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[[Image:Yeprem khan.jpg|thumb|right|Yeprem Khan was a revolutionary leader of Iran.]]
[[Image:Yeprem khan.jpg|thumb|right|Yeprem Khan was a revolutionary leader of Iran.]]


'''Yeprem Khan Davidian''' ({{PerB|یپرم‌خان داویدیان}}), also ''Yefrem Khan'', (1868-1912) was an [[Iranian Armenians|Armenian]] revolutionary leader and national hero of [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]). He was born
'''Yeprem Khan Davidian''' ({{PerB|یپرم‌خان داویدیان}}), also ''Yefrem Khan'', (1868-1912) was an [[Armenians|Iranian Armenian]] revolutionary leader and national hero of [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]). He was born
to an Armenian family in the village of Barsum, located in [[Elisabethpol Governorate|Elisabethpol (Ganja) Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]] <ref name="iranicaeprem">[http://www.iranica.com/articles/v8f5/v8f528.html Aram Arkun. "Eprem Khan", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition]</ref>. (located in present-day [[Azerbaijan]])
to an Armenian family in the village of Barsum, located in [[Elisabethpol Governorate|Elisabethpol (Ganja) Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]] <ref name="iranicaeprem">[http://www.iranica.com/articles/v8f5/v8f528.html Aram Arkun. "Eprem Khan", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition]</ref> (located in present-day [[Azerbaijan]]).


As a youth, Yeprem participated in Armenian nationalist groups and partisan activities against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In September 1890, Yeprem was arrested by the [[Russian Cossacks]] and exiled to Siberia by 1892, from where he managed to escape to [[Tabriz]] in 1896 <ref name="iranicaeprem" />. While in [[Tabriz]], he began working for the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF Dashnaktsutiun)]], whose activity in Persia was primarily directed against the [[Ottoman Empire]] <ref name="iranicaeprem" /><ref name="iranicaarf">[http://www.iranica.com/articles/v7f1/v7f172.html Aram Arkun. "Dashnak (Armenian Revolutionary Federation)", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition]</ref>, and established its local branches in [[Tabriz]] and [[Rasht]].
As a youth, Yeprem participated in Armenian nationalist groups and partisan activities against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In September 1890, while trying to cross the Russo-Ottoman frontier with several hundred Armenian fighters to "foment disturbances and instigate European intervention in favor of reforms for Ottoman Armenians", Yeprem was arrested by the [[Russian Cossacks]] and exiled to Siberia by 1892, from where he managed to escape to [[Tabriz]] in 1896 <ref name="iranicaeprem" />. While in [[Tabriz]], he began working for the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF Dashnaktsutiun)]], whose activity in Persia was primarily directed against the [[Ottoman Empire]] <ref name="iranicaeprem" /><ref name="iranicaarf">[http://www.iranica.com/articles/v7f1/v7f172.html Aram Arkun. "Dashnak (Armenian Revolutionary Federation)", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition]</ref>, and established its local branches in [[Tabriz]] and [[Rasht]].


Yeprem was highly instrumental in the [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution]], and, by 1907, convinced [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|ARF]] to formally participate in it. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel [[V. Liakhov]], Yeprem Khan joined up with [[Sattar Khan]] and other revolutionary leaders in the [[Constitutional Revolution of Iran]] against [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar]].
Yeprem was highly instrumental in the [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution]], and, by 1907, convinced [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|ARF]] to formally participate in it. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel [[V. Liakhov]], Yeprem Khan joined up with [[Sattar Khan]] and other revolutionary leaders in the [[Constitutional Revolution of Iran]] against [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar]].
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In October 1908, during Tabriz resistance, Yeprem Khan formed a secret Sattar Committee (in honor of [[Sattar Khan]] <ref name="berberian132">Houri Berberian. ''Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911'', Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0813338174, p. 132</ref>) in [[Rasht]], and established contacts with Social Democrats, [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Social Revolutionaries]], and [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Armenian Dashnaks]] in the Caucasus <ref>Yeprem Khan. "Memoirs", ''Ittila'at-i Mahaneh'', 2 (July 1948), p. 19-21</ref>. Reinforced by 35 Georgians and twenty Armenians from [[Baku]], Yeprem captured [[Rasht]] and then implanted his red flag on the town hall of [[Enzeli]]. Further reinforced by Mohammad Vali Sepahdar, the main landed magnate of the Caspian provinces and former Qajar commander <ref>Elton L. Daniel. ''The History of Iran'', Greenwood Press, 2000, ISBN 0313307318, p. 312</ref>, Yeprem Khan marched his forces of Caucasian guerillas and Mazandarani peasants towards [[Tehran]] <ref name="ervand">Ervand Abrahamian. ''Iran between two revolutions'', Princeton University Press, 1982, ISBN 0691101345, p. 99</ref>, which he entered in July 1909<ref name="berberian132" />.
In October 1908, during Tabriz resistance, Yeprem Khan formed a secret Sattar Committee (in honor of [[Sattar Khan]] <ref name="berberian132">Houri Berberian. ''Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911'', Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0813338174, p. 132</ref>) in [[Rasht]], and established contacts with Social Democrats, [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Social Revolutionaries]], and [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Armenian Dashnaks]] in the Caucasus <ref>Yeprem Khan. "Memoirs", ''Ittila'at-i Mahaneh'', 2 (July 1948), p. 19-21</ref>. Reinforced by 35 Georgians and twenty Armenians from [[Baku]], Yeprem captured [[Rasht]] and then implanted his red flag on the town hall of [[Enzeli]]. Further reinforced by Mohammad Vali Sepahdar, the main landed magnate of the Caspian provinces and former Qajar commander <ref>Elton L. Daniel. ''The History of Iran'', Greenwood Press, 2000, ISBN 0313307318, p. 312</ref>, Yeprem Khan marched his forces of Caucasian guerillas and Mazandarani peasants towards [[Tehran]] <ref name="ervand">Ervand Abrahamian. ''Iran between two revolutions'', Princeton University Press, 1982, ISBN 0691101345, p. 99</ref>, which he entered in July 1909<ref name="berberian132" />.


In November 1909, the Second National Assembly (Parliament) of [[Iran]], appointed Yeprem Khan as the police chief of [[Tehran]] <ref name="ervand" />. He further split from revolutionaries, when in 1910, [[Sattar Khan]], a hero of the civil war, refused to obey the government order to disarm. After a brief but violent confrontation at Atabek Park in [[Tehran]], Yeprem Khan, using Shah's army and police forces, disarmed [[Sattar Khan]].<ref>Ervand Abrahamian. ''Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic'', I.B. Tauris, 1993, ISBN 1850437793, p. 93</ref>.
In November 1909, the Second National Assembly (Parliament) of [[Iran]], appointed Yeprem Khan as the police chief of [[Tehran]] <ref name="ervand" />. He further split from revolutionaries, when in 1910, [[Sattar Khan]], a hero of the Civil War, refused to obey the government order to disarm. After a brief but violent confrontation at Atabek Park in [[Tehran]], Yeprem Khan, using Bakhtiyari tribesmen and Armenian veterans of the civil war, along with police and army, disarmed [[Sattar Khan]] and wounded him. Some claim that [[Sattar Khan]]'s death in 1914 was caused by the wounds sustained during the incident with Yeprem Khan at Atabek Park <ref>Ervand Abrahamian. ''Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic'', I.B. Tauris, 1993, ISBN 1850437793, p. 93</ref>.


Yeprem Khan died on May 19, 1912.
Yeprem Khan died on May 19, 1912.
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[[Category:Armenian-Iranians|Yeprem Khan]]
[[Category:Armenian-Iranians|Yeprem Khan]]
[[fa:یپرم‌خان]]

Revision as of 22:07, 22 June 2007

Yeprem Khan was a revolutionary leader of Iran.

Yeprem Khan Davidian (Template:PerB), also Yefrem Khan, (1868-1912) was an Iranian Armenian revolutionary leader and national hero of Persia (Iran). He was born to an Armenian family in the village of Barsum, located in Elisabethpol (Ganja) Governorate of the Russian Empire [1] (located in present-day Azerbaijan).

As a youth, Yeprem participated in Armenian nationalist groups and partisan activities against the Ottoman Empire. In September 1890, while trying to cross the Russo-Ottoman frontier with several hundred Armenian fighters to "foment disturbances and instigate European intervention in favor of reforms for Ottoman Armenians", Yeprem was arrested by the Russian Cossacks and exiled to Siberia by 1892, from where he managed to escape to Tabriz in 1896 [1]. While in Tabriz, he began working for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF Dashnaktsutiun), whose activity in Persia was primarily directed against the Ottoman Empire [1][2], and established its local branches in Tabriz and Rasht.

Yeprem was highly instrumental in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and, by 1907, convinced ARF to formally participate in it. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel V. Liakhov, Yeprem Khan joined up with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.

In October 1908, during Tabriz resistance, Yeprem Khan formed a secret Sattar Committee (in honor of Sattar Khan [3]) in Rasht, and established contacts with Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries, and Armenian Dashnaks in the Caucasus [4]. Reinforced by 35 Georgians and twenty Armenians from Baku, Yeprem captured Rasht and then implanted his red flag on the town hall of Enzeli. Further reinforced by Mohammad Vali Sepahdar, the main landed magnate of the Caspian provinces and former Qajar commander [5], Yeprem Khan marched his forces of Caucasian guerillas and Mazandarani peasants towards Tehran [6], which he entered in July 1909[3].

In November 1909, the Second National Assembly (Parliament) of Iran, appointed Yeprem Khan as the police chief of Tehran [6]. He further split from revolutionaries, when in 1910, Sattar Khan, a hero of the Civil War, refused to obey the government order to disarm. After a brief but violent confrontation at Atabek Park in Tehran, Yeprem Khan, using Bakhtiyari tribesmen and Armenian veterans of the civil war, along with police and army, disarmed Sattar Khan and wounded him. Some claim that Sattar Khan's death in 1914 was caused by the wounds sustained during the incident with Yeprem Khan at Atabek Park [7].

Yeprem Khan died on May 19, 1912.

References

  1. ^ a b c Aram Arkun. "Eprem Khan", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition
  2. ^ Aram Arkun. "Dashnak (Armenian Revolutionary Federation)", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition
  3. ^ a b Houri Berberian. Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911, Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0813338174, p. 132
  4. ^ Yeprem Khan. "Memoirs", Ittila'at-i Mahaneh, 2 (July 1948), p. 19-21
  5. ^ Elton L. Daniel. The History of Iran, Greenwood Press, 2000, ISBN 0313307318, p. 312
  6. ^ a b Ervand Abrahamian. Iran between two revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982, ISBN 0691101345, p. 99
  7. ^ Ervand Abrahamian. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, I.B. Tauris, 1993, ISBN 1850437793, p. 93

See also


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