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{{Short description|Arab title}}
{{Short description|Descendant from the family of the prophet Muhammad}}
{{Distinguish|Sheriff}}
{{Distinguish|Sheriff}}
{{About|the use of ''sharif'' as a title}}
{{About|the title for descendants of the prophet Muhammad's family}}
{{Redirect|Ashraf|the proper name and a list of people with this name|Ashraf (name)|the Somali clan|Asharaf|other uses|Ashraf (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Sharifian|the army of the Sharif of Mecca|Sharifian Army}}
{{Usul al-fiqh}}
'''''Sharif''''' ({{lang-ar|شَريف}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|šarīf}}'', also transliterated '''''Shareef''''', '''''[[Sherif]]''''', '''''Shreef''','' '''''Shareef''''', '''''Alsharif''''', '''''Alshareef''''', or '''''Chérif''''') is a traditional [[Arabic]] [[title]]. The origin of the word is an adjective meaning "noble", "highborn". The feminine singular is '''sharifa(h)''' or '''shareefa(h)''' ({{lang-ar|شَريفة}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|šarīfah}}''). The masculine plural is [[Ashraf]] ({{lang-ar|أَشْرَاف}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾašrāf}}'') or '''''shurafā'<nowiki/>''''' ({{Lang|ar|شُرَفاء}}) or '''''chorfa''''' in the [[Maghreb]].


'''Sharīf''' ({{lang-ar|شريف}}, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled '''shareef''' or '''sherif''', feminine '''sharīfa''' ({{lang|ar|شريفة}}), plural '''ashrāf''' ({{lang|ar|أشراف}}), '''shurafāʾ''' ({{lang|ar|شرفاء}}) or (in the [[Maghreb]]) '''shurfāʾ''', is a term used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, from the family of the prophet [[Muhammad]] ({{circa|570 CE –}} {{nowrap|632 CE}}). It may be used in three senses:
From 1201 until 1925, when the [[Hejaz]] was conquered by [[Ibn Saud]], this family (the descendants of Hasan ibn Ali) held the office of the [[Sharif of Mecca]], often also carrying the title and office of [[King of Hejaz]]. Descendants now rule the [[Jordan|Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]], the name is taken from the [[Banu Hashim]], the sub-tribe of [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]], to which [[Muhammad]] belonged.


#In the broadest sense, it refers to any descendant of Muhammad's great-grandfather [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] (the [[Banu Hashim]] or Hashimites, already in Muhammad's day an established clan within the Meccan tribe of the [[Quraysh]]), most notably also including the descendants of Muhammad's paternal uncles [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] (the [[Talibids]]) and [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]] (the [[Abbasids]]).<ref name="EI2Sharif">{{harvnb|Van Arendonk|Graham|1960–2007}}.</ref>
[[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] in the [[Arab world]] reserve the term ''sharif/sherif or shareef'' for descendants of [[Hasan ibn Ali]], while ''[[sayyid]]'' is used for descendants of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], Hasan's younger brother. Both Hasan and Husayn were grandsons of the Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]], through the marriage of his cousin [[Ali]] and his daughter [[Fatimah|Fatima]]. However, since the post-Hashemite era began in 1925 after the fall of the Sharif of Mecca, the term ''sayyid'' has been used to denote descendants from both Hasan and Husayn. Some use the terms ''sayyid'' and ''habib'' to denote descendants from both Hasan and Husayn. Sayyids having ancestry from both Imams Hasan and Husayn use the terms ''Shareefayn'', ''Sayyidayn'', ''Sayyid AlShareef,'' or ''Assayyid'' before their names and call themselves ''Najeeb AlTarfayn''. The title Sheikh, Sheek, Hajji or Xaaji does not apply to anyone belonging to Ashraaf clans.
#More often, it refers to a descendant of one of the sons of Abu Talib (and Muhammad's cousin), [[Ali]] (the [[Alids]]), especially but not exclusively through Ali's marriage with the prophet Muhammad's daughter [[Fatimah|Fatima]] (the [[Fatimids]]). In this latter (and most commonly used) sense, it effectively refers to all descendants of the prophet.<ref name="EI2Sharif"/>
#In its most narrow sense, it refers only to someone who descends from Ali and Fatima's eldest son (and Muhammad's grandson) [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] (the [[Hasanids]]). In this limited context, it is contrasted with the term {{transl|ar|[[sayyid]]}} ('lord', 'master', plural {{transl|ar|sāda}}, ({{lang|ar|سادة}}), which then only refers to the descendants of Hasan's younger brother [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] (the [[Husaynids]]).<ref name="EI2Sharif"/>


Precise usage of the term has varied both historically and geographically. Today, descent from prophet through his daughter Fatima (either Hasanid or Husaynid) is more commonly designated by the term {{transl|ar|sayyid}}.<ref name="EI2Sharif"/>
In [[Morocco]], several of the regal dynasties have been qualified as "Sharifian", being descendants of Muhammad. Today's [[Alaouite dynasty]] has made claims to be Sharifian.


==Etymology==
The word has no etymological connection with the [[English language|English]] term ''[[sheriff]]'', which comes from the [[Old English language|Old English]] word ''scīrgerefa'', meaning "shire-reeve", the local [[Reeve (England)|reeve]] (enforcement agent) of the king in the [[shire]] (county).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sheriff&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref>


The word derives from the [[Arabic root]] sh–r–f, which expresses meanings related to honor, nobility, and prominence.<ref name="EI2Sharif"/> It has no etymological connection with the [[English language|English]] term ''[[sheriff]]'', which comes from the [[Old English language|Old English]] word ''scīrgerefa'', meaning "shire-reeve", the local [[Reeve (England)|reeve]] (enforcement agent) of the king in the [[shire]] (county).<ref>{{harvnb|Online Etymology Dictionary|2001–2021}}.</ref>
== The Maghreb ==


=== Morocco ===
==Usage==
In [[Morocco]], several of the regal dynasties have been qualified as "Sharifian", being descendants of Muhammad. Chorfa is the [[Darija]] term for the Arabic "Sharif". In Morocco, the royal houses of [[Idrisid]], [[Saadi dynasty|Saadi]] and [[Alaouite]] are called Sharifian or Cherifian.


Precise usage of the term has varied both historically and geographically. Often, the terms {{transl|ar|sharīf}} and {{transl|ar|sayyid}} were used interchangeably, while in other contexts they referred to Hasanid vs. Husaynid decent (especially in the [[Hejaz]], where the [[Sharifate of Mecca]] was restricted to persons of Hasanid descent). In still other contexts, they both referred to some form of Hashimite decent, but were linked to a different and specific social status.<ref name="EI2Sharif"/>
The first known Cherif, [[Idris I]], was the great-grandson of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and [[Fatima Zahra]], the daughter of [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] and his first wife [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]]. Idris I and his people fled from Syria to Morocco in 786 from the Abbasids after losing to them in the [[Battle of Fakhkh]] near [[Mecca]] in which his family was massacred. In 788, he was greeted by the Amazigh people of [[Volubilis]], a Roman city near [[Meknes]]. He founded the Imperial City of [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]]. It is believed that Idris I was poisoned in 791 by a servant sent by Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]], leaving his wife [[Kenza al-Awrabiya|Kenza]] pregnant. His servant [[Rached]], a freed slave, helped Kenza raise Idris II who was born 2 months later.


In most places the term has functioned as a mark of nobility (both the [[Abbasids]] and the [[Fatimids]] were at one time holder of the [[caliphate]]), except in [[South Asia]], where the meaning of the term has expanded to include all Muslims of foreign descent. Thus, in the [[caste system among South Asian Muslims]], the term {{transl|ar|ashrāf}} designates not only Muslims of Arab decent ({{transl|ar|sayyid}}s or purported descendants of Ali and Fatima, and {{transl|ar|[[Shaikhs in South Asia|shaykh]]}}s, which include all those who claim descent from the [[Quraysh]] or from one of Muhammad's [[sahaba|companions]]), but also Muslims of Pasthun ([[Pathans]]) or Turko-Mongol ([[Mughal people|Mughals]]) decent.<ref name="EI2Sharif"/>
Idris II came to the throne at the age of eleven. His tomb is located in [[Moulay Idriss]], a village up on a mountainside near Volubilis. Idriss II's descendants ruled the country until the second half of the 10th century, when they lost their authority to the invasions of the [[Zenata]], an Amazigh tribe under the orders of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]], later the [[Caliph of Cordoba]].


Over time, people who were not of Hashimite descent were sometimes also granted the title {{transl|ar|sharīf}} as a general mark of nobility. The result of this has been that the term {{transl|ar|sayyid}} has become a more common designation for those claiming descent from the prophet today.<ref name="EI2Sharif"/> As such, {{transl|ar|Sayyid}} (or one of its many alternative spellings, like {{transl|ar|Sayyed}} or {{transl|ar|Syed}}) has also become a common [[Sayyid (name)|proper name]].
=== Algeria ===
According to French historians, [[Abdelkader El Djezairi]] was a descendant of Muhammad .<ref>Société languedocienne de géographie, University of Montpellier. Institut de géographie, CNRS France, publié par le secrétariat de la Société languedocienne de géographie, 1881. Footnotes: v. 4, page 517</ref> The full name of El Amir Abdelkader is ''Abd el-Kader ibn Muhyidin, ibn Mostafa (qui s’est installé définitivement dans la plaine d’Ighriss), ibn Muhammad, ibn Ahmed, ibn Muhammad, ibn Abdel-Kaoui, ibn Ali, ibn Ahmed, ibn Khaled, ibn Yussef, ibn Ahmed, ibn Bachar, ibn Muhammed, ibn Massoud, ibn Taous, ibn Yacoub, ibn Abdelkaoui, ibn Ahmed, ibn Muhammad, ibn [[Idriss II]], ibn [[Idriss I]], ibn Abdallah El Kamel, ibn Hassan El Muthana, ibn [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hassan Essabt]], ibn [[Ali]]''.


==Major sharif dynasties==
However other historians disputes, arguing that El Amir Abdelkader was descended from the Amazigh tribe of [[Banu Ifran]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtU1AAAAMAAJ&q=ifren&pg=RA1-PA193|title=L'Univers: histoire et description de tous les peuples ..|date=1850-01-01|publisher=F. Didot fréres|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ue8IAAAAQAAJ&q=habbous+ifren&pg=RA3-PA718-IA2|title=Encyclopédie moderne [by E.M.P.M.A.Courtin]. [With] Atlas. Compl., publ. sous la direction de N. des Vergers [and others]. [With] Planches|last=Courtin|first=Eustache Marie P. M. A.|date=1857-01-01|language=fr}}</ref>


*[[Abbasids]] (ruled over a vast empire centered in [[Baghdad]] 750–945, and claimed the caliphate 750–1517)
=== Libya ===
*[[Idrisids]] (Hasanids, ruled over [[Morocco]] 789–985)<ref name="Bosworth1996">{{harvnb|Bosworth|1996}}.</ref>
The Senussi, a political-religious brotherhood, founded in Mecca by Sayyid [[Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi]] in 1837, came to become the Emirs of [[Cyrenaica]] in 1917 and then in 1922, the Emirs of [[Tripoli]]. The dynasty is of the Chofra descent through their sixth Senussi sultan, [[Ali ibn Omar]]. They came to be the kings of Libya.
*[[Fatimids]] (ruled over a vast empire centered in [[Cairo]] and claimed the caliphate 909–1171)<ref name="Bosworth1996"/>
*[[Sa'dids]] (Hasanids, ruled over Morocco 1510–1659)<ref name="Bosworth1996"/>
*[[Alawids]] (Hasanids, rule over Morocco 1631–present)<ref name="Bosworth1996"/>
*[[Hashimites]] (ruled over the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] 1916–1925, the [[Arab Kingdom of Syria]] in 1920, the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] 1932–1958, and [[Jordan]] 1921–present)


==References==
The last king of Libya, [[Idris of Libya|Idris]], was overthrown by a military coup in 1969. The current claimant for the Libyan throne is Sayyid [[Mohammed El Senussi]]. It is also claimed by Sayyid [[Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi]].
{{reflist}}


===Source cited===
=== Mauritania and West Africa ===
*{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=Clifford Edmund|author1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|year=1996|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn= 0-7486-2137-7}}
Like [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]], Mauritania is a country in which certain Cherifian families have settled, particularly from neighboring Morocco.
*{{cite web|author=Online Etymology Dictionary|date=2001–2021|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/sheriff|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}

*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Van Arendonk|first1=C.|last2=Graham|first2=W.A.|date=1960–2007|title=Sharīf|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P. J.|editor1-link=P. J. Bearman|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor3-last= Bosworth|editor3-first=C. E.|editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W. P.|editor5-link=W. P. Heinrichs|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill Online|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/sharif-COM_1041}}
Just like in the [[Cherifian kingdom]], the Cherifis of Mauritania are essentially of [[Hassanid]] origin and of [[Idrissid]] ancestry. There are, however, some families of [[Husseinid]] origin established mainly in [[Ouadane]], in particular the ''Ahl Moulaye Ibrahim''.

The [[Idrissid]] families descending from [[Hassan ibn Ali]] are: the [[Tichit]]t Sharifs (''Ahl Abd El Mou’min'') and the ''Ahl Cherif Al Ak’hal'' of the Laghlal tribe, who both claim descent from Moulaye Abdallah ibn [[Idriss II]].

The ''Ahl Moulaye Zein'' and the ''Ahl Mohamed Sidi Cherif'' (the lineage from which Sheikh [[Hamallah]] descends), and which both go back to Moulaye Omar ibn [[Idriss II]].

The ''Ahl Ahmed Cherif'' of [[Ouadane]] also traces its descent back to Moulaye Mohamed ibn [[Idriss II]].

Note that the cherifs of [[Néma]] and [[Oualata]] claim to be descendants of [[Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], just like the [[Alaouite dynasty]] (the current royal family of Morocco), and the sheikh [[Ahmad al-Tijani]] of the [[Tijaniya]] [[tariqa]].

In addition, some of these families continued their migrations to West Africa, particularly to [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Guinea]], among others.

In Nigeria the noble Madinawa [[Banu Gha]] Dynasty in [[Kano Emirate]] had claimed to be a Sherifain family that are the descendants of the prophet through [[Hasan ibn Ali]] the grand son of the prophet, [[Al-Hassan Ad-Dakhil]] and [[Moulay Ali al-Sharif]] founder of the royal Alaouite dynasty of Morocco.

==Somalia==
The Asharaaf elders sub-divided the Asharaaf in the following way:
* Asharaaf Hussein:
** Reer Sharif Hashim (Marka)
** Sharif A-Habibi
** Sharif Munye
** Sharif Aba’ali
** Sharif Aba’dahir
** Sharif Caydaruus
** Sharif Zeeno
** Sharif Amaki
** Sharif Aboo
** Sharif Jamaluleyl
** Sharif Abbaas
** Reer sharif Magbuul
** Sharif Ahmed
** Sharif Ba Alawi
* Asharaaf Hassan:
** Mohammed Sharif
** Sharif Ali
** Sharif Ahmed
** Ashraf Sarman
Asharaaf in [[Somalia]] are either related to Muhammad through his grandsons [[Hassan ibn Ali]] or [[Husayn Ibn Ali]].
The Hussein branch of the Asharaf of [[Somalia]] live in the coastal towns such as [[Merca|Marka]] [[Shingaani]] [[Mogadishu]] [[Bey-Dhabo]] and are part of the '[[Benadiri]]' minority population. A few have moved to other places in order to trade or because they have bought land. Please note: There are no Ashraf clans living in Somaliland nor there's so called “Sheikh Isaaq Ashraf” Isaaq clans belongs to the true and the majority of Somalian clans such as (Dir, Darood, Majerteen iyo Dhulbahte). There are no connections between Isaaq clans and Ashraf clan, those who claim from Isaaq clans to be Ashraf is pure baseless claims there isn't any relation between Ashraf and Isaaq and never will be.
The Ashraf of the Hassan branch live mainly in the interior of the country (some of them of course may have gone to live in Mogadishu), and mostly are not [[Benadiri]]. However, the Asharaf al-Ahdali in [[Merca]], who are [[Benadiri]], are said to be Hassan.
The Asharaf elders indicated that they are living in Southern Somali and in [[Merca “Marka”]] and [[Shingaani]] however they mostly like in urban locations such as [[Bardera]], [[Kismayo]], [[Baidoa]], [[Hudur]], [[Merca]], [[Barawa|Brava]], [[Luuq]], [[Jalalaqsi]], [[Buur Ukur]], [[Beledweyne]], and [[Mogadishu]]. The largest concentration of Ashraf are found in [[Merca “Marka, Shingaani and Mogadishu]] the oldest Mosques are in [[Shangani District|such as the Masjidka Ahnaafta 7 Century, Masjidka (Sharif Ahmed Sharif Banu Hashim, Oldest Mosque in Africa) in the heart of Mogadishu, Jama Shangani]],
All Masaajid in the District are 13. [[Mogadishu]]. Some Ashraf settled in Ethiopia after being exiled from Somali during the [[Ogaden]] war in 1977. These Asharaf are settled in [[Ogaden]] in the Gode region mainly, [[Dire Dawa]], [[Oromia]], [[Harar]], however many Asharaf fled [[Somalia|Somali]] during the 1991-1992 [[Somali Civil War]]. Most of them are all over the World.

People with the title Sharif is also the branch of Fatima the daughter of Muhammed.

The very well known Ashraf families are as the following: Sharif Hashim Sharif Ahmed Sharif Mohammed Banu Hashim one of the largest family residing in Merca “Marka” Somalia, Al-Ahdali, Al-Mahdali and Al-Nadir. Sharif Zeeno, Sharif Aboo, Sharif Abasaadaq, Shari Amaki, Sharif Qulateen, Sharif A-Habibi, Sharif Munye, Sharif AbdilKhadir Banu Hashim, Sharif Abadhaahir, Sharif Awoow, Sharif Abdallah, Sharif Ahmed.

==Yemen==
The Asharaf are from the descendants of [[Muhammed]].
Sharif (the word of which Asharaf is the superlative). It is an Arabic word meaning 'noble' or 'respected'. It can be attached to one of a person's names or to more than one, and an individual may use it at one time but not at another. It can be used by all Ashraf, but is not necessarily and many nowadays prefer to omit it. It is not generally a personal name, and hence will not necessarily appear on documents such as identity card or passport. It is sometimes used as a personal name, not only among the Asharaf. The most popular person with Sharif title in hadhramout, Yemen is Alsharif Mudhir bin Abdulrahman Ba Alawi who lived in Tarim and died in 2010.

==Far East==

==In popular culture==

* In [[The Clash]]'s popular [[1984]] [[New wave music|new wave]] hit ''[[Rock the Casbah]]'', they sing "sharif don't like it" in the [[Chorus (song)|chorus]], about a fictional sharif.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 19:33, 27 September 2021

Not to be confused with Sheriff.
This article is about the title for descendants of the prophet Muhammad's family. For other uses, see Sharif (disambiguation).
"Ashraf" redirects here. For the proper name and a list of people with this name, see Ashraf (name). For the Somali clan, see Asharaf. For other uses, see Ashraf (disambiguation).

Sharīf (Arabic: شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, feminine sharīfa (شريفة), plural ashrāf (أشراف), shurafāʾ (شرفاء) or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a term used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, from the family of the prophet Muhammad (c. 570 CE – 632 CE). It may be used in three senses:

  1. In the broadest sense, it refers to any descendant of Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim (the Banu Hashim or Hashimites, already in Muhammad's day an established clan within the Meccan tribe of the Quraysh), most notably also including the descendants of Muhammad's paternal uncles Abu Talib (the Talibids) and al-Abbas (the Abbasids).[1]
  2. More often, it refers to a descendant of one of the sons of Abu Talib (and Muhammad's cousin), Ali (the Alids), especially but not exclusively through Ali's marriage with the prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatima (the Fatimids). In this latter (and most commonly used) sense, it effectively refers to all descendants of the prophet.[1]
  3. In its most narrow sense, it refers only to someone who descends from Ali and Fatima's eldest son (and Muhammad's grandson) Hasan (the Hasanids). In this limited context, it is contrasted with the term sayyid ('lord', 'master', plural sāda, (سادة), which then only refers to the descendants of Hasan's younger brother Husayn (the Husaynids).[1]

Precise usage of the term has varied both historically and geographically. Today, descent from prophet through his daughter Fatima (either Hasanid or Husaynid) is more commonly designated by the term sayyid.[1]

Etymology

The word derives from the Arabic root sh–r–f, which expresses meanings related to honor, nobility, and prominence.[1] It has no etymological connection with the English term sheriff, which comes from the Old English word scīrgerefa, meaning "shire-reeve", the local reeve (enforcement agent) of the king in the shire (county).[2]

Usage

Precise usage of the term has varied both historically and geographically. Often, the terms sharīf and sayyid were used interchangeably, while in other contexts they referred to Hasanid vs. Husaynid decent (especially in the Hejaz, where the Sharifate of Mecca was restricted to persons of Hasanid descent). In still other contexts, they both referred to some form of Hashimite decent, but were linked to a different and specific social status.[1]

In most places the term has functioned as a mark of nobility (both the Abbasids and the Fatimids were at one time holder of the caliphate), except in South Asia, where the meaning of the term has expanded to include all Muslims of foreign descent. Thus, in the caste system among South Asian Muslims, the term ashrāf designates not only Muslims of Arab decent (sayyids or purported descendants of Ali and Fatima, and shaykhs, which include all those who claim descent from the Quraysh or from one of Muhammad's companions), but also Muslims of Pasthun (Pathans) or Turko-Mongol (Mughals) decent.[1]

Over time, people who were not of Hashimite descent were sometimes also granted the title sharīf as a general mark of nobility. The result of this has been that the term sayyid has become a more common designation for those claiming descent from the prophet today.[1] As such, Sayyid (or one of its many alternative spellings, like Sayyed or Syed) has also become a common proper name.

Major sharif dynasties

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Van Arendonk & Graham 1960–2007.
  2. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary 2001–2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Bosworth 1996.

Source cited

  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
  • Online Etymology Dictionary (2001–2021). "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
  • Van Arendonk, C.; Graham, W.A. (1960–2007). "Sharīf". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online.
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