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The '''Parada Kingdom''' is a ancient Indian kingdom, described in various surviving [[Hindu]] texts, including the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]. In [[Purana|Puranic]] literature, they are also referred to as ''Varadas'' and ''Paritas''; ''Paradas'' and ''Paritas'' may be identical with the archaeologically documented [[Paratarajas]]{{fact|date = May 2011}}. |
The '''Parada Kingdom''' is a ancient Indian kingdom, described in various surviving [[Hindu]] texts, including the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]. In [[Purana|Puranic]] literature, they are also referred to as ''Varadas'' and ''Paritas''; ''Paradas'' and ''Paritas'' may be identical with the archaeologically documented [[Paratarajas]]{{fact|date = May 2011}}. |
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==Location== |
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The exact location of the kingdom is unknown. The [[Vayu Purana]] locates the tribe on the upper course of the [[Amu Darya]] (a.k.a. Chaksu) and [[Syr Darya]] rivers in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="J. W. McCrindle">Alexander's Invasion of India, p. 57</ref> The [[Mahabharata]], however, associates the Paradas with the [[tribe]]s of [[Uttarapatha]], and places them on the [[Sailoda River]] in the [[Xinjiang]] province of [[China]]. Additionally, the [[Ramayana]] locates the people in the [[Himalaya]]n territories.<ref>Ramayana Kisk. Kanda, 43-12</ref> |
The exact location of the kingdom is unknown. The [[Vayu Purana]] locates the tribe on the upper course of the [[Amu Darya]] (a.k.a. Chaksu) and [[Syr Darya]] rivers in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="J. W. McCrindle">Alexander's Invasion of India, p. 57</ref> The [[Mahabharata]], however, associates the Paradas with the [[tribe]]s of [[Uttarapatha]], and places them on the [[Sailoda River]] in the [[Xinjiang]] province of [[China]]. Additionally, the [[Ramayana]] locates the people in the [[Himalaya]]n territories.<ref>Ramayana Kisk. Kanda, 43-12</ref> |
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==Discussion in the Puranic texts== |
==Discussion in the Puranic texts== |
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===The ''Panca-ganah''=== |
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Numerous Puranic texts associate the Parada Kingdom with the [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Saka]], [[Yavana]] and [[Pahlava]] tribes, and brand them together as ''Panca-ganah'' ("five hordes"). These five hordes were military allies of the [[Haihaya]] or [[Taljunga]] [[Kshatriya]]s of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] line, and were chiefly responsible for dethroning [[King Bahu]] of [[Kosala]]. Later, [[King Sagar]]a, son of Bahu, was able to defeat the Haihayas or Taljungas together with the five hordes. |
Numerous Puranic texts associate the Parada Kingdom with the [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Saka]], [[Yavana]] and [[Pahlava]] tribes, and brand them together as ''Panca-ganah'' ("five hordes"). These five hordes were military allies of the [[Haihaya]] or [[Taljunga]] [[Kshatriya]]s of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] line, and were chiefly responsible for dethroning [[King Bahu]] of [[Kosala]]. Later, [[King Sagar]]a, son of Bahu, was able to defeat the Haihayas or Taljungas together with the five hordes. |
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===Divestment of Kshatriyahood=== |
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King Sagara had divested the Paradas and other members of the ''Panca-ganah'' of their noble [[Kshatriya]]hood and demoted them to the [[barbaric]] [[caste]] of [[Mlechchas]], due to their non-observance of sacred [[Brahmanical codes]] and neglect of the [[priestly class]]. Before their defeat at the hands of King Sagara, these five-hordes were called ''Kshatriya-pungava'' ("foremost among the Kshatriyas").<ref>[[Manusmriti]] X.43-44</ref> |
King Sagara had divested the Paradas and other members of the ''Panca-ganah'' of their noble [[Kshatriya]]hood and demoted them to the [[barbaric]] [[caste]] of [[Mlechchas]], due to their non-observance of sacred [[Brahmanical codes]] and neglect of the [[priestly class]]. Before their defeat at the hands of King Sagara, these five-hordes were called ''Kshatriya-pungava'' ("foremost among the Kshatriyas").<ref>[[Manusmriti]] X.43-44</ref> |
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==Annihilation in ''Kali Yuga''== |
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The Vayu Purana state that the [[Udichya]] tribes, including the ''Panca-ganah'', the [[Gandhara]]s, [[Tushara]]s, [[Khasa]]s, [[Lampaka]]s, [[Madhyadesi]]s, [[Vindhya]]s, [[Apranta]]s, [[Dakshinatya]]s, [[Dravida]]s, [[Pulinda]]s and [[Simhala]]s, would be proceeded against and annihilated by [[Kalki]] in [[Kali Yuga]]. |
The Vayu Purana state that the [[Udichya]] tribes, including the ''Panca-ganah'', the [[Gandhara]]s, [[Tushara]]s, [[Khasa]]s, [[Lampaka]]s, [[Madhyadesi]]s, [[Vindhya]]s, [[Apranta]]s, [[Dakshinatya]]s, [[Dravida]]s, [[Pulinda]]s and [[Simhala]]s, would be proceeded against and annihilated by [[Kalki]] in [[Kali Yuga]]. |
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==Discussion in Mahabharata== |
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===Tribute to Yudhisthira=== |
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According to the Mahabharata, the Vairamas, Paradas, Tungas, and Kitavas tribes lived upon crops that depended on water from the sky or the river, along with those who were born on the sea-shore, in woodlands, or countries on the other side of the ocean. They waited at the gate of king [[Yudhisthira]], and brought a variety of tribute items including various animals, foodstuffs, and other precious goods. They that enjoy the delicious shade of tops of the Kichaka bamboo, viz., the [[Khasa Kingdom|Khashas]], Ekasanas, the Arhas, the Pradaras, the Dirghavenus, the Paradas, the [[Himalaya Kingdom|Kulindas]], the Tanganas, and the other Tanganas, brought as tribute heaps of gold measured in dronas (jars) (2:51). |
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The [[Kirata Kingdom|Kairatas]], the [[Darada Kingdom|Daradas]], the Darvas, the Suras, the Vaiamakas, the Audumvaras, the Durvibhagas, the Kumaras, the Paradas along with the [[Bahlika Kingdom|Vahlikas]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiras]], the Ghorakas, the Hansakayanas, the [[Sivi Kingdom|Sivis]], the [[Trigarta Kingdom|Trigartas]], the [[Yaudheya Kingdom|Yauddheyas]], the ruler of [[Madra Kingdom|Madras]] and the [[Kekeya Kingdom|Kaikeyas]], the Amvashtas, the Kaukuras, the Tarkshyas, the Vastrapas along with the [[Pahlava Kingdom|Palhavas]], the Vashatayas, the Mauleyas along with the Kshudrakas, and the [[Malava Kingdom|Malavas]], the Paundrayas, the Kukkuras, the [[Saka Kingdom|Sakas]], the [[Anga Kingdom|Angas]], the [[Vanga Kingdom|Vangas]], the [[Pundra Kingdom|Punras]], the Sanavatyas, and the Gayas—these good and well-born [[Kshatriyas]] distributed into regular clans and trained to the use of arms, brought tribute unto king [[Yudhishthira]] by hundreds and thousands (2:51). |
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===Kurukshetra War=== |
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The Parada Kingdom belonged to the [[Kaurava]] army in the [[Kurukshetra War]], along with [[Saka Kingdom|Sakas]] and [[Yavana Kingdom|Yavanas]]. The Paradas, only with other clans and kingdoms fought with Karauvas against the son of [[Pandu]] viz, and [[Satyaki]]. They are specifically mentioned as atttacking with spears, bows, and being "inflamed with rage and armed with stone" (7:118). |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]] |
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 11:30, 22 May 2011
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2011) |
The Parada Kingdom is a ancient Indian kingdom, described in various surviving Hindu texts, including the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. In Puranic literature, they are also referred to as Varadas and Paritas; Paradas and Paritas may be identical with the archaeologically documented Paratarajas[citation needed].
The exact location of the kingdom is unknown. The Vayu Purana locates the tribe on the upper course of the Amu Darya (a.k.a. Chaksu) and Syr Darya rivers in Central Asia.[1] The Mahabharata, however, associates the Paradas with the tribes of Uttarapatha, and places them on the Sailoda River in the Xinjiang province of China. Additionally, the Ramayana locates the people in the Himalayan territories.[2]
Discussion in the Puranic texts
Numerous Puranic texts associate the Parada Kingdom with the Kamboja, Saka, Yavana and Pahlava tribes, and brand them together as Panca-ganah ("five hordes"). These five hordes were military allies of the Haihaya or Taljunga Kshatriyas of the Yadava line, and were chiefly responsible for dethroning King Bahu of Kosala. Later, King Sagara, son of Bahu, was able to defeat the Haihayas or Taljungas together with the five hordes.
King Sagara had divested the Paradas and other members of the Panca-ganah of their noble Kshatriyahood and demoted them to the barbaric caste of Mlechchas, due to their non-observance of sacred Brahmanical codes and neglect of the priestly class. Before their defeat at the hands of King Sagara, these five-hordes were called Kshatriya-pungava ("foremost among the Kshatriyas").[3]
The Vayu Purana state that the Udichya tribes, including the Panca-ganah, the Gandharas, Tusharas, Khasas, Lampakas, Madhyadesis, Vindhyas, Aprantas, Dakshinatyas, Dravidas, Pulindas and Simhalas, would be proceeded against and annihilated by Kalki in Kali Yuga.
See also
References
- ^ Alexander's Invasion of India, p. 57
- ^ Ramayana Kisk. Kanda, 43-12
- ^ Manusmriti X.43-44