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was he an arab?
He may not have been an Arab, but he does figure in Arabic mythology - no harm done, surely?
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[[Image:Anthonis van Dyck 052.jpg|thumb|right|320px|''Samson and Delilah'', by [[Anthony van Dyck]] (1599-1641)]]
[[Image:Anthonis van Dyck 052.jpg|thumb|right|320px|''Samson and Delilah'', by [[Anthony van Dyck]] (1599-1641)]]
{{about|Biblical figure}}
{{about|Biblical figure}}
'''Samson''', '''Shimshon''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: '''שִׁמְשׁוֹן''', <small>[[Hebrew language#Modern Israeli Hebrew|Standard]]</small> ''Šimšon'' <small>[[Tiberian vocalization|Tiberian]]</small> ''{{unicode|Šimšôn}}''; meaning "of the sun" – perhaps proclaiming he was radiant and mighty, or "[One who] Serves [God]") is the third to last of the [[Biblical judges|Judges]] of the ancient [[Children of Israel]] mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[Tanakh]], and the [[Talmud]]. He is described in the [[Book of Judges]] chapters 13 to 16.<ref name="eee"/><ref name="cha">{{cite book |title=Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel|last=Rogerson|first=John W.|year=1999|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London|isbn=0500050953|pages=58}}</ref><ref name="igb">{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Guide to the Bible|last=Porter|first=J.R. |year= 2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |location=New York|isbn=0-760-72278-1 |language=English |pages=75}}</ref> He is believed to be buried in [[Tel Tzora]] in [[Israel]] overlooking the [[Brook of Sorek|Sorek valley]]. There reside two large gravestones of Samson and his father Manoah. Nearby stands Manoach’s altar (Judges 13:19-24).<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3430970,00.html|The Philistines are upon you, Samson, Ynet]</ref> It is located between the cities of Zorah and Eshtaol.<ref name="eej"/>
'''Samson''', '''Shimshon''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: '''שִׁמְשׁוֹן''', <small>[[Hebrew language#Modern Israeli Hebrew|Standard]]</small> ''Šimšon'' <small>[[Tiberian vocalization|Tiberian]]</small> ''{{unicode|Šimšôn}}''; meaning "of the sun" – perhaps proclaiming he was radiant and mighty, or "[One who] Serves [God]") or '''Shamshoum شمشون''' (Arabic) is the third to last of the [[Biblical judges|Judges]] of the ancient [[Children of Israel]] mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[Tanakh]], and the [[Talmud]]. He is described in the [[Book of Judges]] chapters 13 to 16.<ref name="eee"/><ref name="cha">{{cite book |title=Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel|last=Rogerson|first=John W.|year=1999|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London|isbn=0500050953|pages=58}}</ref><ref name="igb">{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Guide to the Bible|last=Porter|first=J.R. |year= 2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |location=New York|isbn=0-760-72278-1 |language=English |pages=75}}</ref> He is believed to be buried in [[Tel Tzora]] in [[Israel]] overlooking the [[Brook of Sorek|Sorek valley]]. There reside two large gravestones of Samson and his father Manoah. Nearby stands Manoach’s altar (Judges 13:19-24).<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3430970,00.html|The Philistines are upon you, Samson, Ynet]</ref> It is located between the cities of Zorah and Eshtaol.<ref name="eej"/>


Samson is a [[Heracles|Herculean]] figure, who uses tremendous strength to combat his enemies and perform heroic feats unachievable by ordinary men:<ref>{{wwbible|Old Testament, 316-317}}</ref> wrestling a lion,<ref name="igb"/><ref name="qqq"/><ref name="chb">{{cite book |title=Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel|last=Rogerson|first=John W.|year=1999|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London|isbn=0500050953|pages=59}}</ref><ref name="chc"/> slaying an entire army with nothing more than a donkey's jawbone,<ref name="cha"/><ref name="igb"/><ref name="chb"/><ref name="chc"/><ref name="ooo"/> and tearing down an entire building.<ref name="eee">{{wwbible|Old Testament, 320}}</ref><ref name="igb"/><ref name="chc"/>
Samson is a [[Heracles|Herculean]] figure, who uses tremendous strength to combat his enemies and perform heroic feats unachievable by ordinary men:<ref>{{wwbible|Old Testament, 316-317}}</ref> wrestling a lion,<ref name="igb"/><ref name="qqq"/><ref name="chb">{{cite book |title=Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel|last=Rogerson|first=John W.|year=1999|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London|isbn=0500050953|pages=59}}</ref><ref name="chc"/> slaying an entire army with nothing more than a donkey's jawbone,<ref name="cha"/><ref name="igb"/><ref name="chb"/><ref name="chc"/><ref name="ooo"/> and tearing down an entire building.<ref name="eee">{{wwbible|Old Testament, 320}}</ref><ref name="igb"/><ref name="chc"/>

Revision as of 16:36, 25 May 2008

Samson and Delilah, by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641)
This article is about Biblical figure. For other uses, see Samson (disambiguation).

Samson, Shimshon (Hebrew: שִׁמְשׁוֹן, Standard Šimšon Tiberian Šimšôn; meaning "of the sun" – perhaps proclaiming he was radiant and mighty, or "[One who] Serves [God]") or Shamshoum شمشون (Arabic) is the third to last of the Judges of the ancient Children of Israel mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, and the Talmud. He is described in the Book of Judges chapters 13 to 16.[1][2][3] He is believed to be buried in Tel Tzora in Israel overlooking the Sorek valley. There reside two large gravestones of Samson and his father Manoah. Nearby stands Manoach’s altar (Judges 13:19-24).[4] It is located between the cities of Zorah and Eshtaol.[5]

Samson is a Herculean figure, who uses tremendous strength to combat his enemies and perform heroic feats unachievable by ordinary men:[6] wrestling a lion,[3][7][8][9] slaying an entire army with nothing more than a donkey's jawbone,[2][3][8][9][10] and tearing down an entire building.[1][3][9]

Joan Comay, co-author of Who's Who in the Bible:The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament, believes that the biblical story of Samson is so specific concerning time and place that Samson was undoubtedly a real person, who pitted his great strength against the oppressors of Israel.[1]

Biblical narrative

Samson lived when God was punishing the Israelites by giving them "into the hand of the Philistines."[11] An angel from God appears to Manoah, an Israelite from the tribe of Dan, in the city of Zorah, and to his wife, who is sterile.[2][7][12] This angel predicts that they will have a son who will begin to deliver the Israelites from the Philistines.[7] Requirements were set up by the angel that she (as well as the child himself) is to abstain from all alcoholic beverages, and her promised child is not to shave or cut his hair.[2][7][12] In due time the son, Samson, is born; he is reared according to these provisions.[7][12]

Romanesque capital showing Samson and the lion (13th cent.).

When he becomes a young man, Samson leaves the hills of his people to see the cities of the Philistines. While there, Samson falls in love with a Philistine woman from Timnah that, overcoming the objections of his parents who do not know that "it is of the LORD", he decides to marry her.[7][12][13] The intended marriage is actually part of God's plan to strike at the Philistines.[7] On the way to ask for the woman's hand in marriage, Samson is attacked by an Asiatic Lion and kills it.[7][8] He continues on to the Philistine's house, winning her hand in marriage. On his way to the wedding, Samson notices that bees have nested in the carcass of the lion and have made honey.[7][8] He eats a handful of the honey and gives some to his parents.[7] At the wedding-feast, Samson proposes that he tell a riddle to his thirty groomsmen (all Philistines); if they can solve it, he will give them thirty pieces of fine linen and garments.[7][12] The riddle ("Out of the eater, something to eat; out of the strong, something sweet.") is a veiled account of his second encounter with the lion (at which only he was present).[7][8] The Philistines are infuriated by the riddle.[7] The thirty groomsmen tell Samson's new wife that they will burn her and her father's household if she does not discover the answer to the riddle and tell it to them.[7][8] At the urgent and tearful imploring of his bride, Samson tells her the solution, and she tells it to the thirty groomsmen.[7][12] Before sunset on the seventh day they said to him,

"What is sweeter than honey?
and what is stronger than a lion?"

Samson said to them,

"If you had not plowed with my heifer,
you would not have solved my riddle."[10][13]

He flies into a rage and kills thirty Philistines of Ashkelon for their garments, which he gives his thirty groomsmen.[8][10][12] Still in a rage, he returns to his father's house, and his bride is given to the best man as his wife.[8][10][12] Her father refuses to allow him to see her, and wishes to give Samson the younger sister.[10][12] Samson attaches torches to the tails of three hundred foxes, leaving the panicked beasts to run through the fields of the Philistines, burning all in their wake.[8][10][12] The Philistines find out why Samson burned their crops, and they burn Samson's wife and father-in-law to death.[9][10][12] In revenge, Samson slaughters many more Philistines, smiting them "hip and thigh."[10][12]

Samson then takes refuge in a cave in the rock of Etam.[10][12][14] An army of Philistines went up and demanded from 3,000 men of Judah to deliver them Samson.[12][14] With Samson's consent, they tie him with two new ropes and are about to hand him over to the Philistines when he breaks free.[9][14] Using the jawbone of a donkey, he slays one thousand Philistines.[3][9][14] At the conclusion of Judges 15 it is said that "Samson led Israel for twenty years in the days of the Philistines."[14]

Samson and Delilah, by Francesco Morone

Later, Samson goes to Gaza, where he stays at a harlot's house.[10][15] His enemies wait at the gate of the city to ambush him, but he rips the gate up and carries it to "the hill that is in front of Hebron."[10][15]

He then falls in love with a woman, Delilah, at the Brook of Sorek.[9][10][15][16] The Philistines approach Delilah and induce her (with 1100 silver coins each) to try to find the secret of Samson's strength.[10][15] Samson obviously does not want to tell the secret, so at first he teases her, telling her that he can be bound with fresh bowstrings.[10][15] She does so while he sleeps, but when he wakes up he snaps the strings.[10][15] She persists, and he tells her he can be bound with new ropes. She binds him with new ropes while he sleeps, and he snaps them, too.[10][15] She asks again, and he says he can be bound if his locks are woven together.[10][15] She weaves them together, but he undoes them when he wakes.[10][15] Eventually Samson tells Delilah that he will lose his strength with the loss of his hair.[9][10][15][16] Delilah calls for a servant to shave Samson's seven locks.[10][15][16] Since that breaks the Nazarite oath, God leaves him, and Samson is captured by the Philistines.[3][10][15] They burn out his eyes by holding a hot poker near them.[15] After being blinded, Samson is brought to Gaza, imprisoned, and put to work grinding grain.[15]

One day the Philistine leaders assemble in a temple for a religious sacrifice to Dagon, their god, for having delivered Samson into their hands.[15][5] They summon Samson so that he may entertain them.[15][5] Three thousand more men and women gather on the roof to watch.[15][16][5] Once inside the temple, Samson, his hair having grown long again, asks the servant who is leading him to the temple's central pillars if he may lean against them (referring to the pillars).[9][15][5]

"Then Samson prayed to the Lord, 'O Lord God, remember me, I pray thee, and strengthen me, I pray thee, only this once, O God, that I may be at once avenged of the Philistines for my two eyes.' (Judges 16:28)."[3][15][5] "Samson said, 'Let me die with the Philistines!' (Judges 16:30)[5][17] Down came the temple on the rulers and all the people in it.[3][9][16][5][17] Thus he killed many more as he died than while he lived." (Judges 16:30).[9][17]

After his death, Samson's family recovers his body from the rubble and buries him near the tomb of his father Manoah.[5]

The fate of Delilah is never mentioned[16]

In rabbinic literature

Rabbinical literature identifies Samson with Bedan;[12] Bedan was a Judge mentioned by Samuel in his farewell address (1 Samuel 12:11) among the Judges that delivered Israel from their enemies.[18] However, the name "Bedan" is not found in the Book of Judges.[18] The name "Samson" is derived from the Hebrew word "shemesh", which means the sun, so that Samson bore the name of God, who is called "a sun and shield" in Psalms 84:11; and as God protected Israel, so did Samson watch over it in his generation, judging the people even as did God.[12] Samson's strength was divinely derived (Talmud, Tractate Sotah 10a); and he further resembled God in requiring neither aid nor help.[19][12]

Jewish legend records that Samson's shoulders were sixty ells broad.[12] He was lame in both feet [20], but when the spirit of God came upon him he could step with one stride from Zorah to Eshtaol, while the hairs of his head arose and clashed against one another so that they could be heard for a like distance[21].[12] Samson was said to be so strong that he could uplift two mountains and rub them together like two clods of earth,[22] yet his superhuman strength, like Goliath's, brought woe upon its possessor.[23][12]

In licentiousness he is compared with Amnon and Zimri, both of whom were punished for their sins.[24][12] Samson's eyes were put out because he had "followed them" too often.[25][12] It is said that in the twenty years during which Samson judged Israel he never required the least service from an Israelite [26], and he piously refrained from taking the name of God in vain.[12] Therefore, as soon as he told Delilah that he was a Nazarite of God she immediately knew that he had spoken the truth [27].[12] When he pulled down the temple of Dagon and killed himself and the Philistines the structure fell backward, so that he was not crushed, his family being thus enabled to find his body and to bury it in the tomb of his father [28].[12] In the Talmudic period some seemed to have denied that Samson was a historic figure; and was regarded by such individuals as a purely mythological personage.[12] This was viewed as heretical by the rabbis of the Talmud, and they refuted this view.[12] The Talmud does so by giving the names of his mother, and states that he had a sister named "Nishyan" or "Nashyan" (variant reading).[12]

Some evidence suggests that Samson's home tribe of Dan might have been related to the Philistines themselves. "Dan" might be another name for the tribe of Sea Peoples otherwise known as the Denyen, Danuna, or Danaans. If so, then Samson's origin might be entirely Aegean.[29]

These speculations are in stark contrast to the historical depictions expressed in the Bible and are therefore mutually exclusive.

Samson parades

Samson parade Mauterndorf/Austria

Samson parades are annual parades of a Samson figure in different villages in the Lungau, Salzburg (state) and two villages in the north-west Steiermark (Austria).

Samson is one of the giant figures at the "Ducasse" festivities, which takes place at Ath, Belgium.

References

  1. ^ a b c Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 320. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  2. ^ a b c d Rogerson, John W. (1999). Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 58. ISBN 0500050953.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Porter, J.R. (2000). The Illustrated Guide to the Bible. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 75. ISBN 0-760-72278-1.
  4. ^ Philistines are upon you, Samson, Ynet
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 319. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  6. ^ Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 316–317. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 317. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rogerson, John W. (1999). Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 59. ISBN 0500050953.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rogerson, John W. (1999). Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 61. ISBN 0500050953.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 318. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  11. ^ Judges 13
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Samson". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  13. ^ a b Judges 14
  14. ^ a b c d e Judges 15
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Judges 16
  16. ^ a b c d e f Rogerson, John W. (1999). Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 62. ISBN 0500050953.
  17. ^ a b c Judges 16:30
  18. ^ a b BibleGateway - Quick search: Bedan
  19. ^ (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xcviii. 18)
  20. ^ (Talmud tractate Sotah 10a)
  21. ^ (Midrash Leviticus Rabbah viii. 2)
  22. ^ (ibid.; Sotah 9b)
  23. ^ (Midrash Eccl. Rabbah i., end)
  24. ^ (Leviticus Rabbah. xxiii. 9)
  25. ^ (Sotah l.c.)
  26. ^ (Midrash Numbers Rabbah ix. 25)
  27. ^ (Sotah l.c.)
  28. ^ (Midrash Genesis Rabbah l.c. § 19)
  29. ^ Greenberg, Gary (2000). 101 Myths of the Bible. Sourcebooks, Inc. pp. 171–172. ISBN 1-57071-586-6.

See also

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