Corrections: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Correctional Activities at Central Jail Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2010 - Convicted prisoners receiving Quranic education.jpg|thumb|[[Qur'an]]ic education for offenders at the [[Central Jail Faisalabad]] in [[Faisalabad]], [[Pakistan]]]] |
[[File:Correctional Activities at Central Jail Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2010 - Convicted prisoners receiving Quranic education.jpg|thumb|[[Qur'an]]ic education for offenders at the [[Central Jail Faisalabad]] in [[Faisalabad]], [[Pakistan]]]] |
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In law enforcement, '''corrections''' is an [[umbrella term]] describing a variety of functions typically carried out by [[government agency|government agencies]] and involving the [[punishment]], [[therapy|treatment]], and [[supervisor|supervision]] of persons who have been [[conviction|convicted]] of [[crime]]s.<ref name="Stohr1">{{cite book|author1=Mary Stohr|author2=Anthony Walsh|author3=Craig Hemmens|title=Corrections: A Text/Reader|year=2008|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-3773-3|page=1}}</ref> These functions commonly include [[imprisonment]], [[parole]] and [[probation]].<ref name="black">[[Bryan A. Garner]], editor, ''[[Black's Law Dictionary]]'', 9th ed., West Group, 2009, ISBN 0-314-19949-7, p. 396</ref> A typical ''correctional institution'' is a [[prison]]. A ''correctional system'' refers to a network of governmental agencies that administer a jurisdiction's prisons and parole system.<ref name="black"/> Many US states have a [[Department of Corrections]] or a similarly named agency. |
In law enforcement, '''corrections''' is an [[umbrella term]] describing a variety of functions typically carried out by [[government agency|government agencies]] and involving the [[punishment]], [[therapy|treatment]], and [[supervisor|supervision]] of persons who have been [[conviction|convicted]] of [[crime]]s.<ref name="Stohr1">{{cite book|author1=Mary Stohr|author2=Anthony Walsh|author3=Craig Hemmens|title=Corrections: A Text/Reader|year=2008|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-3773-3|page=1}}</ref> These functions commonly include [[imprisonment]], [[parole]] and [[probation]].<ref name="black">[[Bryan A. Garner]], editor, ''[[Black's Law Dictionary]]'', 9th ed., West Group, 2009, ISBN 0-314-19949-7, p. 396 (or p. 424 depending on the volume)</ref> A typical ''correctional institution'' is a [[prison]]. A ''correctional system'' refers to a network of governmental agencies that administer a jurisdiction's prisons and parole system.<ref name="black"/> Many US states have a [[Department of Corrections]] or a similarly named agency. |
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Corrections is also the name of a [[List of academic disciplines|field of academic study]] concerned with the theories, polices, and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the other side of the fence—the the unwilling subjects of the correctional process.<ref name="Stohr1"/> As an academic discipline, corrections also goes by the older name of [[penology]].<ref name="Stohr2">{{cite book|author1=Mary Stohr|author2=Anthony Walsh|author3=Craig Hemmens|title=Corrections: A Text/Reader|year=2008|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-3773-3|page=1}}</ref> |
Corrections is also the name of a [[List of academic disciplines|field of academic study]] concerned with the theories, polices, and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the other side of the fence—the the unwilling subjects of the correctional process.<ref name="Stohr1"/> As an academic discipline, corrections also goes by the older name of [[penology]].<ref name="Stohr2">{{cite book|author1=Mary Stohr|author2=Anthony Walsh|author3=Craig Hemmens|title=Corrections: A Text/Reader|year=2008|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-3773-3|page=1}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 18:54, 20 October 2011
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 | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (October 2011) |
In law enforcement, corrections is an umbrella term describing a variety of functions typically carried out by government agencies and involving the punishment, treatment, and supervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes.[1] These functions commonly include imprisonment, parole and probation.[2] A typical correctional institution is a prison. A correctional system refers to a network of governmental agencies that administer a jurisdiction's prisons and parole system.[2] Many US states have a Department of Corrections or a similarly named agency.
Corrections is also the name of a field of academic study concerned with the theories, polices, and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the other side of the fence—the the unwilling subjects of the correctional process.[1] As an academic discipline, corrections also goes by the older name of penology.[3]
The components of the criminal justice system that serve to punish criminal offenders involve the deprivation of life, liberty or property after due process of law (see Fourteenth Amendment). Sentences imposed upon offenders range from probation to serving time in prison, with intermediate sanctions, including sentences to a halfway house or community corrections program, home confinement, and electronic monitoring. Financial penalties may include fines, forfeiture, and restitution.
In some countries, including Western countries in the past, this has also included judicially-ordered corporal punishment.
Theory
The use of sanctions, which can be either positive (rewarding) or negative (punishment) is the basis of all criminal theory, along with the main goals of social control, and deterrence of deviant behavior.
Many facilities operating in the United States adhere to particular correctional theories. Although often heavily modified, these theories determine the nature of the facilities' design and security operations. The two primary theories used today are the more traditional Remote Supervision and the more contemporary Direct Supervision Models. In the Remote Supervision Model, officers observe the inmate population from remote positions, e.g., towers or secure desk areas. The Direct Supervision Model positions prison officers within the inmate population, creating a more pronounced presence.
See also
- American Correctional Association
- Crime
- Criminal justice
- Death penalty
- Deterrence
- Individual rights
- National Commission on Correctional Health Care
- National Institute of Corrections
- National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center
- National Prison Rape Elimination Commission
- Penology
- Prison
- Social control
- United States Bureau of Justice Statistics
Juvenile corrections
- Juvenile delinquency
- Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
References
- ^ a b Mary Stohr; Anthony Walsh; Craig Hemmens (2008). Corrections: A Text/Reader. Sage. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4129-3773-3.
- ^ a b Bryan A. Garner, editor, Black's Law Dictionary, 9th ed., West Group, 2009, ISBN 0-314-19949-7, p. 396 (or p. 424 depending on the volume)
- ^ Mary Stohr; Anthony Walsh; Craig Hemmens (2008). Corrections: A Text/Reader. Sage. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4129-3773-3.
Further reading
- Mary Stohr; Anthony Walsh; Craig Hemmens (2008). Corrections: A Text/Reader. Sage. ISBN 978-1-4129-3773-3.