds poster ''Give Us The Tools'' 1941]] |
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If Day was an elaborate campaign to promote the purchase of [[war bond|Victory Bonds]]. These bonds, which were loans to the government to allow for increased war spending, were sold to individuals and corporations throughout Canada. The drive of which If Day was a part was the second Victory Loan campaign of the Second World War. The campaign began on February 16, 1942, and continued until March 9. [[Manitoba]]’s fundraising target was $45 million ($620 million |
If Day was an elaborate campaign to promote the purchase of [[war bond|Victory Bonds]]. These bonds, which were loans to the government to allow for increased war spending, were sold to individuals and corporations throughout Canada. The drive of which If Day was a part was the second Victory Loan campaign of the Second World War. The campaign began on February 16, 1942, and continued until March 9. [[Manitoba]]’s fundraising target was $45 million ($620 million as of 2011<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=20 August 2011|publisher=Bank of Canada|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/rates/related/inflation-calculator/|title=Inflation Calculator}}</ref>), including $24.5 million from [[Winnipeg]]. The Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan committee, a regional branch of the [[National War Finance Committee]], organized If Day under chairman J. D. Perrin. The organizers believed that bringing the war (or, rather, a simulation thereof) to people's homes would result in a change of attitude among those not directly affected by the war.<ref name=newman>{{cite journal|last=Newman|first=Michael|title=February 19, 1942: If Day|journal=Manitoba History|date=Spring 1987|issue=13|pages=np}}</ref> |
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The committee drew up a map of Manitoba divided into 45 sections, each representing $1 million of their fundraising target. As money came in from those selling Victory Bonds, the sections were "reclaimed" from the Nazi invaders.<ref name=dawn/> The map was posted at the corner of Portage and Main, the city's central intersection.<ref name=werier/> The campaign was publicized in local newspapers for a few days prior to the event, although the "invasion" took many citizens by surprise.<ref name=dawn/><ref name=ctv/> Residents of neighbouring northern [[Minnesota]] were also warned in order to prevent a rush to emergency shelters, as radio stations dramatizing the event could be received in that area.<ref name=dawn/>{{#tag:ref|Organizers hoped to avoid a similar situation to the [[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|1938 radio drama ''The War of the Worlds'']], when a fictional broadcast of an alien invasion was interpreted as real.<ref name=burch/>|group="note"}} [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] aircraft painted to look like German fighter planes flew over the city on February 18.<ref name=if>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=If|page=1|author=Groom, Kick|date=5 January 1985}}</ref> [[Selkirk, Manitoba|Selkirk]], a small town northeast of Winnipeg, held its own fundraising simulation, a one-hour blackout and mock bombing, on February 18 in preparation for the main If Day event.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 1942|title=War's nightmare staged in vivid Selkirk raid to boost Victory Loan|page=1}}</ref> |
The committee drew up a map of Manitoba divided into 45 sections, each representing $1 million of their fundraising target. As money came in from those selling Victory Bonds, the sections were "reclaimed" from the Nazi invaders.<ref name=dawn/> The map was posted at the corner of Portage and Main, the city's central intersection.<ref name=werier/> The campaign was publicized in local newspapers for a few days prior to the event, although the "invasion" took many citizens by surprise.<ref name=dawn/><ref name=ctv/> Residents of neighbouring northern [[Minnesota]] were also warned in order to prevent a rush to emergency shelters, as radio stations dramatizing the event could be received in that area.<ref name=dawn/>{{#tag:ref|Organizers hoped to avoid a similar situation to the [[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|1938 radio drama ''The War of the Worlds'']], when a fictional broadcast of an alien invasion was interpreted as real by frightened citizens.<ref name=burch/>|group="note"}} [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] aircraft painted to look like German fighter planes flew over the city on February 18.<ref name=if>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=If|page=1|author=Groom, Kick|date=5 January 1985}}</ref> [[Selkirk, Manitoba|Selkirk]], a small town northeast of Winnipeg, held its own fundraising simulation, a one-hour blackout and mock bombing, on February 18 in preparation for the main If Day event.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 1942|title=War's nightmare staged in vivid Selkirk raid to boost Victory Loan|page=1}}</ref> |
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== Events == |
== Events == |
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The simulation included 3,500 Canadian Army members, representing all of Winnipeg's units, making it the largest military |
The simulation included 3,500 Canadian Army members, representing all of Winnipeg's units, making it the largest military exercise the city had seen to that point.<ref name=burch/><ref name=came>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|title=If ...the Nazis came to Winnipeg|date=19 February 1942|page=1}}</ref> The defending forces were commanded by [[Colonel|Colonels]] E. A. Pridham and D. S. McKay.<ref name=newman/><ref name=grim/> Troops were drawn from the [[Royal Winnipeg Rifles]], [[The Winnipeg Grenadiers|Winnipeg Grenadiers]], [[Winnipeg Light Infantry]], [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders]], [[Veteran's Guard of Canada]] (including over 300 veterans of the First World War), [[18th Manitoba Reconnaissance]], No. 10 District Engineers and Signals, and a number of reserve and civilian groups.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=16 February 1942|page=1}}</ref> The Nazi troops were volunteers from the Young Men's Board of Trade, using uniforms rented from [[Hollywood]] and with painted [[Mensur|sabre scars]] on their faces.<ref name=if/><ref name=floresco>{{cite video |people= Aaron Floresco (director/writer)|date= 2006|title= If Day: The Nazi Invasion of Winnipeg|medium=DVD|publisher=Past Perfect Productions}}</ref><ref name=morn>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|date=19 February 1942|pages=1, 16|author=Sanburn, Dick|title=On a black morn Winnipeg fell under Nazi heel}}</ref> They were commanded by Erich von Neurenberg.<ref name=if/><ref group="note">It is unclear whether this was a real name or a pseudonym.</ref> Approximately $3,000 was spent on the event.<ref name=ctv/> |
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Nazi patrols in the city began before 5:30 am on February 19. A radio announcer was detained and his microphone commandeered for radio broadcasts, beginning at 5:45 am. Nazi troops assembled on the west side of the city half an hour after the first patrols.<ref name=burch>{{cite journal|journal=Maclean's Magazine|author=Burch, Ted|date=10 September 1960|title=The day the Nazis took over Winnipeg|pages=46–47}}</ref> Canadian troops were massed at Fort Osborne barracks and the Minto and Macgregor armouries at 6:30 am, and at 7 am [[civil defense siren|air-raid sirens]] were sounded and a [[blackout (wartime)|blackout]] ordered in preparation for the invasion.<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|title=Sirens will wail and guns roar as IF DAY dawns|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 1942|page=1}}</ref><ref name=grim/><ref>{{cite news|title=Blackout 7 am Thursday Begins 'If Day' Events|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|date=18 February 1942|page=13}}</ref> The aerial [[blitzkrieg]] began before 7 am with mock bombings.<ref name=burch/> Beginning at 7:03 am, Nazi troops started their simulated attack on the city, which was defended by a small group of active and reserve troops assisted by local community groups. The troops formed a defensive perimeter around the industrial and downtown areas of the city, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=UK}} from City Hall, retreating to a {{convert|3|km|mi|sp=UK|adj=on}} perimeter at 7:45.<ref name=if/><ref name=grim/> |
Nazi patrols in the city began before 5:30 am on February 19. A radio announcer was detained and his microphone commandeered for radio broadcasts, beginning at 5:45 am. Nazi troops assembled on the west side of the city half an hour after the first patrols.<ref name=burch>{{cite journal|journal=Maclean's Magazine|author=Burch, Ted|date=10 September 1960|title=The day the Nazis took over Winnipeg|pages=46–47}}</ref> Canadian troops were massed at Fort Osborne barracks and the Minto and Macgregor armouries at 6:30 am, and at 7 am [[civil defense siren|air-raid sirens]] were sounded and a [[blackout (wartime)|blackout]] ordered in preparation for the invasion.<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|title=Sirens will wail and guns roar as IF DAY dawns|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 1942|page=1}}</ref><ref name=grim/><ref>{{cite news|title=Blackout 7 am Thursday Begins 'If Day' Events|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|date=18 February 1942|page=13}}</ref> The aerial [[blitzkrieg]] began before 7 am with mock bombings.<ref name=burch/> Beginning at 7:03 am, Nazi troops started their simulated attack on the city, which was defended by a small group of active and reserve troops assisted by local community groups. The troops formed a defensive perimeter around the industrial and downtown areas of the city, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=UK}} from City Hall, retreating to a {{convert|3|km|mi|sp=UK|adj=on}} perimeter at 7:45.<ref name=if/><ref name=grim/> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{imdb title|id=0485754|title=If Day: The Nazi Invasion of Winnipeg}} |
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62wULout6HQ&feature=related Trailer] for television documentary of If Day, including newsreel footage from the event |
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62wULout6HQ&feature=related Trailer] for television documentary of If Day, including newsreel footage from the event |
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{{Portal bar|History of Canada|Manitoba|Canadian Armed Forces|World War II}} |
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[[Category:History of Winnipeg]] |
[[Category:History of Winnipeg]] |
Revision as of 02:35, 1 October 2011
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Wfp_1942.jpg/300px-Wfp_1942.jpg)
If Day (Si un jour ... in French[1]) was a simulated Nazi invasion of the Canadian city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, and surrounding areas on February 19, 1942, during the Second World War. It was conceived and organized by the Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan organization, which was led by prominent Winnipeg businessman J. D. Perrin. It was the largest military exercise in Winnipeg to that point.
If Day included a staged firefight between Canadian troops and volunteers dressed as Nazi soldiers, the internment of prominent politicians, the imposition of Nazi rule, and a parade. The event was intended to raise money for the war effort: over C$3 million was raised in Winnipeg on that day. It was later the feature of a 2006 documentary, and was included in Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg.
Background
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GiveUsTheTools.jpg/180px-GiveUsTheTools.jpg)
If Day was an elaborate campaign to promote the purchase of Victory Bonds. These bonds, which were loans to the government to allow for increased war spending, were sold to individuals and corporations throughout Canada. The drive of which If Day was a part was the second Victory Loan campaign of the Second World War. The campaign began on February 16, 1942, and continued until March 9. Manitoba’s fundraising target was $45 million ($620 million as of 2011[2]), including $24.5 million from Winnipeg. The Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan committee, a regional branch of the National War Finance Committee, organized If Day under chairman J. D. Perrin. The organizers believed that bringing the war (or, rather, a simulation thereof) to people's homes would result in a change of attitude among those not directly affected by the war.[3]
The committee drew up a map of Manitoba divided into 45 sections, each representing $1 million of their fundraising target. As money came in from those selling Victory Bonds, the sections were "reclaimed" from the Nazi invaders.[4] The map was posted at the corner of Portage and Main, the city's central intersection.[5] The campaign was publicized in local newspapers for a few days prior to the event, although the "invasion" took many citizens by surprise.[4][6] Residents of neighbouring northern Minnesota were also warned in order to prevent a rush to emergency shelters, as radio stations dramatizing the event could be received in that area.[4][note 1] Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft painted to look like German fighter planes flew over the city on February 18.[7] Selkirk, a small town northeast of Winnipeg, held its own fundraising simulation, a one-hour blackout and mock bombing, on February 18 in preparation for the main If Day event.[8]
Events
The simulation included 3,500 Canadian Army members, representing all of Winnipeg's units, making it the largest military exercise the city had seen to that point.[1][9] The defending forces were commanded by Colonels E. A. Pridham and D. S. McKay.[3][10] Troops were drawn from the Royal Winnipeg Rifles, Winnipeg Grenadiers, Winnipeg Light Infantry, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders, Veteran's Guard of Canada (including over 300 veterans of the First World War), 18th Manitoba Reconnaissance, No. 10 District Engineers and Signals, and a number of reserve and civilian groups.[11] The Nazi troops were volunteers from the Young Men's Board of Trade, using uniforms rented from Hollywood and with painted sabre scars on their faces.[7][12][13] They were commanded by Erich von Neurenberg.[7][note 2] Approximately $3,000 was spent on the event.[6]
Nazi patrols in the city began before 5:30 am on February 19. A radio announcer was detained and his microphone commandeered for radio broadcasts, beginning at 5:45 am. Nazi troops assembled on the west side of the city half an hour after the first patrols.[1] Canadian troops were massed at Fort Osborne barracks and the Minto and Macgregor armouries at 6:30 am, and at 7 am air-raid sirens were sounded and a blackout ordered in preparation for the invasion.[4][10][14] The aerial blitzkrieg began before 7 am with mock bombings.[1] Beginning at 7:03 am, Nazi troops started their simulated attack on the city, which was defended by a small group of active and reserve troops assisted by local community groups. The troops formed a defensive perimeter around the industrial and downtown areas of the city, approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi)* from City Hall, retreating to a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi)* perimeter at 7:45.[7][10]
The firefight included large-scale troop movements and the simulated destruction of major bridges.[12][13] Nine troop formations held three positions each during the tightly scripted invasion sequence; they were directed via telephone (one line per formation) and flash-lamp signals from the headquarters established at the Chamber of Commerce building. The defensive pattern employed was similar to that used during the First World War in Paris to conduct soldiers to the front.[15] Light tanks were stationed at road and rail junctions as fighting intensified.[1] Thirty anti-aircraft vehicles fired blanks at fighter planes overhead, assisted by anti-aircraft gunners on buildings downtown. The first mock casualty was reported at 8 am. Dressing stations were set up at strategic points to treat the mock casualties; they also treated the two real casualties of the event, a soldier who sprained his ankle and a woman who cut her thumb preparing toast during the early-morning blackout.[10]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Arrest_at_city_hall_1942.jpg/180px-Arrest_at_city_hall_1942.jpg)
At 9:30 am, the Canadian troops surrendered to the Nazis and withdrew to the downtown muster point,[4] and the city was occupied. The fake Nazis began a widespread harassment campaign, sending armed troops throughout the city. A tank was driven down Portage Avenue, one of the main streets of the downtown area.[12] Some people were taken to an internment camp at Lower Fort Garry; those interned included prominent local politicians like Premier John Bracken (arrested with several members of his cabinet at a caucus meeting), Mayor John Queen, Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba Roland Fairbairn McWilliams, and visiting Norwegian ambassador to the United States Wilhelm de Morgenstierne.[10][12] One council member, Dan McClean, escaped but was recaptured after an intensive search.[7] Chief of police George Smith avoided capture because he was dining out when soldiers arrived at his office.[16] The Union Flag at Lower Fort Garry was replaced with the swastika.[17] The city was renamed "Himmlerstadt", and Main Street was termed "Hitlerstrasse".[7][18]
Erich von Neurenberg was installed as gauleiter (provincial leader); he was assisted by George Waight, who acted as the local Gestapo chief.[7][19] Their stated purpose was to assist Hitler in his plans to take advantage of Canada's relatively low population density by colonizing the country.[3] Von Neurenberg issued the following decree, which was posted throughout the city:
- This territory is now a part of the Greater Reich and under the jurisdiction of Col. Erich Von Neuremburg, Gauleiter of the Fuehrer.
- No civilians will be permitted on the streets between 9:30 pm and daybreak.
- All public places are out of bounds to civilians, and not more than 8 persons can gather at one time in any place.
- Every householder must provide billeting for 5 soldiers.
- All organizations of a military, semi-military or fraternal nature are hereby disbanded and banned. Girl Guide, Boy Scout and similar youth organizations will remain in existence but under direction of the Gauleiter and Storm troops.
- All owners of motor cars, trucks and buses must register same at Occupation Headquarters where they will be taken over by the Army of Occupation.
- Each farmer must immediately report all stocks of grain and livestock and no farm produce may be sold except through the office of the Kommandant of supplies in Winnipeg. He may not keep any for his own consumption but must buy it back through the Central Authority in Winnipeg.
- All national emblems excluding the Swastika must be immediately destroyed.
- Each inhabitant will be furnished with a ration card, and food and clothing may only be purchased on presentation of this card.
- The following offences will result in death without trial
- Attempting to organize resistance against the Army of Occupation
- Entering or leaving the province without permission.
- Failure to report all goods possessed when ordered to do so.
- Possession of firearms.
No one will act, speak or think contrary to our decrees.[3]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Lugenblatt.tif/lossless-page1-260px-Lugenblatt.tif.png)
Notices were posted on churches forbidding worship services, and priests who objected were arrested.[4] Buses were stopped and their passengers searched by armed troops.[15] The Winnipeg Tribune was renamed Das Winnipeger Lügenblatt ("The Winnipeg Lies-sheet"), a Nazi publication featuring heavily censored columns and a front page written almost entirely in German.[12] One satirical story noted that "this is a great day for Manitoba ...The Nazis, like Der Fuehrer, are patient, kind and tolerant, but THEIR PATIENCE IS RAPIDLY EXHAUSTED BECOMING".[20] Henry Weppler, a newspaper seller for the Winnipeg Free Press was attacked and his papers ripped up.[7][15] The Winnipeg Free Press featured a front-page story about the "invasion", describing in great detail the devastation caused by the Nazis in Winnipeg.[6]
Books were burned in front of the main Carnegie branch of the Winnipeg Public Library (the books had been pre-selected for incineration as damaged or outdated).[7][21] Soldiers entered the cafeteria at Great West Life and stole lunches from workers.[10] They seized buffalo coats from the police station and wore them throughout the day, as the temperature was below −8 °C (18 °F). At one local elementary school, the principal was arrested and replaced with a Nazi educator dedicated to teaching the "Nazi Truth"; special lessons were prepared for high-school students throughout the city.[5][7] Some stores and homes were looted by the fake troops. Canadian currency was replaced with fake German Reichsmarks, the reverse of which were printed with an advertisement for Victory Loans; these were the only propaganda notes that Canada created during the war.[7][12][13][22][23]
The day ended at 5:30 pm with a ceremonial release of prisoners, a parade and speeches from the released dignitaries.[7][12] Members of the organizing committee and local businesspeople marched down Portage Avenue with banners reading "It MUST Not Happen Here!" and "Buy Victory Bonds". Following the parade, a banquet was held at the Hudson Bay Company building.[7] Ambassador de Morgenstierne spoke about his experiences with If Day and in Norway, suggesting that the "make-believe Nazi occupation of [Winnipeg] was an authentic glimpse of German behavior in German-ridden Europe".[24]
Surrounding towns were also affected by the invasion: for example, in Neepawa Nazi soldiers confronted citizens in the streets.[12] Virden was renamed "Virdenberg".[7] A mock attack was planned for strategic targets in Brandon.[5] The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast a program called "Swastika over Canada" on the radio throughout the province, along with military music and extracts of Hitler's speeches.[7]
Effects
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/If_day_map.jpg/150px-If_day_map.jpg)
The If Day event not only resulted in Victory Bond sales well over Greater Winnipeg's goal, but brought Winnipeg's innovative efforts to the attention of people throughout North America. Life Magazine ran a pictorial spread of the If Day activities in Winnipeg and in smaller centres across Manitoba, photographed by William Shrout.[25] Reporters from several American publications, including Newsweek, The New York Times and The Christian Science Monitor, were also present for the event;[7] cameraman Lucien Roy shot newsreel footage.[25] Newspapers as far away as New Zealand included stories about the event.[12] An estimated 40 million people worldwide saw coverage of If Day.[7]
The money raised for the Victory Loan campaign on If Day was $3.2 million, which was the city's largest single-day total.[26] Winnipeg passed its $24 million Victory Loan quota on February 24, largely because of the effects of If Day.[27] The provincial total for the entire campaign was $60 million, well above its target quota of $45 million. The campaign raised approximately $2 billion nationwide for the war effort.[12] If Day was the largest single Victory Loan fundraiser anywhere in Canada.[22] Officials had expected a significant increase in army recruits as a result of the event, but it failed to end the long-term decline in recruitment numbers: 23 people enlisted on If Day, compared to an average of 36 per day for the first half of February.[28]
If Day was successful enough to spark imitations in other communities. The US government contacted the organizing committee for details of the event. A smaller-scale invasion was staged in Vancouver, using promotional materials from the Winnipeg campaign.[7]
In 2006, a television documentary of the events was created by Aaron Floresco.[29] The film incorporates newsreel footage from the event, as well as interviews with historians and participants.[6] Filmmaker Guy Maddin included a brief newsreel clip of If Day in his My Winnipeg.[30]
Notes
- ^ Organizers hoped to avoid a similar situation to the 1938 radio drama The War of the Worlds, when a fictional broadcast of an alien invasion was interpreted as real by frightened citizens.[1]
- ^ It is unclear whether this was a real name or a pseudonym.
References
- ^ a b c d e f Burch, Ted (10 September 1960). "The day the Nazis took over Winnipeg". Maclean's Magazine: 46–47.
- ^ "Inflation Calculator". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d Newman, Michael (Spring 1987). "February 19, 1942: If Day". Manitoba History (13): np.
- ^ a b c d e f "Sirens will wail and guns roar as IF DAY dawns". Winnipeg Free Press. 18 February 1942. p. 1.
- ^ a b c Werier, Val (17 February 1942). "Winnipeg to be 'occupied'". Winnipeg Tribune. pp. 1, 10. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d "What if Nazis invaded city? See for yourself on CTV special". Winnipeg Free Press. 18 February 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Groom, Kick (5 January 1985). "If". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 1.
- ^ "War's nightmare staged in vivid Selkirk raid to boost Victory Loan". Winnipeg Free Press. 18 February 1942. p. 1.
- ^ "If ...the Nazis came to Winnipeg". Winnipeg Tribune. 19 February 1942. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f "Grim realism marks arrest at legislature". Winnipeg Free Press. 19 February 1942. pp. 1, 10.
- ^ Winnipeg Free Press. 16 February 1942. p. 1.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Aaron Floresco (director/writer) (2006). If Day: The Nazi Invasion of Winnipeg (DVD). Past Perfect Productions.
- ^ a b c Sanburn, Dick (19 February 1942). "On a black morn Winnipeg fell under Nazi heel". Winnipeg Tribune. pp. 1, 16.
- ^ "Blackout 7 am Thursday Begins 'If Day' Events". Winnipeg Tribune. 18 February 1942. p. 13.
- ^ a b c "Nazi storm troopers demonstrate invasion tactics". Winnipeg Free Press. 19 February 1942. pp. 1, 10.
- ^ "Blitz swoops on city". Winnipeg Free Press. 19 February 1942. p. 1.
- ^ "If IF DAY Were Real". Winnipeg Tribune. 19 February 1942. p. 10.
- ^ Morton, Lisa; Adamson, Kent (2010). Savage detours. McFarland & Co. p. 175. ISBN 9780786443536.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Obituaries: George Waight". Globe and Mail. 17 December 1985. p. A14.
- ^ "A great day". Winnipeg Tribune. 19 February 1942. p. 2.
- ^ Winnipeg Free Press. 17 February 1942. p. 5.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b Atchison, Darryl (September 1995). Moogk, Peter (ed.). "The 1942 'If Day' invasion of Winnipeg". Vancouver Numismatic Society News Bulletin. Reprinted in "The 'If' Notes". Mid-Island Coin Club. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ Friedman, Herbert A. "WWII Allied Propaganda Banknotes". Philadelphia University Jordan. p. 39. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ^ "Norwegian minister says If Day authentic". Winnipeg Tribune. 20 February 1942. p. 3.
- ^ a b "Winnipeg is 'conquered'". Life. 12 (10): 30–32. 9 March 1942.
- ^ "Record day for war loan". Winnipeg Free Press. 19 February 1942. p. 1.
- ^ "Winnipeg leaps past its war bond quota". Winnipeg Free Press. 24 February 1942. p. 1.
- ^ "Only 23 enlist during If Day". Winnipeg Tribune. 20 February 1942. p. 13.
- ^ "If Day (2006)". Past Perfect Productions. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ^ Wershler, Darren (2010). Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg. University of Toronto Press. p. 50. ISBN 9781442611344.
External links
- Trailer for television documentary of If Day, including newsreel footage from the event