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Although the term "hostile architecture" is recent, the use of [[civil engineering]] to achieve [[Social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] is not: antecedents include 19th century "urine deflectors".<ref name=swain1>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20131202-dirty-tricks-of-city-design|title = Secret city design tricks manipulate your behaviour|last = Swain|first = Frank|date = 2 December 2013|work = BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://catsmeatshop.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/urine-deflectors-in-fleet-street.html|title = Urine Deflectors in Fleet Street|date = 23 July 2013|access-date = 23 February 2014|website = The Cat's Meat Shop|last = Lee|first = Jackson}}</ref> Its modern form is derived from the design philosophy [[Crime Prevention through Environmental Design]] (CPTED), which aims to prevent crime or protect property through three strategies: natural surveillance, natural access control, and territorial enforcement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chellew|first=Cara|date=2016|title=Design Paranoia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314762975|journal=Ontario Planning Journal|volume=31|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>
Although the term "hostile architecture" is recent, the use of [[civil engineering]] to achieve [[Social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] is not: antecedents include 19th century "urine deflectors".<ref name=swain1>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20131202-dirty-tricks-of-city-design|title = Secret city design tricks manipulate your behaviour|last = Swain|first = Frank|date = 2 December 2013|work = BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://catsmeatshop.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/urine-deflectors-in-fleet-street.html|title = Urine Deflectors in Fleet Street|date = 23 July 2013|access-date = 23 February 2014|website = The Cat's Meat Shop|last = Lee|first = Jackson}}</ref> Its modern form is derived from the design philosophy [[Crime Prevention through Environmental Design]] (CPTED), which aims to prevent crime or protect property through three strategies: natural surveillance, natural access control, and territorial enforcement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chellew|first=Cara|date=2016|title=Design Paranoia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314762975|journal=Ontario Planning Journal|volume=31|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>


Consistent with the widespread implementation of defensible space guidelines in the 1970s, most implementations of CPTED as of 2004 are based solely upon the theory that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can reduce crime, reduce the fear of crime, and improve the quality of life. Built environment implementations of CPTED seek to dissuade offenders from committing crimes by manipulating the built environment in which those crimes proceed from or occur. The six main concepts according to Moffat are territoriality, surveillance, access control, image/maintenance, activity support and target hardening. Applying all of these strategies is key when trying to prevent crime in any neighborhood, crime ridden or not.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Designing Out Crime|last=Wilson|first=Paul|publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology|year=1989|pages=23}}</ref>[[File:Odot boulder.jpg|thumb|Boulders installed along a freeway ramp in Portland, Oregon, United States as a hostile architecture to deter transient camps.]] It's important to note that the relationship between welfare, policy and the citizen is complex meaning that the grounds for homelessness are far more difficult to grasp than the simplistic approach to blame towards the operation of the UK’s housing systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Isobel |last2=Christian |first2=Julie |title=Causes of homelessness in the UK: a dynamic analysis |journal=Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology |date=2003 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=105–118 |doi=10.1002/casp.714 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/casp.714 |language=en |issn=1099-1298}}</ref>{{rp|105}}
Consistent with the widespread implementation of defensible space guidelines in the 1970s, most implementations of CPTED as of 2004 are based solely upon the theory that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can reduce crime, reduce the fear of crime, and improve the quality of life. Built environment implementations of CPTED seek to dissuade offenders from committing crimes by manipulating the built environment in which those crimes proceed from or occur. The six main concepts according to Moffat are territoriality, surveillance, access control, image/maintenance, activity support and target hardening. Applying all of these strategies is key when trying to prevent crime in any neighborhood, crime ridden or not.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Designing Out Crime|last=Wilson|first=Paul|publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology|year=1989|pages=23}}</ref>[[File:Odot boulder.jpg|thumb|Boulders installed along a freeway ramp in Portland, Oregon, United States as a hostile architecture to deter transient camps.]]


== Applications ==
== Applications ==

Revision as of 05:29, 2 April 2021

Bolts installed in the front steps of a building to discourage sitting and sleeping

Hostile architecture is an urban-design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to purposefully guide or restrict behaviour in order to prevent crime and protect property. It often targets people who use or rely on public space more than others, such as youth and the homeless, by restricting the physical behaviours they can engage in.[1] Also known as defensive architecture, hostile design, unpleasant design, exclusionary design, and defensive urban design, the term hostile architecture is often associated with "anti-homeless spikes" – studs embedded in flat surfaces to make sleeping on them uncomfortable and impractical.[2][3] Other measures include sloped window sills to stop people sitting; benches with armrests positioned to stop people lying on them, and water sprinklers that "intermittently come on but aren't really watering anything."[4][5] Hostile architecture is also employed to deter skateboarding, littering, loitering, and public urination.

Background

A 19th-century flint cone, built into the corner of a medieval church in Norwich, England, to discourage men from urinating there

Although the term "hostile architecture" is recent, the use of civil engineering to achieve social engineering is not: antecedents include 19th century "urine deflectors".[6][7] Its modern form is derived from the design philosophy Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), which aims to prevent crime or protect property through three strategies: natural surveillance, natural access control, and territorial enforcement.[8]

Consistent with the widespread implementation of defensible space guidelines in the 1970s, most implementations of CPTED as of 2004 are based solely upon the theory that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can reduce crime, reduce the fear of crime, and improve the quality of life. Built environment implementations of CPTED seek to dissuade offenders from committing crimes by manipulating the built environment in which those crimes proceed from or occur. The six main concepts according to Moffat are territoriality, surveillance, access control, image/maintenance, activity support and target hardening. Applying all of these strategies is key when trying to prevent crime in any neighborhood, crime ridden or not.[9]

Boulders installed along a freeway ramp in Portland, Oregon, United States as a hostile architecture to deter transient camps.

Applications

The "Camden bench", used in London, is designed to discourage sleeping, littering, skateboarding, drug dealing, graffiti and theft

Camping deterrent

  • Anti-homeless spikes in London, England to prevent homeless activity.[10]
  • Seattle, Washington, United States city government installed bicycle racks to prevent the homeless from camping.[11][12]
  • Since 2013, the Oregon Department of Transportation in Oregon, United States deployed large boulders at eight locations that have been experiencing problems with transient camps in Portland. These boulders are a form of hostile architecture and they were installed to deter illegal camping near the freeways.[13]

Skateboarding deterrent

The Camden Borough Council in the UK commissioned concrete-block benches (dubbed "Camden benches") designed to discourage uses such as sleeping, skateboarding and placing stickers.[6][14]

Public reception

Proponents say hostile architecture in urban design is necessary to maintain order and safety and deter unwanted behaviors such as loitering, skateboarding and sleeping.[citation needed] Opponents say they target the homeless.[15]

In 2018, British artist Stuart Semple created a social media public awareness campaign encouraging the public to place identifying stickers on instances of hostile design in their environment.[16][17][18]

Gallery

  • Spikes added around fountain in Government Center, Miami, in 2011 at downtown transit center
    Spikes added around fountain in Government Center, Miami, in 2011 at downtown transit center
  • Ledge with skatestoppers preventing skateboarders from grinding
    Ledge with skatestoppers preventing skateboarders from grinding
  • Spiked handrail, presumably preventing users from sliding down
    Spiked handrail, presumably preventing users from sliding down

See also

References

  1. ^ Chellew, Cara (2019). "Defending Suburbia: Exploring the use of defensive urban design outside of the city centre". Canadian Journal of Urban Research. 28: 19–33.
  2. ^ Omidi, Maryam (12 June 2014). "Anti-homeless spikes are just the latest in 'defensive urban architecture'". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  3. ^ Andreou, Alex (18 February 2015). "Anti-homeless spikes: 'Sleeping rough opened my eyes to the city's barbed cruelty'". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  4. ^ Quinn, Ben (13 June 2014). "Anti-homeless spikes are part of a wider phenomenon of 'hostile architecture'". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  5. ^ Mills, Chris (21 February 2015). "How 'Defensive Architecture' Is Ruining Our Cities". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  6. ^ a b Swain, Frank (2 December 2013). "Secret city design tricks manipulate your behaviour". BBC.
  7. ^ Lee, Jackson (23 July 2013). "Urine Deflectors in Fleet Street". The Cat's Meat Shop. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  8. ^ Chellew, Cara (2016). "Design Paranoia". Ontario Planning Journal. 31 – via ResearchGate.
  9. ^ Wilson, Paul (1989). Designing Out Crime. Australian Institute of Criminology. p. 23.
  10. ^ Andreou, Alex (2015-02-18). "Defensive architecture: keeping poverty unseen and deflecting our guilt". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  11. ^ Groover, Heidi (19 December 2017). "Seattle Uses Bike Racks to Discourage Homeless Camping". The Stranger. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  12. ^ "New anti-homeless architecture: Seattle uses bike racks to block rough sleepers". the Guardian. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  13. ^ Kruzman, Diana (2019-07-04). "Portland's homeless campers face new obstacle: piles of boulders". oregonlive. Retrieved 2020-07-25. The boulders are a form of hostile architecture or defensive design
  14. ^ "The Camden Bench". Ian Visits. 2 December 2016.
  15. ^ Hu, Winnie (November 8, 2019). "'Hostile Architecture': How Public Spaces Keep the Public Out". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  16. ^ Wallace, Elizabeth. "What's Behind the Uptick in Hostile Architecture?". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  17. ^ "Stuart Semple launches campaign to eradicate 'hostile design' around the world". theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  18. ^ "Artist Launches Campaign to Call Out Hostile Urban Design". Hyperallergic. 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2018-02-15.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hostile_architecture&oldid=1015562806"